Abnormal activity of membrane phospholipid synthetic enzymes in the brain of patients with Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar atrophy type-1
Identifieur interne : 002C77 ( PascalFrancis/Checkpoint ); précédent : 002C76; suivant : 002C78Abnormal activity of membrane phospholipid synthetic enzymes in the brain of patients with Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar atrophy type-1
Auteurs : B. M. Ross [Canada] ; K. Eder [Allemagne] ; A. Moszczynska [Canada] ; N. Mamalias [Canada] ; J. Lamarche [Canada] ; LEE ANG [Canada] ; M. Pandolfo [Canada] ; G. Rouleau [Canada] ; M. Kirchgessner [Allemagne] ; S. J. Kish [Canada]Source :
- Movement disorders [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2000.
Descripteurs français
- Pascal (Inist)
- Wicri :
- topic : Homme.
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Abstract
Much evidence, derived from biochemical studies of both blood and autopsied brain, has suggested that phospholipid metabolism is abnormal in patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FA), a disorder characterized by severe neuronal loss in the spinal cord and lower brain stem with no, or only modest, damage in other brain regions. To establish the cause of our recent finding of reduced brain levels of phospholipids in FA, we assayed activities of 10 phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes in the autopsied cerebellar cortex of patients with the disorder and, for comparison, in a group of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA-1), a disease characterized, unlike FA, by marked neuronal loss in the cerebellar cortex. Enzyme activities were also measured in four brain areas which are relatively unaffected morphologically in both FA and SCA-1. We found that ethanolamine kinase activity was increased in multiple brain regions of patients with FA (increased 31%-137%) and, more modestly, in SCA-1 (increased 39%-60%), suggesting a nonspecific enhancement of phosphoethanolamine production in both disorders. In contrast, the activity of phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (PECT), the rate-limiting enzyme of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis, was significantly and markedly decreased by 35%-78% in the cerebellar, frontal, and occipital cortices of patients with FA but was normal in SCA-1. Reduced PECT activity in FA may explain the lower brain levels of phosphatidylethanolamine in the disorder. Moreover, because decreased PECT activity in FA occurs in brain regions having no, or only modest, morphologic damage, this may represent a systemic change consequent to the frataxin gene defect. Our data also suggest that therapeutic intervention in FA designed to increase synthesis of membrane phospholipids may warrant further investigation.
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Canada
- Bavière, District de Haute-Bavière, Ontario
- Munich, Toronto
- Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich, Université de Toronto
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Ross</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eder, K" sort="Eder, K" uniqKey="Eder K" first="K." last="Eder">K. 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Kirchgessner</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Institute of Nutrition Physiology, Technical University of Munich</s1><s2>Munich</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kish, S J" sort="Kish, S J" uniqKey="Kish S" first="S. J." last="Kish">S. J. Kish</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">INIST</idno><idno type="inist">00-0177308</idno><date when="2000">2000</date><idno type="stanalyst">PASCAL 00-0177308 INIST</idno><idno type="RBID">Pascal:00-0177308</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Corpus">002C46</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Curation">000075</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PascalFrancis/Checkpoint">002C77</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a">Abnormal activity of membrane phospholipid synthetic enzymes in the brain of patients with Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar atrophy type-1</title><author><name sortKey="Ross, B M" sort="Ross, B M" uniqKey="Ross B" first="B. M." last="Ross">B. M. Ross</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Eder, K" sort="Eder, K" uniqKey="Eder K" first="K." last="Eder">K. Eder</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Institute of Nutrition Physiology, Technical University of Munich</s1><s2>Munich</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moszczynska, A" sort="Moszczynska, A" uniqKey="Moszczynska A" first="A." last="Moszczynska">A. Moszczynska</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mamalias, N" sort="Mamalias, N" uniqKey="Mamalias N" first="N." last="Mamalias">N. Mamalias</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lamarche, J" sort="Lamarche, J" uniqKey="Lamarche J" first="J." last="Lamarche">J. Lamarche</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Centre Universitaire de Santé de l'Estrie</s1><s2>Sherbrooke, Quebec</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre Universitaire de Santé de l'Estrie</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee Ang" sort="Lee Ang" uniqKey="Lee Ang" last="Lee Ang">LEE ANG</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Sunnybrook Health Science Centre</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Sunnybrook Health Science Centre</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pandolfo, M" sort="Pandolfo, M" uniqKey="Pandolfo