Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Enterobius vermicularis (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in the Prehistoric Americas
Identifieur interne : 000007 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000006; suivant : 000008Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Enterobius vermicularis (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in the Prehistoric Americas
Auteurs : Karl J. Reinhard [États-Unis] ; Adauto Araújo [Brésil] ; Johnica J. Morrow [États-Unis]Source :
- The Korean Journal of Parasitology [ 0023-4001 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Investigations of
Url:
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.591
PubMed: 27853116
PubMed Central: 5127543
Affiliations:
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Temporal and Spatial Distribution of <italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in the Prehistoric Americas</title><author><name sortKey="Reinhard, Karl J" sort="Reinhard, Karl J" uniqKey="Reinhard K" first="Karl J." last="Reinhard">Karl J. Reinhard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-54-5-591">Pathoecology Laboratory, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0962,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo, Adauto" sort="Araujo, Adauto" uniqKey="Araujo A" first="Adauto" last="Araújo">Adauto Araújo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-kjp-54-5-591">Laboratório de Paleoparasitologia, Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa/Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (DENSP/ENSP/FIOCRUZ), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210,<country>Brazil</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morrow, Johnica J" sort="Morrow, Johnica J" uniqKey="Morrow J" first="Johnica J." last="Morrow">Johnica J. Morrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-54-5-591">Pathoecology Laboratory, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0962,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27853116</idno><idno type="pmc">5127543</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5127543</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5127543</idno><idno type="doi">10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.591</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000414</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000414</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000414</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000414</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000007</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Temporal and Spatial Distribution of <italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in the Prehistoric Americas</title><author><name sortKey="Reinhard, Karl J" sort="Reinhard, Karl J" uniqKey="Reinhard K" first="Karl J." last="Reinhard">Karl J. Reinhard</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-54-5-591">Pathoecology Laboratory, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0962,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Araujo, Adauto" sort="Araujo, Adauto" uniqKey="Araujo A" first="Adauto" last="Araújo">Adauto Araújo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-kjp-54-5-591">Laboratório de Paleoparasitologia, Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa/Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (DENSP/ENSP/FIOCRUZ), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210,<country>Brazil</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Brésil</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Morrow, Johnica J" sort="Morrow, Johnica J" uniqKey="Morrow J" first="Johnica J." last="Morrow">Johnica J. Morrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-kjp-54-5-591">Pathoecology Laboratory, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0962,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Korean Journal of Parasitology</title><idno type="ISSN">0023-4001</idno><idno type="eISSN">1738-0006</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Investigations of <italic>Enterobius</italic> sp. infection in prehistory have produced a body of data that can be used to evaluate the geographic distribution of infection through time in the Americas. Regional variations in prevalence are evident. In North America, 119 pinworm positive samples were found in 1,112 samples from 28 sites with a prevalence of 10.7%. Almost all of the positive samples came from agricultural sites. From Brazil, 0 pinworm positive samples were found in 325 samples from 7 sites. For the Andes region, 22 pinworm positive samples were found in 411 samples from 26 sites for a prevalence of 5.3%. Detailed analyses of these data defined several trends. First, preagricultural sites less frequently show evidence of infection compared to agricultural populations. This is especially clear in the data from North America, but is also evident in the data from South America. Second, there is an apparent relationship between the commonality of pinworms in coprolites and the manner of constructing villages. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Korean J Parasitol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Korean J. Parasitol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Korean Journal of Parasitology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0023-4001</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1738-0006</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27853116</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5127543</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3347/kjp.2016.54.5.591</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">kjp-54-5-591</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Special Section on Paleoparasitology</subject><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Mini-Review</subject></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Temporal and Spatial Distribution of <italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) in the Prehistoric Americas</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reinhard</surname><given-names>Karl J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjp-54-5-591">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-kjp-54-5-591">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Araújo</surname><given-names>Adauto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-kjp-54-5-591">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Morrow</surname><given-names>Johnica J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-kjp-54-5-591">1</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-kjp-54-5-591"><label>1</label>Pathoecology Laboratory, School of Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68583-0962,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="af2-kjp-54-5-591"><label>2</label>Laboratório de Paleoparasitologia, Departamento de Endemias Samuel Pessoa/Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (DENSP/ENSP/FIOCRUZ), Rua Leopoldo Bulhões, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210,<country>Brazil</country></aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-kjp-54-5-591"><label>*</label>Corresponding author (<email>kreinhard1@unl.edu</email>)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>54</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>591</fpage><lpage>603</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>31</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 by The Korean Society for Parasitology and Tropical Medicine</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ext-link>) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Investigations of <italic>Enterobius</italic> sp. infection in prehistory have produced a body of data that can be used to evaluate the geographic distribution of infection through time in the Americas. Regional variations in prevalence are evident. In North America, 119 pinworm positive samples were found in 1,112 samples from 28 sites with a prevalence of 10.7%. Almost all of the positive samples came from agricultural sites. From Brazil, 0 pinworm positive samples were found in 325 samples from 7 sites. For the Andes region, 22 pinworm positive samples were found in 411 samples from 26 sites for a prevalence of 5.3%. Detailed analyses of these data defined several trends. First, preagricultural sites less frequently show evidence of infection compared to agricultural populations. This is especially clear in the data from North America, but is also evident in the data from South America. Second, there is an apparent relationship between the commonality of pinworms in coprolites and the manner of constructing villages. These analyses show that ancient parasitism has substantial value in documenting the range of human behaviors that influence parasitic infections.