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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analyses of <italic>Ascaris</italic> Eggs Discovered in Coprolites from Joseon Tomb</title><author><name sortKey="Oh, Chang Seok" sort="Oh, Chang Seok" uniqKey="Oh C" first="Chang Seok" last="Oh">Chang Seok Oh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-53-2-237">Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Min" sort="Seo, Min" uniqKey="Seo M" first="Min" last="Seo">Min Seo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-kjp-53-2-237">Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-715,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Jong Ha" sort="Hong, Jong Ha" uniqKey="Hong J" first="Jong Ha" last="Hong">Jong Ha Hong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-53-2-237">Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chai, Jong Yil" sort="Chai, Jong Yil" uniqKey="Chai J" first="Jong-Yil" last="Chai">Jong-Yil Chai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-kjp-53-2-237">Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Seung Whan" sort="Oh, Seung Whan" uniqKey="Oh S" first="Seung Whan" last="Oh">Seung Whan Oh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-kjp-53-2-237">Hangang Institute of Cultural Heritage, Seoul 143-904,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jun Bum" sort="Park, Jun Bum" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jun Bum" last="Park">Jun Bum Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-kjp-53-2-237">Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dong Hoon" sort="Shin, Dong Hoon" uniqKey="Shin D" first="Dong Hoon" last="Shin">Dong Hoon Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-53-2-237">Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25925186</idno><idno type="pmc">4416368</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4416368</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4416368</idno><idno type="doi">10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.237</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000004</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000004</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analyses of <italic>Ascaris</italic> Eggs Discovered in Coprolites from Joseon Tomb</title><author><name sortKey="Oh, Chang Seok" sort="Oh, Chang Seok" uniqKey="Oh C" first="Chang Seok" last="Oh">Chang Seok Oh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-53-2-237">Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Seo, Min" sort="Seo, Min" uniqKey="Seo M" first="Min" last="Seo">Min Seo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-kjp-53-2-237">Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-715,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hong, Jong Ha" sort="Hong, Jong Ha" uniqKey="Hong J" first="Jong Ha" last="Hong">Jong Ha Hong</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-53-2-237">Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chai, Jong Yil" sort="Chai, Jong Yil" uniqKey="Chai J" first="Jong-Yil" last="Chai">Jong-Yil Chai</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-kjp-53-2-237">Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oh, Seung Whan" sort="Oh, Seung Whan" uniqKey="Oh S" first="Seung Whan" last="Oh">Seung Whan Oh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-kjp-53-2-237">Hangang Institute of Cultural Heritage, Seoul 143-904,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Park, Jun Bum" sort="Park, Jun Bum" uniqKey="Park J" first="Jun Bum" last="Park">Jun Bum Park</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-kjp-53-2-237">Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shin, Dong Hoon" sort="Shin, Dong Hoon" uniqKey="Shin D" first="Dong Hoon" last="Shin">Dong Hoon Shin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-53-2-237">Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Korean Journal of Parasitology</title><idno type="ISSN">0023-4001</idno><idno type="eISSN">1738-0006</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) extracted from <italic>Ascaris</italic> is very important for understanding the phylogenetic lineage of the parasite species. When aDNAs obtained from a Joseon tomb (SN2-19-1) coprolite in which <italic>Ascaris</italic> eggs were identified were amplified with primers for cytochrome <italic>b</italic> (cyt <italic>b</italic>) and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene, the outcome exhibited <italic>Ascaris</italic> specific amplicon bands. By cloning, sequencing, and analysis of the amplified DNA, we obtained information valuable for comprehending genetic lineage of <italic>Ascaris</italic> prevalent among pre-modern Joseon peoples.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loreille, O" uniqKey="Loreille O">O Loreille</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roumat, E" uniqKey="Roumat E">E Roumat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verneau, O" uniqKey="Verneau O">O Verneau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouchet, F" uniqKey="Bouchet F">F Bouchet</name></author><author><name sortKey="H Nni, C" uniqKey="H Nni C">C Hänni</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leles, D" uniqKey="Leles D">D Leles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo, A" uniqKey="Araujo A">A Araújo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferreira, Lf" uniqKey="Ferreira L">LF Ferreira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vicente, Acp" 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Korean J Parasitol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Korean J. Parasitol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">KJP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Korean Journal of