MovDisordV3, Ncbi, Merge, bibRecord, 002723

Torpedoes in Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Essential Tremor, and Control Brains

Identifieur interne : 002723 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 002722; suivant : 002724

Torpedoes in Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Essential Tremor, and Control Brains

Auteurs : Elan D. Louis [États-Unis] ; Phyllis L. Faust [États-Unis] ; Jean-Paul G. Vonsattel [États-Unis] ; Lawrence S. Honig [États-Unis] ; Alex Rajput [Canada] ; Ali Rajput [Canada] ; Rajesh Pahwa [États-Unis] ; Kelly E. Lyons [États-Unis] ; G. Webster Ross [États-Unis] ; Rodger J. Elble [États-Unis] ; Cordelia Erickson-Davis [États-Unis] ; Carol B. Moskowitz [États-Unis] ; Arlene Lawton [États-Unis]

Source :

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2009.

RBID : PMC:2736313

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease (pathology), Axons (ultrastructure), Brain Stem (ultrastructure), Essential Tremor (classification), Essential Tremor (pathology), Female, Humans, Lewy Bodies (ultrastructure), Male, Parkinson Disease (pathology), Purkinje Cells (pathology).
MESH :
- classification : Essential Tremor.
- pathology : Alzheimer Disease, Essential Tremor, Parkinson Disease, Purkinje Cells.
- ultrastructure : Axons, Brain Stem, Lewy Bodies.
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male.

Abstract

Background

Purkinje cell axonal swellings (“torpedoes”), described in several cerebellar disorders as well as essential tremor (ET), have not been quantified in common neurodegenerative conditions.

Objective

To quantify torpedoes Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared with ET and control brains.

Methods

Brains included 40 ET cases (34 cerebellar ET, 6 Lewy body variant of ET) and age-matched comparison brains (21 AD, 14 PD/diffuse Lewy body disease, 25 controls). Torpedoes were counted in 20×25 mm cerebellar cortical sections stained with Luxol Fast Blue/Hematoxylin and Eosin.

Results

The median number of torpedoes in cerebellar ET (12) was 12x higher than that of controls (1) and nearly 2.5x higher than in AD (5) or PD/DLBD (5)(all p≤0.005). Furthermore, in a logistic regression model that adjusted for age and Alzheimer’s-type changes, each torpedo more than doubled the odds of having cerebellar ET (Odds ratio_{cerebellar ET vs. control} = 2.57, p = 0.006), indicating that the association between increased torpedoes and cerebellar ET was independent of these Alzheimer’s-type changes.

Conclusions

While torpedoes are increased in AD and PD, as well as cerebellar ET, the magnitude of increase in cerebellar ET is greater, and cannot be accounted for by concomitant AD or PD pathology.