M" first="M." last="Pandolfo">M. Pandolfo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal</s1><s2>Montreal, Quebec</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rouleau, G" sort="Rouleau, G" uniqKey="Rouleau G" first="G." last="Rouleau">G. Rouleau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Montreal General Hospital Research Institute</s1><s2>Montreal, Quebec</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><wicri:noRegion>Montreal General Hospital Research Institute</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kirchgessner, M" sort="Kirchgessner, M" uniqKey="Kirchgessner M" first="M." last="Kirchgessner">M. Kirchgessner</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>Institute of Nutrition Physiology, Technical University of Munich</s1><s2>Munich</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Allemagne</country><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Bavière</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Haute-Bavière</region><settlement type="city">Munich</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kish, S J" sort="Kish, S J" uniqKey="Kish S" first="S. J." last="Kish">S. J. Kish</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></inist:fA14><country>Canada</country><placeName><settlement type="city">Toronto</settlement><region type="state">Ontario</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université de Toronto</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j" type="main">Movement disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mov. disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno><imprint><date when="2000">2000</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Movement disorders</title><title level="j" type="abbreviated">Mov. disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Cerebellar cortex</term><term>Comparative study</term><term>Enzymatic activity</term><term>Ethanolamine kinase</term><term>Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylytransferase</term><term>Exploration</term><term>Friedreich ataxia</term><term>Human</term><term>Metabolism</term><term>Phospholipid</term><term>Plasma membrane</term><term>Spinocerebellar ataxia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Hérédodégénérescence spinocérébelleuse Friedreich</term><term>Cortex cérébelleux</term><term>Activité enzymatique</term><term>Phospholipide</term><term>Ethanolamine kinase</term><term>Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylytransferase</term><term>Membrane plasmique</term><term>Exploration</term><term>Métabolisme</term><term>Etude comparative</term><term>Homme</term><term>Ataxie spinocérébelleuse</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="topic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Homme</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Much evidence, derived from biochemical studies of both blood and autopsied brain, has suggested that phospholipid metabolism is abnormal in patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FA), a disorder characterized by severe neuronal loss in the spinal cord and lower brain stem with no, or only modest, damage in other brain regions. To establish the cause of our recent finding of reduced brain levels of phospholipids in FA, we assayed activities of 10 phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes in the autopsied cerebellar cortex of patients with the disorder and, for comparison, in a group of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA-1), a disease characterized, unlike FA, by marked neuronal loss in the cerebellar cortex. Enzyme activities were also measured in four brain areas which are relatively unaffected morphologically in both FA and SCA-1. We found that ethanolamine kinase activity was increased in multiple brain regions of patients with FA (increased 31%-137%) and, more modestly, in SCA-1 (increased 39%-60%), suggesting a nonspecific enhancement of phosphoethanolamine production in both disorders. In contrast, the activity of phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (PECT), the rate-limiting enzyme of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis, was significantly and markedly decreased by 35%-78% in the cerebellar, frontal, and occipital cortices of patients with FA but was normal in SCA-1. Reduced PECT activity in FA may explain the lower brain levels of phosphatidylethanolamine in the disorder. Moreover, because decreased PECT activity in FA occurs in brain regions having no, or only modest, morphologic damage, this may represent a systemic change consequent to the frataxin gene defect. Our data also suggest that therapeutic intervention in FA designed to increase synthesis of membrane phospholipids may warrant further investigation.</div></front></TEI><inist><standard h6="B"><pA><fA01 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>0885-3185</s0></fA01><fA03 i2="1"><s0>Mov. disord.</s0></fA03><fA05><s2>15</s2></fA05><fA06><s2>2</s2></fA06><fA08 i1="01" i2="1" l="ENG"><s1>Abnormal activity of membrane phospholipid synthetic enzymes in the brain of patients with Friedreich's ataxia and spinocerebellar atrophy type-1</s1></fA08><fA11 i1="01" i2="1"><s1>ROSS (B. M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="02" i2="1"><s1>EDER (K.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="03" i2="1"><s1>MOSZCZYNSKA (A.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="04" i2="1"><s1>MAMALIAS (N.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="05" i2="1"><s1>LAMARCHE (J.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="06" i2="1"><s1>LEE ANG</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="07" i2="1"><s1>PANDOLFO (M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="08" i2="1"><s1>ROULEAU (G.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="09" i2="1"><s1>KIRCHGESSNER (M.)