Parasitology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0023-4001</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1738-0006</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25925186</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4416368</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3347/kjp.2015.53.2.237</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjp-53-2-237</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Brief Communication</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analyses of <italic>Ascaris</italic> Eggs Discovered in Coprolites from Joseon Tomb</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>Chang Seok</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjp-53-2-237"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Seo</surname><given-names>Min</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-kjp-53-2-237"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hong</surname><given-names>Jong Ha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjp-53-2-237"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chai</surname><given-names>Jong-Yil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-kjp-53-2-237"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oh</surname><given-names>Seung Whan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-kjp-53-2-237"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>Jun Bum</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-kjp-53-2-237"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>Dong Hoon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjp-53-2-237"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjp-53-2-237"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><aff id="af1-kjp-53-2-237"><label>1</label>Bioanthropology and Paleopathology Lab, Institute of Forensic Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></aff><aff id="af2-kjp-53-2-237"><label>2</label>Department of Parasitology and Research Center for Mummy, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-715,<country>Korea</country></aff><aff id="af3-kjp-53-2-237"><label>3</label>Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799,<country>Korea</country></aff><aff id="af4-kjp-53-2-237"><label>4</label>Hangang Institute of Cultural Heritage, Seoul 143-904,<country>Korea</country></aff><aff id="af5-kjp-53-2-237"><label>5</label>Sangmyung University, Seoul 110-743,<country>Korea</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="c1-kjp-53-2-237"><sup>*</sup>Corresponding author (<email>cuteminjae@gmail.com</email>)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>4</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>53</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>237</fpage><lpage>242</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>25</day><month>2</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>3</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015, Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><license><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) extracted from <italic>Ascaris</italic> is very important for understanding the phylogenetic lineage of the parasite species. When aDNAs obtained from a Joseon tomb (SN2-19-1) coprolite in which <italic>Ascaris</italic> eggs were identified were amplified with primers for cytochrome <italic>b</italic> (cyt <italic>b</italic>) and 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene, the outcome exhibited <italic>Ascaris</italic> specific amplicon bands. By cloning, sequencing, and analysis of the amplified DNA, we obtained information valuable for comprehending genetic lineage of <italic>Ascaris</italic> prevalent among pre-modern Joseon peoples.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Ascaris</italic></kwd><kwd>ancient DNA</kwd><kwd>cytochrome <italic>b</italic></kwd><kwd>18S rRNA</kwd><kwd>Korean mummy</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p>Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis on archaeological samples is very important to know the change in genetic traits of parasite species through history. The earliest aDNA studies on <italic>Ascaris</italic> spp. were those of Loreille et al. [<xref rid="b1-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] and Leles et al. [<xref rid="b2-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. In the reports, <italic>Ascaris</italic> aDNA could be successfully obtained by amplification with the archaeological samples, which later became the fundamental technique for phylogenetic analysis of the species. However, though the reports were a valuable enough for concerned researches on <italic>Ascaris</italic> lineage, we also admit that similar studies should be done more on the other archaeological samples because the quantity of <italic>Ascaris</italic> aDNA data is still insufficient for understanding its complete evolutionary history. In this regard, the paleoparasitological studies on archaeological samples from Joseon tombs in Korea are very important, by which the existing pool of <italic>Ascaris</italic> aDNA in East Asia could be expanded.</p><p>Actually, we previously reported a number of paleoparasitological studies with the samples from archaeological sites in South Korea [<xref rid="b3-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>-<xref rid="b11-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. Of them, the amplification of <italic>Ascaris</italic> aDNA could be available from a Joseon mummy case [<xref rid="b12-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. As its preservation status was quite good even after several hundred years of burial, aDNA could be extracted from ancient coprolites successfully, and then be amplified by PCR. Fortunately enough, recently, from another Joseon tomb found in Seoul City, once again we discovered the coprolite in which many ancient <italic>Ascaris</italic> eggs were still remained. The molecular analysis on the <italic>Ascaris</italic> aDNA in the sample, if it will be done successfully, can be a valuable addition to the existing genetic pool of the ancient <italic>Ascaris</italic>. We therefore tried to extract, amplify, and analyze <italic>Ascaris</italic> aDNA from newly collected ancient sample. It should be very suggestive to a clearer understanding of the <italic>Ascaris</italic> infection prevalent among pre-modern East Asian people.