Procedures and Frequencies of Embalming and Heart Extractions in Modern Period in Brittany. Contribution to the Evolution of Ritual Funerary in Europe
Identifieur interne : 000030 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000029; suivant : 000031Procedures and Frequencies of Embalming and Heart Extractions in Modern Period in Brittany. Contribution to the Evolution of Ritual Funerary in Europe
Auteurs : Rozenn Colleter [France] ; Fabrice Dedouit [France, Suisse] ; Sylvie Duchesne [France] ; Fatima-Zohra Mokrane [France] ; Véronique Gendrot [France] ; Patrice Gérard [France] ; Henri Dabernat [France] ; Éric Crubézy [France] ; Norbert Telmon [France]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The evolution of funeral practices from the Middle Ages through the Modern era in Europe is generally seen as a process of secularization. The study, through imaging and autopsy, of two mummies, five lead urns containing hearts, and more than six hundred skeletons of nobles and clergymen from a Renaissance convent in Brittany has led us to reject this view. In addition to exceptional embalming, we observed instances in which hearts alone had been extracted, a phenomenon that had never before been described, and brains alone as well, and instances in which each spouse's heart had been placed on the other's coffin. In some identified cases we were able to establish links between the religious attitudes of given individuals and either ancient Medieval practices or more modern ones generated by the Council of Trent. All of these practices, which were a function of social status, were rooted in religion. They offer no evidence of secularization whatsoever.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167988
PubMed: 28030554
PubMed Central: 5193353
Affiliations:
- France, Suisse
- Canton de Vaud, Midi-Pyrénées, Occitanie (région administrative), Région Bretagne
- Lausanne, Rennes, Toulouse
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Le document en format XML
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last="Gendrot">Véronique Gendrot</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>French Regional Archaeological Service, Rennes, Bretagne, France and French National Center for Scientific Research, UMR 6566, Rennes, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>French Regional Archaeological Service, Rennes, Bretagne, France and French National Center for Scientific Research, UMR 6566, Rennes</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Région Bretagne</region><region type="old region">Région Bretagne</region><settlement type="city">Rennes</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gerard, Patrice" sort="Gerard, Patrice" uniqKey="Gerard P" first="Patrice" last="Gérard">Patrice Gérard</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>University of Toulouse, French National Center for Scientific Research, UMR 5288, Toulouse, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country 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Research, UMR 5288, Toulouse, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>University of Toulouse, French National Center for Scientific Research, UMR 5288, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>Medico-Legal department, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, Toulouse, France</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Medico-Legal department, CHU Toulouse-Rangueil, Toulouse</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Occitanie (région administrative)</region><region type="old region">Midi-Pyrénées</region><settlement type="city">Toulouse</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The evolution of funeral practices from the Middle Ages through the Modern era in Europe is generally seen as a process of secularization. The study, through imaging and autopsy, of two mummies, five lead urns containing hearts, and more than six hundred skeletons of nobles and clergymen from a Renaissance convent in Brittany has led us to reject this view. In addition to exceptional embalming, we observed instances in which hearts alone had been extracted, a phenomenon that had never before been described, and brains alone as well, and instances in which each spouse's heart had been placed on the other's coffin. In some identified cases we were able to establish links between the religious attitudes of given individuals and either ancient Medieval practices or more modern ones generated by the Council of Trent. All of these practices, which were a function of social status, were rooted in religion. They offer no evidence of secularization whatsoever.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Metcalf, P" uniqKey="Metcalf P">P Metcalf</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huntington, R" uniqKey="Huntington R">R Huntington</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Westerhof, D" uniqKey="Westerhof D">D Westerhof</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aries, P" uniqKey="Aries P">P Ariès</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stone, L" uniqKey="Stone L">L Stone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Giesey, Re" uniqKey="Giesey R">RE Giesey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blanchard, P" uniqKey="Blanchard P">P Blanchard</name></author><author><name 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sortKey="Birkner, R" uniqKey="Birkner R">R Birkner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kuzminsky, Sc" uniqKey="Kuzminsky S">SC Kuzminsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardiner, Ms" uniqKey="Gardiner M">MS Gardiner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mokrane, Fz" uniqKey="Mokrane F">FZ Mokrane</name></author><author><name sortKey="Colleter, R" uniqKey="Colleter R">R Colleter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duchesne, S" uniqKey="Duchesne S">S Duchesne</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gerard, P" uniqKey="Gerard P">P Gerard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Savall, F" uniqKey="Savall F">F Savall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crubezy, E" uniqKey="Crubezy E">É Crubézy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Crubezy, E" uniqKey="Crubezy E">É Crubézy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Austin, D" uniqKey="Austin D">D. 