Url:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736313

DOI: 10.1002/mds.22567
PubMed: 19526585
PubMed Central: 2736313

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PMC:2736313

Le document en format XML

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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Torpedoes in Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Essential Tremor, and Control Brains</title>
<author><name sortKey="Louis, Elan D" sort="Louis, Elan D" uniqKey="Louis E" first="Elan D." last="Louis">Elan D. Louis</name>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
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<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
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<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Alex" sort="Rajput, Alex" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Alex" last="Rajput">Alex Rajput</name>
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<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
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<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali" sort="Rajput, Ali" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali" last="Rajput">Ali Rajput</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Pahwa, Rajesh" sort="Pahwa, Rajesh" uniqKey="Pahwa R" first="Rajesh" last="Pahwa">Rajesh Pahwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7"> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS</wicri:regionArea>
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<author><name sortKey="Lyons, Kelly E" sort="Lyons, Kelly E" uniqKey="Lyons K" first="Kelly E" last="Lyons">Kelly E. Lyons</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7"> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kansas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ross, G Webster" sort="Ross, G Webster" uniqKey="Ross G" first="G. Webster" last="Ross">G. Webster Ross</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A8"> Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A9"> Departments of Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Departments of Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A10"> Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11"> Kuakini Medical Center/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Kuakini Medical Center/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elble, Rodger J" sort="Elble, Rodger J" uniqKey="Elble R" first="Rodger J." last="Elble">Rodger J. Elble</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A12"> Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" sort="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" uniqKey="Erickson Davis C" first="Cordelia" last="Erickson-Davis">Cordelia Erickson-Davis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moskowitz, Carol B" sort="Moskowitz, Carol B" uniqKey="Moskowitz C" first="Carol B." last="Moskowitz">Carol B. Moskowitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lawton, Arlene" sort="Lawton, Arlene" uniqKey="Lawton A" first="Arlene" last="Lawton">Arlene Lawton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno>
<imprint><date when="2009">2009</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over</term>
<term>Alzheimer Disease (pathology)</term>
<term>Axons (ultrastructure)</term>
<term>Brain Stem (ultrastructure)</term>
<term>Essential Tremor (classification)</term>
<term>Essential Tremor (pathology)</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Lewy Bodies (ultrastructure)</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Parkinson Disease (pathology)</term>
<term>Purkinje Cells (pathology)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Essential Tremor</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Alzheimer Disease</term>
<term>Essential Tremor</term>
<term>Parkinson Disease</term>
<term>Purkinje Cells</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="ultrastructure" xml:lang="en"><term>Axons</term>
<term>Brain Stem</term>
<term>Lewy Bodies</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S7"><title>Background</title>
<p id="P1">Purkinje cell axonal swellings (“torpedoes”), described in several cerebellar disorders as well as essential tremor (ET), have not been quantified in common neurodegenerative conditions.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S8"><title>Objective</title>
<p id="P2">To quantify torpedoes Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared with ET and control brains.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods" id="S9"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P3">Brains included 40 ET cases (34 cerebellar ET, 6 Lewy body variant of ET) and age-matched comparison brains (21 AD, 14 PD/diffuse Lewy body disease, 25 controls). Torpedoes were counted in 20×25 mm cerebellar cortical sections stained with Luxol Fast Blue/Hematoxylin and Eosin.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S10"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P4">The median number of torpedoes in cerebellar ET (12) was 12x higher than that of controls (1) and nearly 2.5x higher than in AD (5) or PD/DLBD (5)(all p≤0.005). Furthermore, in a logistic regression model that adjusted for age and Alzheimer’s-type changes, each torpedo more than doubled the odds of having cerebellar ET (Odds ratio<sub>cerebellar ET vs. control</sub>
 = 2.57, p = 0.006), indicating that the association between increased torpedoes and cerebellar ET was independent of these Alzheimer’s-type changes.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S11"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="P5">While torpedoes are increased in AD and PD, as well as cerebellar ET, the magnitude of increase in cerebellar ET is greater, and cannot be accounted for by concomitant AD or PD pathology.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<double pmid="19526585"><pmc><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Torpedoes in Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Essential Tremor, and Control Brains</title>
<author><name sortKey="Louis, Elan D" sort="Louis, Elan D" uniqKey="Louis E" first="Elan D." last="Louis">Elan D. Louis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A5"> Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Faust, Phyllis L" sort="Faust, Phyllis L" uniqKey="Faust P" first="Phyllis L." last="Faust">Phyllis L. Faust</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vonsattel, Jean Paul G" sort="Vonsattel, Jean Paul G" uniqKey="Vonsattel J" first="Jean-Paul G." last="Vonsattel">Jean-Paul G. Vonsattel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Honig, Lawrence S" sort="Honig, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Honig L" first="Lawrence S." last="Honig">Lawrence S. Honig</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Alex" sort="Rajput, Alex" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Alex" last="Rajput">Alex Rajput</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6"> Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saskatchewan</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali" sort="Rajput, Ali" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali" last="Rajput">Ali