</p><p>In 2007, archaeologists in Hangang Institute of Cultural Heritage (Seoul, South Korea) found the Joseon tombs in Sinnae-Dong of Seoul Metropolitan City [<xref rid="b5-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. They discovered 2 coffins in the same burial pit, which should be those for a wife and a husband. Of them, the husband's coffin (SN2-19-1) was examined by us. Most of dead person's soft tissues were already mummified when we opened the coffin. We collected soil sediments from 8 different areas (Samples A to H) on the basal plate of coffin. From the surface of the sacrum, we also collected precipitates upon it (Sample sacrum). The outcome of microscopic examination on this case was already reported by us [<xref rid="b5-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Briefly, <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> eggs (64.0±2.3 μm ×52.5±1.7 μm) were discovered in the samples of E, F, H, and sacrum. The estimated average number of <italic>Ascaris</italic> eggs was 6,408.3 per gram.</p><p>Using the <italic>Ascaris</italic> egg positive samples, our aDNA analysis was performed. Above all, to make our aDNA work much authentic, we followed the criteria of authentication [<xref rid="b13-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="b14-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. During all the lab procedures, we wore protection gloves, masks, gowns, and head caps. We did all experiments in our aDNA lab facility that is set up in accordance with the suggestions of Hofreiter et al. [<xref rid="b13-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>] or Willerslev and Cooper [<xref rid="b14-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]. We could have ruled out the possibility of contamination by animal (e.g., pigs) or human feces from the current case, confirming the authenticity of origin of parasite eggs we identified in the samples.</p><p>Sediment samples including parasite eggs were treated with 1 ml lysis buffer (EDTA 50 mM, pH 8.0; 1 mg/ml of proteinase K; SDS 1%; 0.1 M DTT) at 56˚C for 24 hr. DNA extraction was performed by phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) method. Primers for <italic>Ascaris</italic> cytochrome <italic>b</italic> (cyt <italic>b</italic>) or <italic>Ascaris</italic> 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene were prepared, following the methods of Loreille et al. [<xref rid="b1-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] and Oh et al. [<xref rid="b12-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. The primers used for amplification of mitochondrial cyt <italic>b</italic> fragment were Asc1 (5ʹ-GTT AGG TTA CCG TCT AGT AAG G-3ʹ) and Asc2 (5ʹ-CAC TCA AAA AGG CCA AAG CAC C-3ʹ). 18S rRNA region was amplified by Asc 6 (5ʹ-CGA ACG GCT CAT TAC AAC AG-3ʹ) and Asc 7 (5ʹ-TCT AAT AGA TGC GCT CGT C-3ʹ); Asc 8 (5ʹ-ATA CAT GCA CCA AAG CTC CG-3ʹ) and Asc 9 (5ʹ-GCT ATA GTT ATT CAG AGT CAC C-3'); Asc 10 (5ʹ-CCA TGC ATG TCT AAG TTC AA-3ʹ) and Asc 11 (5ʹ-CAR AAA WTC GGA GCT TTG GT-3ʹ). The amplicon sizes were 142 (Asc1/ Asc2), 123 (Asc6/Asc7), 99 (Asc8/Asc9), and 147 (Asc10/Asc11) base pairs (bps), respectively.</p><p>DNA amplification was done with 20 μl reaction mixture containing 1× High Fidelity PCR buffer, 2 mM MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 200 μM dNTP mixture, 2 unit of Platinum<sup>®</sup><italic>Taq</italic> DNA Polymerase High Fidelity (Invitrogen, Hercules, California, USA), 10 pmol of each primer, and 1 mg/ml of BSA (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Massachusetts, USA). PCR conditions were as follows: pre-denaturation at 94˚C for 10 min; 50 cycles of denaturation at 94˚C for 45 sec, annealing at 50˚C for 45 sec, extension at 72˚C for 45 sec, and final extension at 72˚C for 10 min. In our agarose gel electrophoresis, the amplified products showed specific bands for <italic>Ascaris</italic> 18S rRNA or cyt <italic>b</italic> mitochondrial genes whereas negative controls (extraction controls) did not exhibit any amplified bands (<xref rid="f1-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>).</p><p>Cloning and sequencing was also done for the amplified PCR products. Briefly, after aDNA in amplified bands was extracted by QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), bacterial transformation with amplified DNA product was done using pGEM-T Easy Vector system (Promega, Madison, Illinois, USA). Transformed bacteria were grown in agar plate containing ampicillin (50 μg/ml), 0.5 mM IPTG, and XGAL (40 μg/μl) for the next 14 hr. After selected colonies were grown once again in LB media for 12 hr, plasmid was harvested using QIAprep spin miniprep kit (Qiagen). Sequencing for each clone was done by ABI Prism 3100 automatic sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA) with ABI Prism BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Applied Biosystems).</p><p>We repeated cloning and sequencing several times for each amplified product, to get the consensus sequences. By these trials, 30 clone sequences were successfully obtained from 18S rRNA gene while 12 clones were from mitochondrial cyt <italic>b</italic> gene. The pairwise and multiple sequence alignments were done by Clustal W implemented in MEGA6 [<xref rid="b15-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="b16-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. Using the aligned clone sequences, we obtained consensus sequences for each gene (data not shown).