Osteoarchaeological Studies of Human Systemic Stress of Early Urbanization in Late Shang at Anyang, China
Identifieur interne : 000016 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000015; suivant : 000017Osteoarchaeological Studies of Human Systemic Stress of Early Urbanization in Late Shang at Anyang, China
Auteurs : Hua Zhang [Canada] ; Deborah C. Merrett [Canada] ; Zhichun Jing [Canada] ; Jigen Tang [République populaire de Chine] ; Yuling He [République populaire de Chine] ; Hongbin Yue [République populaire de Chine] ; Zhanwei Yue [République populaire de Chine] ; Dongya Y. Yang [Canada]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Through the analysis of human skeletal remains and mortuary practice in Yinxu, this study investigates the impact of early urbanization on the commoners during the Late Shang dynasty (ca. 1250–1046 B.C.). A total of 347 individuals examined in this study represent non-elites who were recovered from two different burial contexts (formally buried in lineage cemeteries and randomly scattered in refuse pits). Frequencies of enamel hypoplasia (childhood stress),
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151854
PubMed: 27050400
PubMed Central: 4822842
Affiliations:
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Through the analysis of human skeletal remains and mortuary practice in Yinxu, this study investigates the impact of early urbanization on the commoners during the Late Shang dynasty (ca. 1250–1046 B.C.). A total of 347 individuals examined in this study represent non-elites who were recovered from two different burial contexts (formally buried in lineage cemeteries and randomly scattered in refuse pits). Frequencies of enamel hypoplasia (childhood stress), <italic>cribra orbitalia</italic>
(childhood stress and frailty) and osteoperiostitis (adult stress) were examined to assess systemic stress exposure. Our results reveal that there was no significant difference in the frequency of enamel hypoplasia between two burial groups and between sexes, suggesting these urban commoners experienced similar stresses during childhood, but significantly elevated levels of <italic>cribra orbitalia</italic>
and osteoperiostitis were observed in the refuse pit female cohort. Theoretically, urbanization would have resulted in increased population density in the urban centre, declining sanitary conditions, and increased risk of resource shortage. Biologically, children would be more vulnerable to such physiological disturbance; as a result, high percentages of enamel hypoplasia (80.9% overall) and <italic>cribra orbitalia</italic>
(30.3% overall) are observed in Yin commoners. Adults continued to suffer from stress, resulting in high frequencies of osteoperiostitis (40.0% total adults); in particular, in the refuse pit females who may also reflect a compound impact of gender inequality. Our data show that the non-elite urban population in the capital city of Late Shang Dynasty had experienced extensive stress exposure due to early urbanization with further social stratification only worsening the situation, and eventually contributing to collapse of the Shang Dynasty.</p>
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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27050400</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4822842</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0151854</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PONE-D-15-46335</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Social Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Archaeology</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Geographical Locations</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Asia</subject>
<subj-group><subject>China</subject>
</subj-group>
</subj-group>
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</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and Places</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population Groupings</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Age Groups</subject>
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</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Physiology</subject>
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<subj-group><subject>Dentition</subject>
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</subj-group>
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<subj-group><subject>Population Biology</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population Metrics</subject>
<subj-group><subject>Population Density</subject>
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<title-group><article-title>Osteoarchaeological Studies of Human Systemic Stress of Early Urbanization in Late Shang at Anyang, China</article-title>
<alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Systemic Stress of Early Urbanization in Late Shang People</alt-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Hua</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Merrett</surname>
<given-names>Deborah C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jing</surname>
<given-names>Zhichun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tang</surname>
<given-names>Jigen</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>He</surname>
<given-names>Yuling</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yue</surname>
<given-names>Hongbin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yue</surname>
<given-names>Zhanwei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Dongya Y.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff001"><label>1</label>
<addr-line>Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>
<addr-line>Department of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff003"><label>3</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff004"><label>4</label>
<addr-line>SFU-JLU Joint Centre for Bioarchaeological Research, Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada</addr-line>
</aff>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Halcrow</surname>
<given-names>Siân E</given-names>
</name>
<role>Editor</role>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Otago, NEW ZEALAND</addr-line>
</aff>
<author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p><bold>Competing Interests: </bold>
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p>
</fn>
<fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: HZ DYY ZJ. Performed the experiments: HZ DCM. Analyzed the data: HZ DCM DYY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: JT YH HY ZY. Wrote the paper: HZ DCM DYY. Provided the archaeological context: ZJ JT YH HY ZY.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>zhangh@sfu.ca</email>