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Enterobius</italic></kwd><kwd>archaeological parasitology</kwd><kwd>Oxyuridae</kwd><kwd>pinworm</kwd><kwd>Americas</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-kjp-54-5-591" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Prehistoric coprolites from Ancestral Pueblo sites show variability of pinworm prevalence. The percent of coprolites positive for parasite eggs are as follow: 0% Glen Canyon sites, Utah; 7% Mesa Verde, Colorado; 8% Salmon Ruin, New Mexico; 10% Bighorn Sheep Ruin, Utah; 18% Antelope Cave, Arizona; 19% Inscription House, Arizona; 21% Chaco Canyon sites, New Mexico; 25% Antelope House, Arizona; 29% Turkey Pen Cave, Utah.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="kjp-54-5-591f1"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-kjp-54-5-591" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Coprolite and mummy data accumulated from the Andes</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Locality</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. studied/No. positive</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dates (B.P.)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ring Site, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(this analysis)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,675±60–10,575±105</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Los Gavilanes, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b14-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/22</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,730–4,130</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Los Gavilanes, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b14-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,755–4,227</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Los Gavilanes, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b14-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mixed strata</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tiliviche, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b19-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,110–3,950</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paloma, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(this analysis)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,000</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Morro, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(this analysis)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6,000 to 4,000</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Huaca Prieta, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b13-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">?/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,500</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Cultura Azapa”, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b17-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,700</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mono, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(this analysis)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/28</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,300</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Caserones, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b17-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,400–1,200</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pisco, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b44-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,500</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Unnamed site</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b14-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">circa 1,000</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chiribaya Alta, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b15-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/30</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,150–534</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">San Geronimo, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b15-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,150–534</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chribaya Baja, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b15-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,150–534</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">San Geronimo & Chribaya Baja, Peru</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b16-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,150–534</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tulán, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b18-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11/16</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">880–750</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lluta Valley, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b20-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900–700</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lluta Valley, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b20-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/20</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">700–500</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Argentina Sacrafice</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b21-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">400</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">El Plomo, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b22-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="b45-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">San Pedro de Atacama, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(this analysis)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">various times</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Various sites, Peru and Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hill, unpublished</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">various time periods</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Various sites, Peru and Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b46-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">various time periods</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antofogasta, Chile</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(this analysis) [<xref rid="b47-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/28</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">various prehistoric periods</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">22 pinworm positive samples were found in 411 samples from 26 sites</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-kjp-54-5-591"><p>Dating has been converted to the Before Present (B.P.) scale. By archaeological and geological convention, January 1, 1950 is the modern reference point for this scale.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-kjp-54-5-591" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Coprolite and mummy data recovered from Brazil</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Locality</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. studied/No. positive</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dates (B.P.)