</p><p>Next, the consensus sequences were compared to those available in GenBank by NCBI/BLAST tools [<xref rid="b17-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. Web browser module and Alignment Explorer in MEGA6 were used for retrieving sequences homologous to those of interest from National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) GenBank database. <italic>Ascaris</italic> mitochondrial cyt <italic>b</italic> gene sequence obtained from SN2-19-1 were 99% identical to the ancient <italic>Ascaris</italic> sequences reported in the study of Oh et al. [<xref rid="b12-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] (GU339224.1). It also showed similarities to cyt <italic>b</italic> genes of <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> (99%, KF798183.1) and <italic>A. suum</italic> (97%, HQ704901.1). However, <italic>Baylisascaris</italic> (KC797002.1) exhibited only 94% similarity to ours (<xref rid="f2-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>).</p><p>To estimate the evolutionary divergence between cyt <italic>b</italic> gene sequences, the numbers of base substitutions per site from between sequences were counted for 12 nucleotide sequences. Analyses were conducted using the maximum composite likelihood model [<xref rid="b18-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]. Pairwise distances between sequences obtained by MEGA6 [<xref rid="b16-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>] are available in <xref rid="t1-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>. The pattern of distances between each taxon is similar to that of sequence similarities seen in <xref rid="f2-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>.</p><p>The evolutionary relationship of cyt <italic>b</italic> gene among taxa was inferred by the Neighbor-joining (NJ) method [<xref rid="b19-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>] in MEGA6 [<xref rid="b16-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. Selected parameters were ‘gamma distributed with invariant sites (G+I)’ for rates among sites, and partial deletion for gaps/missing data treatment. All positions with less than 95% site coverage were eliminated. Fewer than 5% alignment gaps, missing data, and ambiguous bases were therefore allowed at any position. To estimate the reliability of the tree, we tested bootstrap with MEGA6 [<xref rid="b16-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. The number of bootstrap replicates was 1,000 [<xref rid="b20-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. NJ tree for cyt <italic>b</italic> gene sequences with bootstrap values is seen in <xref rid="f3-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>.</p><p>In the NJ tree, we could find 2 different clusters showing relatively higher in bootstrap values (65% for both) (<xref rid="f3-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>). Cyt <italic>b</italic> sequence of the current Joseon SN2-19-1 belonged to the cluster in which <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> sequences were mainly found. In another cluster, however, we found both <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> and <italic>A. suum</italic> sequences. Considering that bootstrap values are not so high (below 70%) for each node of branches (<xref rid="f3-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>), we need more studies on ancient and contemporary <italic>Ascaris</italic> to accept the pattern of current dendrogram seriously.</p><p>Meanwhile, 18S rRNA gene sequence obtained in this study was not only specific for <italic>Ascaris</italic>. It was 100% identical to ancient <italic>Ascaris</italic> DNA of Oh et al. [<xref rid="b12-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>] (GU339223.1), and to the other <italic>A. suum</italic> and <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> sequences available in GenBank. We also noted that the 18S rRNA sequence of genus <italic>Baylisascaris</italic> exhibited 100% match with that of <italic>Ascaris</italic> (<xref rid="f4-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="fig">Fig. 4</xref>). In general, 18S rRNA genes have been used for the species identification, especially for studying evolutionary relationship between different species [<xref rid="b1-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="b12-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="b21-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. As far as <italic>Ascaris</italic> is concerned, however, we agree with Søe et al. [<xref rid="b22-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]'s opinion that 18S rRNA gene is not good for molecular differentiation of <italic>Ascaris</italic> from other nematodes. Considering that mitochondrial cyt <italic>b</italic> in this study showed much significant information on molecular differentiation of each nematode species than 18S rRNA gene did, our future studies should concentrate more upon the <italic>Ascaris</italic> mitogenome, especially on its hypervariable regions.</p><p>Most <italic>Ascaris</italic> sequences in GenBank currently are uploaded as separate species such as <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> and <italic>A. suum</italic>. Besides low divergence in morphology [<xref rid="b23-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>-<xref rid="b26-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>], <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> and <italic>A. suum</italic> could not be differentiated easily by any of molecular markers either [<xref rid="b21-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. Researchers therefore claimed nowadays that both are not different species at all, but are a single species only infecting the different hosts by chance: humans and pigs [<xref rid="b27-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>-<xref rid="b29-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]. Actually, considering that <italic>Ascaris</italic> isolated from chimpanzee (KC839986.1) and gibbon (KC839987.1) did show very similar cyt <italic>b</italic> sequence to those of <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> (<xref rid="f2-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>), <italic>Ascaris</italic> as a single parasite species might infect much broader range of host animal species than expected.