Traumatic injuries and imperialism: The effects of Egyptian colonial strategies at Tombos in upper Nubia
Identifieur interne : 001531 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 001530; suivant : 001532Traumatic injuries and imperialism: The effects of Egyptian colonial strategies at Tombos in upper Nubia
Auteurs : Michele R. Buzon ; Rebecca RichmanSource :
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology [ 0002-9483 ] ; 2007-06.
English descriptors
Abstract
As circumstances of conquest change, leaders of empires must adapt their colonial strategies in order to be successful. One example of such modification in approach is the shift from Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom Egyptian colonial activities in Nubia. During the Middle Kingdom (2050–1650 BC) Egypt used aggressive military campaigns to subdue the strong Nubian polity at Kerma, resulting in the construction of fortresses and many victory stelae. In the subsequent New Kingdom period (1550–1050 BC) during which the Egyptian administration succeeded in occupying nearly all of Nubia, changes were necessary in conquest strategies. Diplomacy and cooperation may have replaced military action as mechanisms of control. This article investigates changes in imperial policy through the examination of traumatic injuries in human skeletal remains. Patterns of injuries in a sample from the site of Tombos, an Egyptian colonial cemetery in Nubia dating to the New Kingdom period, are compared with data on the patterns of injuries from Kerma, a cemetery dating to the Middle Kingdom period, published by Judd (2004). Analysis indicates a decrease in the level of traumatic injuries from Kerma to Tombos supporting the idea that through time the Egyptian administration modified their colonial strategy toward more nonviolent means. This article presents data on differences in the patterns of injury at Tombos and Kerma and explores possible explanations for this variation. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20585
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Traumatic injuries and imperialism: The effects of Egyptian colonial strategies at Tombos in upper Nubia</title><author><name sortKey="Buzon, Michele R" sort="Buzon, Michele R" uniqKey="Buzon M" first="Michele R." last="Buzon">Michele R. Buzon</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Earth Sciences, Room 806, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richman, Rebecca" sort="Richman, Rebecca" uniqKey="Richman R" first="Rebecca" last="Richman">Rebecca Richman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106‐3210</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:8F1538226EB889D9A911CD3587D50C5E090050B4</idno><date when="2007" year="2007">2007</date><idno type="doi">10.1002/ajpa.20585</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/8F1538226EB889D9A911CD3587D50C5E090050B4/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Istex/Corpus">001531</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Istex" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="ISTEX">001531</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Traumatic injuries and imperialism: The effects of Egyptian colonial strategies at Tombos in upper Nubia</title><author><name sortKey="Buzon, Michele R" sort="Buzon, Michele R" uniqKey="Buzon M" first="Michele R." last="Buzon">Michele R. Buzon</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Earth Sciences, Room 806, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Richman, Rebecca" sort="Richman, Rebecca" uniqKey="Richman R" first="Rebecca" last="Richman">Rebecca Richman</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106‐3210</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</title><title level="j" type="sub">The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Am. J. Phys. 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One example of such modification in approach is the shift from Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom Egyptian colonial activities in Nubia. During the Middle Kingdom (2050–1650 BC) Egypt used aggressive military campaigns to subdue the strong Nubian polity at Kerma, resulting in the construction of fortresses and many victory stelae. In the subsequent New Kingdom period (1550–1050 BC) during which the Egyptian administration succeeded in occupying nearly all of Nubia, changes were necessary in conquest strategies. Diplomacy and cooperation may have replaced military action as mechanisms of control. This article investigates changes in imperial policy through the examination of traumatic injuries in human skeletal remains. Patterns of injuries in a sample from the site of Tombos, an Egyptian colonial cemetery in Nubia dating to the New Kingdom period, are compared with data on the patterns of injuries from Kerma, a cemetery dating to the Middle Kingdom period, published by Judd (2004). Analysis indicates a decrease in the level of traumatic injuries from Kerma to Tombos supporting the idea that through time the Egyptian administration modified their colonial strategy toward more nonviolent means. This article presents data on differences in the patterns of injury at Tombos and Kerma and explores possible explanations for this variation. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Michele R. Buzon</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</json:string><json:string>Department of Archaeology, Earth Sciences, Room 806, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Rebecca Richman</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106‐3210</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>culture contact</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Nile Valley</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>cranial wound</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>“parry” fracture</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>interpersonal violence</value></json:item></subject><articleId><json:string>AJPA20585</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><originalGenre><json:string>article</json:string></originalGenre><abstract>As circumstances of conquest change, leaders of empires must adapt their colonial strategies in order to be successful. One example of such modification in approach is the shift from Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom Egyptian colonial activities in Nubia. During the Middle Kingdom (2050–1650 BC) Egypt used aggressive military campaigns to subdue the strong Nubian polity at Kerma, resulting in the construction of fortresses and many victory stelae. In the subsequent New Kingdom period (1550–1050 BC) during which the Egyptian administration succeeded in occupying nearly all of Nubia, changes were necessary in conquest strategies. Diplomacy and cooperation may have replaced military action as mechanisms of control. This article investigates changes in imperial policy through the examination of traumatic injuries in human skeletal remains. Patterns of injuries in a sample from the site of Tombos, an Egyptian colonial cemetery in Nubia dating to the New Kingdom period, are compared with data on the patterns of injuries from Kerma, a cemetery dating to the Middle Kingdom period, published by Judd (2004). Analysis indicates a decrease in the level of traumatic injuries from Kerma to Tombos supporting the idea that through time the Egyptian administration modified their colonial strategy toward more nonviolent means. This article presents data on differences in the patterns of injury at Tombos and Kerma and explores possible explanations for this variation. 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studies</json:string><json:string>anthropology</json:string></scienceMetrix></categories><publicationDate>2007</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2007</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1002/ajpa.20585</json:string></doi><id>8F1538226EB889D9A911CD3587D50C5E090050B4</id><score>0.12259944</score><fulltext><json:item><extension>pdf</extension><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8F1538226EB889D9A911CD3587D50C5E090050B4/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><extension>zip</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8F1538226EB889D9A911CD3587D50C5E090050B4/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/8F1538226EB889D9A911CD3587D50C5E090050B4/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Traumatic injuries and imperialism: The effects of Egyptian colonial strategies at Tombos in upper Nubia</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><availability><p>Copyright © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></availability><date>2007</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note>National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant - No. 0313247;</note><note>Institute for Bioarchaeology and Killam Trust</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Traumatic injuries and imperialism: The effects of Egyptian colonial strategies at Tombos in upper Nubia</title><author xml:id="author-1"><persName><forename type="first">Michele R.</forename><surname>Buzon</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Earth Sciences, Room 806, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</affiliation></author><author xml:id="author-2"><persName><forename type="first">Rebecca</forename><surname>Richman</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106‐3210</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</title><title level="j" type="sub">The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.</title><idno type="pISSN">0002-9483</idno><idno type="eISSN">1096-8644</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644</idno><imprint><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2007-06"></date><biblScope unit="volume">133</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="783">783</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="791">791</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">8F1538226EB889D9A911CD3587D50C5E090050B4</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/ajpa.20585</idno><idno type="ArticleID">AJPA20585</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2007</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>As circumstances of conquest change, leaders of empires must adapt their colonial strategies in order to be successful. One example of such modification in approach is the shift from Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom Egyptian colonial activities in Nubia. During the Middle Kingdom (2050–1650 BC) Egypt used aggressive military campaigns to subdue the strong Nubian polity at Kerma, resulting in the construction of fortresses and many victory stelae. In the subsequent New Kingdom period (1550–1050 BC) during which the Egyptian administration succeeded in occupying nearly all of Nubia, changes were necessary in conquest strategies. Diplomacy and cooperation may have replaced military action as mechanisms of control. This article investigates changes in imperial policy through the examination of traumatic injuries in human skeletal remains. Patterns of injuries in a sample from the site of Tombos, an Egyptian colonial cemetery in Nubia dating to the New Kingdom period, are compared with data on the patterns of injuries from Kerma, a cemetery dating to the Middle Kingdom period, published by Judd (2004). Analysis indicates a decrease in the level of traumatic injuries from Kerma to Tombos supporting the idea that through time the Egyptian administration modified their colonial strategy toward more nonviolent means. This article presents data on differences in the patterns of injury at Tombos and Kerma and explores possible explanations for this variation. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>keywords</head><item><term>culture contact</term></item><item><term>Nile Valley</term></item><item><term>cranial wound</term></item><item><term>“parry” fracture</term></item><item><term>interpersonal violence</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>article-category</head><item><term>Research Article</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2006-05-23">Received</change><change when="2007-01-09">Registration</change><change when="2007-06">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><extension>txt</extension><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8F1538226EB889D9A911CD3587D50C5E090050B4/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisherName><publisherLoc>Hoboken</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1096-8644</doi><issn type="print">0002-9483</issn><issn type="electronic">1096-8644</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="AJPA"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY">American Journal of Physical Anthropology</title><title type="subtitle">The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists</title><title type="short">Am. 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One example of such modification in approach is the shift from Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom Egyptian colonial activities in Nubia. During the Middle Kingdom (2050–1650 BC) Egypt used aggressive military campaigns to subdue the strong Nubian polity at Kerma, resulting in the construction of fortresses and many victory stelae. In the subsequent New Kingdom period (1550–1050 BC) during which the Egyptian administration succeeded in occupying nearly all of Nubia, changes were necessary in conquest strategies. Diplomacy and cooperation may have replaced military action as mechanisms of control. This article investigates changes in imperial policy through the examination of traumatic injuries in human skeletal remains. Patterns of injuries in a sample from the site of Tombos, an Egyptian colonial cemetery in Nubia dating to the New Kingdom period, are compared with data on the patterns of injuries from Kerma, a cemetery dating to the Middle Kingdom period, published by Judd (2004). Analysis indicates a decrease in the level of traumatic injuries from Kerma to Tombos supporting the idea that through time the Egyptian administration modified their colonial strategy toward more nonviolent means. This article presents data on differences in the patterns of injury at Tombos and Kerma and explores possible explanations for this variation. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Traumatic injuries and imperialism: The effects of Egyptian colonial strategies at Tombos in upper Nubia</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Traumatic Injuries and Imperialism in Nubia</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Traumatic injuries and imperialism: The effects of Egyptian colonial strategies at Tombos in upper Nubia</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Michele R.</namePart><namePart type="family">Buzon</namePart><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Archaeology, Earth Sciences, Room 806, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Canada AB T2N 1N4</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Rebecca</namePart><namePart type="family">Richman</namePart><affiliation>Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106‐3210</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="article" displayLabel="article"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Hoboken</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2007-06</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2006-05-23</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2007-01-09</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2007</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">3</extent><extent unit="tables">3</extent><extent unit="references">51</extent><extent unit="words">1312</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">As circumstances of conquest change, leaders of empires must adapt their colonial strategies in order to be successful. One example of such modification in approach is the shift from Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom Egyptian colonial activities in Nubia. During the Middle Kingdom (2050–1650 BC) Egypt used aggressive military campaigns to subdue the strong Nubian polity at Kerma, resulting in the construction of fortresses and many victory stelae. In the subsequent New Kingdom period (1550–1050 BC) during which the Egyptian administration succeeded in occupying nearly all of Nubia, changes were necessary in conquest strategies. Diplomacy and cooperation may have replaced military action as mechanisms of control. This article investigates changes in imperial policy through the examination of traumatic injuries in human skeletal remains. Patterns of injuries in a sample from the site of Tombos, an Egyptian colonial cemetery in Nubia dating to the New Kingdom period, are compared with data on the patterns of injuries from Kerma, a cemetery dating to the Middle Kingdom period, published by Judd (2004). Analysis indicates a decrease in the level of traumatic injuries from Kerma to Tombos supporting the idea that through time the Egyptian administration modified their colonial strategy toward more nonviolent means. This article presents data on differences in the patterns of injury at Tombos and Kerma and explores possible explanations for this variation. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><note type="funding">National Science Foundation Dissertation Improvement Grant - No. 0313247; </note><note type="funding">Institute for Bioarchaeology and Killam Trust</note><subject lang="en"><genre>keywords</genre><topic>culture contact</topic><topic>Nile Valley</topic><topic>cranial wound</topic><topic>“parry” fracture</topic><topic>interpersonal violence</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</title><subTitle>The Official Publication of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Am. J. Phys. 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