</s1></fA11><fA11 i1="10" i2="1"><s1>KISH (S. J.)</s1></fA11><fA14 i1="01"><s1>Human Neurochemical Pathology Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>3 aut.</sZ><sZ>4 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="02"><s1>Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>1 aut.</sZ><sZ>10 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="03"><s1>Institute of Nutrition Physiology, Technical University of Munich</s1><s2>Munich</s2><s3>DEU</s3><sZ>2 aut.</sZ><sZ>9 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="04"><s1>Centre Universitaire de Santé de l'Estrie</s1><s2>Sherbrooke, Quebec</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>5 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="05"><s1>Sunnybrook Health Science Centre</s1><s2>Toronto, Ontario</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>6 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="06"><s1>Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal</s1><s2>Montreal, Quebec</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>7 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA14 i1="07"><s1>Montreal General Hospital Research Institute</s1><s2>Montreal, Quebec</s2><s3>CAN</s3><sZ>8 aut.</sZ></fA14><fA20><s1>294-300</s1></fA20><fA21><s1>2000</s1></fA21><fA23 i1="01"><s0>ENG</s0></fA23><fA43 i1="01"><s1>INIST</s1><s2>20953</s2><s5>354000082110890130</s5></fA43><fA44><s0>0000</s0><s1>© 2000 INIST-CNRS. All rights reserved.</s1></fA44><fA45><s0>26 ref.</s0></fA45><fA47 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>00-0177308</s0></fA47><fA60><s1>P</s1></fA60><fA61><s0>A</s0></fA61><fA64 i1="01" i2="1"><s0>Movement disorders</s0></fA64><fA66 i1="01"><s0>USA</s0></fA66><fC01 i1="01" l="ENG"><s0>Much evidence, derived from biochemical studies of both blood and autopsied brain, has suggested that phospholipid metabolism is abnormal in patients with Friedreich's ataxia (FA), a disorder characterized by severe neuronal loss in the spinal cord and lower brain stem with no, or only modest, damage in other brain regions. To establish the cause of our recent finding of reduced brain levels of phospholipids in FA, we assayed activities of 10 phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes in the autopsied cerebellar cortex of patients with the disorder and, for comparison, in a group of patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA-1), a disease characterized, unlike FA, by marked neuronal loss in the cerebellar cortex. Enzyme activities were also measured in four brain areas which are relatively unaffected morphologically in both FA and SCA-1. We found that ethanolamine kinase activity was increased in multiple brain regions of patients with FA (increased 31%-137%) and, more modestly, in SCA-1 (increased 39%-60%), suggesting a nonspecific enhancement of phosphoethanolamine production in both disorders. In contrast, the activity of phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (PECT), the rate-limiting enzyme of phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis, was significantly and markedly decreased by 35%-78% in the cerebellar, frontal, and occipital cortices of patients with FA but was normal in SCA-1. Reduced PECT activity in FA may explain the lower brain levels of phosphatidylethanolamine in the disorder. Moreover, because decreased PECT activity in FA occurs in brain regions having no, or only modest, morphologic damage, this may represent a systemic change consequent to the frataxin gene defect. Our data also suggest that therapeutic intervention in FA designed to increase synthesis of membrane phospholipids may warrant further investigation.</s0></fC01><fC02 i1="01" i2="X"><s0>002B17G</s0></fC02><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Hérédodégénérescence spinocérébelleuse Friedreich</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Friedreich ataxia</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Heredodegeneración espinocerebelosa Friedreich</s0><s5>01</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Cortex cérébelleux</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Cerebellar cortex</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Corteza cerebelar</s0><s5>04</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Activité enzymatique</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Enzymatic activity</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Actividad enzimática</s0><s5>05</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Phospholipide</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Phospholipid</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Fosfolípido</s0><s5>06</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Ethanolamine kinase</s0><s2>FE</s2><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Ethanolamine kinase</s0><s2>FE</s2><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Ethanolamine kinase</s0><s2>FE</s2><s5>07</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylytransferase</s0><s2>FE</s2><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylytransferase</s0><s2>FE</s2><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Ethanolamine-phosphate cytidylytransferase</s0><s2>FE</s2><s5>08</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Membrane plasmique</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Plasma membrane</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Membrana