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boqueirão da Pedra Furada, Piauí</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b26-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>, <xref rid="b28-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,230</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Boqueirão Soberbo, Varzelándia, Minas Gerais</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b26-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,905</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gruta do Gentio II, Unai, Minas Gerais</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b25-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,490</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gruta do Gentio II, Unai, Minas Gerais</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(this analysis)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">278/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3,490</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Furna do Estrago, Pernambuco</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b59-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,730–1,610</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gruta do Gentio II, Unai, Minas Gerais</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b24-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">430</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lapa do Boquete</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b27-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">530–930</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">0 pinworm positive samples were found in 325 samples from 7 sites</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-kjp-54-5-591"><p>Dating has been converted to the Before Present (B.P.) scale. By archaeological and geological convention, January 1, 1950 is the modern reference point for this scale.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-kjp-54-5-591" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Dates for <italic>Enterobius vermicularis</italic> analyses from North America</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="rows"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Locality</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. studied/No. positive</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dates (B.P.)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Paisley Cave, Oregon</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b47-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,620</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Danger Cave, Utah</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46/1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,000–9,000</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dust Devil Cave, Arizona</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,975–8,500</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dirty Shame Shelter, Oregon</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13/1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6750–8250</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Frightful Cave, Coahuila, Mexico</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7,000–4,000</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hogup Cave, Utah</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50/4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5960; 3,200; 1,600</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hinds Cave, Texas</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117/1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4,100–2,600</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Upper Salts Cave, Kentucky</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b48-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,600–2240</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Big Bone Cave, Tennessee</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b37-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,200</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bighorn Cave, Arizona</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,200–1,600</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Turkey Pen Cave, Utah</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24/7</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,050–1,775</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Love Lock Cave, Nevada</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,830</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antelope House, Arizona</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180/44</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,400; 925; 860</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rio Zape, Durango, Mexico</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b33-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="b34-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100/23</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,400 B.P.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canyon del Muerto</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b31-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2/1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">“Puebloan”</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Antelope Cave, Arizona</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b36-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22/4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,100</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Skiles Mummy, Texas</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b49-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1250</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Clyde’s Cavern, Utah</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24/4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,500–800</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15/4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">920–870; 1,080–980</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kin Kletso, New Mexico</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,000–1,100</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesa Verde, Colorado</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76/5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,000–800</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bighorn Sheep Ruin</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20/2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">950–850</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Salmon Ruin, New Mexico</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112/9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900–750</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ventana Cave, Arizona</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b50-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">950–500</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Inscription House, Arizona</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17/3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">750–700</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glen Canyon, Utah Pueblo</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900–1,100</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Glen Canyon, Utah Fremont</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b30-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10/0</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">900–1,100</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Qilakitsoq, Greenland</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="b51-kjp-54-5-591" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1/1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">475</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td colspan="3" valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1">119 pinworm positive samples were found in 1,112 samples from 28 sites</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-kjp-54-5-591"><p>Dating has been converted to the Before Present (B.P.) scale. By archaeological and geological convention, January 1, 1950 is the modern reference point for this scale.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Brésil</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Reinhard, Karl J" sort="Reinhard, Karl J" uniqKey="Reinhard K" first="Karl J." last="Reinhard">Karl J. Reinhard</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Morrow, Johnica J" sort="Morrow, Johnica J" uniqKey="Morrow J" first="Johnica J." last="Morrow">Johnica J. Morrow</name></country><country name="Brésil"><noRegion><name sortKey="Araujo, Adauto" sort="Araujo, Adauto" uniqKey="Araujo A" first="Adauto" last="Araújo">Adauto Araújo</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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