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uniqKey="Charlier P">P Charlier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Poupon, J" uniqKey="Poupon J">J Poupon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jeannel, Gf" uniqKey="Jeannel G">GF Jeannel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Favier, D" uniqKey="Favier D">D Favier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Popescu, Sm" uniqKey="Popescu S">SM Popescu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Augias, A" uniqKey="Augias A">A Augias</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fornaciari, G" uniqKey="Fornaciari G">G Fornaciari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vitiello, A" uniqKey="Vitiello A">A Vitiello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuliani, S" uniqKey="Giuliani S">S Giuliani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giuffra, V" uniqKey="Giuffra V">V Giuffra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fornaciari, A" uniqKey="Fornaciari A">A Fornaciari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Villari, N" uniqKey="Villari N">N Villari</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Valentin, F" uniqKey="Valentin F">F Valentin</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Rrico, F" uniqKey="D Rrico F">F d’Errico</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Devriendt, W" uniqKey="Devriendt W">W Devriendt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Venet, S" uniqKey="Venet S">S Venet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Defnee, A" uniqKey="Defnee A">A Defnée</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garnier, N" uniqKey="Garnier N">N Garnier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gillet, B" uniqKey="Gillet B">B Gillet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rossetti, L" uniqKey="Rossetti L">L Rossetti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dittmar, Jm" uniqKey="Dittmar J">JM Dittmar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mitchell, Pd" uniqKey="Mitchell P">PD Mitchell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gannal, J N" uniqKey="Gannal J">J-N Gannal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pare, A" uniqKey="Pare A">A Paré</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, Ear" uniqKey="Brown E">EAR Brown</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alexandre Bidon, D" uniqKey="Alexandre Bidon D">D Alexandre-Bidon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Treffort, C" uniqKey="Treffort C">C Treffort</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Albert, J P" uniqKey="Albert J">J-P Albert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ben Amos, A" uniqKey="Ben Amos A">A Ben-Amos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li><li>Suisse</li></country><region><li>Canton de Vaud</li><li>Midi-Pyrénées</li><li>Occitanie (région administrative)</li><li>Région Bretagne</li></region><settlement><li>Lausanne</li><li>Rennes</li><li>Toulouse</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><noRegion><name sortKey="Colleter, Rozenn" sort="Colleter, Rozenn" uniqKey="Colleter R" first="Rozenn" last="Colleter">Rozenn Colleter</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Colleter, Rozenn" sort="Colleter, Rozenn" uniqKey="Colleter R" first="Rozenn" last="Colleter">Rozenn Colleter</name><name sortKey="Crubezy, Eric" sort="Crubezy, Eric" uniqKey="Crubezy E" first="Éric" last="Crubézy">Éric Crubézy</name><name sortKey="Dabernat, Henri" sort="Dabernat, Henri" uniqKey="Dabernat H" first="Henri" last="Dabernat">Henri Dabernat</name><name sortKey="Dedouit, Fabrice" sort="Dedouit, Fabrice" uniqKey="Dedouit F" first="Fabrice" last="Dedouit">Fabrice Dedouit</name><name sortKey="Duchesne, Sylvie" sort="Duchesne, Sylvie" uniqKey="Duchesne S" first="Sylvie" last="Duchesne">Sylvie Duchesne</name><name sortKey="Duchesne, Sylvie" sort="Duchesne, Sylvie" uniqKey="Duchesne S" first="Sylvie" last="Duchesne">Sylvie Duchesne</name><name sortKey="Gendrot, Veronique" sort="Gendrot, Veronique" uniqKey="Gendrot V" first="Véronique" last="Gendrot">Véronique Gendrot</name><name sortKey="Gerard, Patrice" sort="Gerard, Patrice" uniqKey="Gerard P" first="Patrice" last="Gérard">Patrice Gérard</name><name sortKey="Mokrane, Fatima Zohra" sort="Mokrane, Fatima Zohra" uniqKey="Mokrane F" first="Fatima-Zohra" last="Mokrane">Fatima-Zohra Mokrane</name><name sortKey="Mokrane, Fatima Zohra" sort="Mokrane, Fatima Zohra" uniqKey="Mokrane F" first="Fatima-Zohra" last="Mokrane">Fatima-Zohra Mokrane</name><name sortKey="Telmon, Norbert" sort="Telmon, Norbert" uniqKey="Telmon N" first="Norbert" last="Telmon">Norbert Telmon</name><name sortKey="Telmon, Norbert" sort="Telmon, Norbert" uniqKey="Telmon N" first="Norbert" last="Telmon">Norbert Telmon</name></country><country name="Suisse"><region name="Canton de Vaud"><name sortKey="Dedouit, Fabrice" sort="Dedouit, Fabrice" uniqKey="Dedouit F" first="Fabrice" last="Dedouit">Fabrice Dedouit</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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