plasmática</s0><s5>10</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Exploration</s0><s5>17</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Exploration</s0><s5>17</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Exploración</s0><s5>17</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Métabolisme</s0><s5>18</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Metabolism</s0><s5>18</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Metabolismo</s0><s5>18</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Etude comparative</s0><s5>19</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Comparative study</s0><s5>19</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="10" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Estudio comparativo</s0><s5>19</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Homme</s0><s5>20</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Human</s0><s5>20</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="11" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Hombre</s0><s5>20</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="12" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Ataxie spinocérébelleuse</s0><s4>CD</s4><s5>96</s5></fC03><fC03 i1="12" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Spinocerebellar ataxia</s0><s4>CD</s4><s5>96</s5></fC03><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Transferases</s0><s2>FE</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Transferases</s0><s2>FE</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="01" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Transferases</s0><s2>FE</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Enzyme</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Enzyme</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="02" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Enzima</s0></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Nucleotidyltransferases</s0><s2>FE</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nucleotidyltransferases</s0><s2>FE</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="03" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Nucleotidyltransferases</s0><s2>FE</s2></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Système nerveux pathologie</s0><s5>37</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Nervous system diseases</s0><s5>37</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="04" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Sistema nervioso patología</s0><s5>37</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Système nerveux central pathologie</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Central nervous system disease</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="05" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Sistema nervosio central patología</s0><s5>38</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Encéphale pathologie</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Cerebral disorder</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="06" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Encéfalo patología</s0><s5>39</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Moelle épinière pathologie</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Spinal cord disease</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="07" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Médula espinal patología</s0><s5>40</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Maladie dégénérative</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Degenerative disease</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="08" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Enfermedad degenerativa</s0><s5>41</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="FRE"><s0>Maladie héréditaire</s0><s5>42</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="ENG"><s0>Genetic disease</s0><s5>42</s5></fC07><fC07 i1="09" i2="X" l="SPA"><s0>Enfermedad hereditaria</s0><s5>42</s5></fC07><fN21><s1>129</s1></fN21></pA></standard></inist><affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li><li>Canada</li></country><region><li>Bavière</li><li>District de Haute-Bavière</li><li>Ontario</li></region><settlement><li>Munich</li><li>Toronto</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université Louis-et-Maximilien de Munich</li><li>Université de Toronto</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Canada"><region name="Ontario"><name sortKey="Ross, B M" sort="Ross, B M" uniqKey="Ross B" first="B. M." last="Ross">B. M. Ross</name></region><name sortKey="Kish, S J" sort="Kish, S J" uniqKey="Kish S" first="S. J." last="Kish">S. J. Kish</name><name sortKey="Kish, S J" sort="Kish, S J" uniqKey="Kish S" first="S. J." last="Kish">S. J. Kish</name><name sortKey="Lamarche, J" sort="Lamarche, J" uniqKey="Lamarche J" first="J." last="Lamarche">J. Lamarche</name><name sortKey="Lee Ang" sort="Lee Ang" uniqKey="Lee Ang" last="Lee Ang">LEE ANG</name><name sortKey="Mamalias, N" sort="Mamalias, N" uniqKey="Mamalias N" first="N." last="Mamalias">N. Mamalias</name><name sortKey="Moszczynska, A" sort="Moszczynska, A" uniqKey="Moszczynska A" first="A." last="Moszczynska">A. Moszczynska</name><name sortKey="Pandolfo, M" sort="Pandolfo, M" uniqKey="Pandolfo M" first="M." last="Pandolfo">M. Pandolfo</name><name sortKey="Ross, B M" sort="Ross, B M" uniqKey="Ross B" first="B. M." last="Ross">B. M. Ross</name><name sortKey="Rouleau, G" sort="Rouleau, G" uniqKey="Rouleau G" first="G." last="Rouleau">G. Rouleau</name></country><country name="Allemagne"><region name="Bavière"><name sortKey="Eder, K" sort="Eder, K" uniqKey="Eder K" first="K." last="Eder">K. Eder</name></region><name sortKey="Kirchgessner, M" sort="Kirchgessner, M" uniqKey="Kirchgessner M" first="M." last="Kirchgessner">M. Kirchgessner</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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