(HZ); <email>donyang@sfu.ca</email>
(DY); <email>jingzh@interchange.ubc.ca</email>
(ZJ)</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>6</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>11</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<elocation-id>e0151854</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>4</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2016</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Zhang et al</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Zhang et al</copyright-holder>
<license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pone.0151854.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract><p>Through the analysis of human skeletal remains and mortuary practice in Yinxu, this study investigates the impact of early urbanization on the commoners during the Late Shang dynasty (ca. 1250–1046 B.C.). A total of 347 individuals examined in this study represent non-elites who were recovered from two different burial contexts (formally buried in lineage cemeteries and randomly scattered in refuse pits). Frequencies of enamel hypoplasia (childhood stress), <italic>cribra orbitalia</italic>
(childhood stress and frailty) and osteoperiostitis (adult stress) were examined to assess systemic stress exposure. Our results reveal that there was no significant difference in the frequency of enamel hypoplasia between two burial groups and between sexes, suggesting these urban commoners experienced similar stresses during childhood, but significantly elevated levels of <italic>cribra orbitalia</italic>
and osteoperiostitis were observed in the refuse pit female cohort. Theoretically, urbanization would have resulted in increased population density in the urban centre, declining sanitary conditions, and increased risk of resource shortage. Biologically, children would be more vulnerable to such physiological disturbance; as a result, high percentages of enamel hypoplasia (80.9% overall) and <italic>cribra orbitalia</italic>
(30.3% overall) are observed in Yin commoners. Adults continued to suffer from stress, resulting in high frequencies of osteoperiostitis (40.0% total adults); in particular, in the refuse pit females who may also reflect a compound impact of gender inequality. Our data show that the non-elite urban population in the capital city of Late Shang Dynasty had experienced extensive stress exposure due to early urbanization with further social stratification only worsening the situation, and eventually contributing to collapse of the Shang Dynasty.</p>
</abstract>
<funding-group><funding-statement>This research was supported in part by a Fellowship for East and Southeast Asian Archaeology and Early History from the American Council of Learned Societies, with funding from the Henry Luce Foundation (H. Zhang) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.hluce.org">http://www.hluce.org</ext-link>
); Graduate Fellowships (H. Zhang) from Simon Fraser University (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.sfu.ca/dean-gradstudies/awards/graduate-fellowships/graduate-fellowships.html">https://www.sfu.ca/dean-gradstudies/awards/graduate-fellowships/graduate-fellowships.html</ext-link>
); Canada’s Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Research Grant 410-2010-1601 (D.Y. Yang) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/insight_grants-subventions_savoir-eng.aspx">http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/insight_grants-subventions_savoir-eng.aspx</ext-link>
) and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Partnership Development Grant 890-2012-0119 (D.Y. Yang) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/partnership_development_grants-subventions_partenariat_developpement-eng.aspx">http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/partnership_development_grants-subventions_partenariat_developpement-eng.aspx</ext-link>
); Canada’s Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council Research Grant 410-2006-2020 (Z.C. Jing) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/insight_grants-subventions_savoir-eng.aspx">http://www.sshrc-crsh.gc.ca/funding-financement/programs-programmes/insight_grants-subventions_savoir-eng.aspx</ext-link>
). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement>
</funding-group>
<counts><fig-count count="7"></fig-count>
<table-count count="8"></table-count>
<page-count count="25"></page-count>
</counts>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name>
<meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
<notes><title>Data Availability</title>
<p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Canada</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
</country>
<settlement><li>Pékin</li>
</settlement>
</list>
<tree><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zhang, Hua" sort="Zhang, Hua" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Hua" last="Zhang">Hua Zhang</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Jing, Zhichun" sort="Jing, Zhichun" uniqKey="Jing Z" first="Zhichun" last="Jing">Zhichun Jing</name>
<name sortKey="Merrett, Deborah C" sort="Merrett, Deborah C" uniqKey="Merrett D" first="Deborah C." last="Merrett">Deborah C. Merrett</name>
<name sortKey="Merrett, Deborah C" sort="Merrett, Deborah C" uniqKey="Merrett D" first="Deborah C." last="Merrett">Deborah C. Merrett</name>
<name sortKey="Yang, Dongya Y" sort="Yang, Dongya Y" uniqKey="Yang D" first="Dongya Y." last="Yang">Dongya Y. Yang</name>
<name sortKey="Yang, Dongya Y" sort="Yang, Dongya Y" uniqKey="Yang D" first="Dongya Y." last="Yang">Dongya Y. Yang</name>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Hua" sort="Zhang, Hua" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Hua" last="Zhang">Hua Zhang</name>
</country>
<country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tang, Jigen" sort="Tang, Jigen" uniqKey="Tang J" first="Jigen" last="Tang">Jigen Tang</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="He, Yuling" sort="He, Yuling" uniqKey="He Y" first="Yuling" last="He">Yuling He</name>
<name sortKey="Yue, Hongbin" sort="Yue, Hongbin" uniqKey="Yue H" first="Hongbin" last="Yue">Hongbin Yue</name>
<name sortKey="Yue, Zhanwei" sort="Yue, Zhanwei" uniqKey="Yue Z" first="Zhanwei" last="Yue">Zhanwei Yue</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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