</p><p>Taken together, the parasite <italic>Ascaris</italic> spp. are of great public health concern because it still infects 1.2 billion people worldwide [<xref rid="b30-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]. To obtain the solid evidence for hypothesis about <italic>Ascaris</italic> evolution, however, much more data should be added to the extant genetic pool of <italic>Ascaris</italic> [<xref rid="b27-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]. This is also true for <italic>Ascaris</italic> aDNA because the sequences from several-hundred to -thousand year old samples can provide valuable information on molecular evolution that could not be easily obtained from the contemporary <italic>Ascaris</italic> samples. More studies on <italic>Ascaris</italic> aDNA can enrich our knowledge on genetic history of the <italic>Ascaris</italic> that were prevalent among pre-modern Korean and East Asian peoples.</p></body><back><ack><p>This study was supported by the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage, Korea (08D011Y-00110-2008), and Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Korea (2013R1A1A2009688).</p></ack><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>We have no conflict of interest related to this work.</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="b1-kjp-53-2-237"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group 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Asc 8 and 9; and Asc 10 and 11). Specific bands of amplicons could be seen at 142 bp (Asc1 and 2), 123 bp (Asc 6 and 7), 99 bp (Asc 8 and 9), and 147 bp (Asc 10 and 11), respectively. Asterisks indicate negative controls (extraction controls).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjp-53-2-237f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-kjp-53-2-237" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2.</label><caption><p>Comparison of consensus sequence of <italic>Ascaris</italic> mitochondrial cyt <italic>b</italic> gene sequence from SN2-19-1 case to those available in GenBank.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjp-53-2-237f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-kjp-53-2-237" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3.</label><caption><p>Neighbor-joining tree of <italic>Ascaris</italic> cyt <italic>b</italic> sequences. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.09291711. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test are marked next to the branches.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjp-53-2-237f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="f4-kjp-53-2-237" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4.</label><caption><p>Comparison of consensus sequence of <italic>Ascaris</italic> 18S rRNA gene sequence from SN2-19-1 case to those available in GenBank.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjp-53-2-237f4"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-kjp-53-2-237" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Pairwise distances between cytochrome b sequences</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</th><th align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b1-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b2-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b3-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b4-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b5-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b6-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b7-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b8-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.000</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b9-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b10-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.016</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b11-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.043</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.034</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.017</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.025</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b12-kjp-53-2-237" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.053</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.044</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.044</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.044</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.044</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.035</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.044</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.044</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.053</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.053</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.064</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>1, The Current Joseon case (SN2-19-1); 2, <italic>Ascaris</italic> sp. (GU339224); 3, <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> (KF798183); 4, <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> (JN801161); 5, <italic>Ascaris</italic> sp. from chimpanzee (KC839986); 6, <italic>Ascaris</italic> sp. from gibbon (KC839987); 7, <italic>A. suum</italic> (HQ704901); 8, <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> (HQ704900); 9, <italic>A. suum</italic> (X54253); 10, <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> (EF439709); 11, <italic>A. lumbricoides</italic> (EF439713); 12, <italic>Baylisascaris schroederi</italic> (KC797002).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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