Rajput</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6"> Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saskatchewan</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pahwa, Rajesh" sort="Pahwa, Rajesh" uniqKey="Pahwa R" first="Rajesh" last="Pahwa">Rajesh Pahwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7"> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kansas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lyons, Kelly E" sort="Lyons, Kelly E" uniqKey="Lyons K" first="Kelly E" last="Lyons">Kelly E. Lyons</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7"> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kansas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ross, G Webster" sort="Ross, G Webster" uniqKey="Ross G" first="G. Webster" last="Ross">G. Webster Ross</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A8"> Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A9"> Departments of Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Departments of Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A10"> Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11"> Kuakini Medical Center/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Kuakini Medical Center/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elble, Rodger J" sort="Elble, Rodger J" uniqKey="Elble R" first="Rodger J." last="Elble">Rodger J. Elble</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A12"> Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" sort="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" uniqKey="Erickson Davis C" first="Cordelia" last="Erickson-Davis">Cordelia Erickson-Davis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moskowitz, Carol B" sort="Moskowitz, Carol B" uniqKey="Moskowitz C" first="Carol B." last="Moskowitz">Carol B. Moskowitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lawton, Arlene" sort="Lawton, Arlene" uniqKey="Lawton A" first="Arlene" last="Lawton">Arlene Lawton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">19526585</idno>
<idno type="pmc">2736313</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736313</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:2736313</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1002/mds.22567</idno>
<date when="2009">2009</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000063</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000063</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000384</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Torpedoes in Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Essential Tremor, and Control Brains</title>
<author><name sortKey="Louis, Elan D" sort="Louis, Elan D" uniqKey="Louis E" first="Elan D." last="Louis">Elan D. Louis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A5"> Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Faust, Phyllis L" sort="Faust, Phyllis L" uniqKey="Faust P" first="Phyllis L." last="Faust">Phyllis L. Faust</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vonsattel, Jean Paul G" sort="Vonsattel, Jean Paul G" uniqKey="Vonsattel J" first="Jean-Paul G." last="Vonsattel">Jean-Paul G. Vonsattel</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A4"> Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Honig, Lawrence S" sort="Honig, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Honig L" first="Lawrence S." last="Honig">Lawrence S. Honig</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Alex" sort="Rajput, Alex" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Alex" last="Rajput">Alex Rajput</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6"> Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saskatchewan</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali" sort="Rajput, Ali" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali" last="Rajput">Ali Rajput</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6"> Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Saskatchewan</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pahwa, Rajesh" sort="Pahwa, Rajesh" uniqKey="Pahwa R" first="Rajesh" last="Pahwa">Rajesh Pahwa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7"> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kansas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lyons, Kelly E" sort="Lyons, Kelly E" uniqKey="Lyons K" first="Kelly E" last="Lyons">Kelly E. Lyons</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7"> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Kansas</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ross, G Webster" sort="Ross, G Webster" uniqKey="Ross G" first="G. Webster" last="Ross">G. Webster Ross</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A8"> Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Veterans Affairs Pacific Islands Health Care System, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A9"> Departments of Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Departments of Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A10"> Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Pacific Health Research Institute, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A11"> Kuakini Medical Center/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Honolulu, HI, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Kuakini Medical Center/Honolulu-Asia Aging Study, Honolulu, HI</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Hawaï</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elble, Rodger J" sort="Elble, Rodger J" uniqKey="Elble R" first="Rodger J." last="Elble">Rodger J. Elble</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A12"> Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Illinois</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" sort="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" uniqKey="Erickson Davis C" first="Cordelia" last="Erickson-Davis">Cordelia Erickson-Davis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moskowitz, Carol B" sort="Moskowitz, Carol B" uniqKey="Moskowitz C" first="Carol B." last="Moskowitz">Carol B. Moskowitz</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A2"> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lawton, Arlene" sort="Lawton, Arlene" uniqKey="Lawton A" first="Arlene" last="Lawton">Arlene Lawton</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A1"> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A3"> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea> Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno>
<imprint><date when="2009">2009</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S7"><title>Background</title>
<p id="P1">Purkinje cell axonal swellings (“torpedoes”), described in several cerebellar disorders as well as essential tremor (ET), have not been quantified in common neurodegenerative conditions.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S8"><title>Objective</title>
<p id="P2">To quantify torpedoes Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) compared with ET and control brains.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="methods" id="S9"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="P3">Brains included 40 ET cases (34 cerebellar ET, 6 Lewy body variant of ET) and age-matched comparison brains (21 AD, 14 PD/diffuse Lewy body disease, 25 controls). Torpedoes were counted in 20×25 mm cerebellar cortical sections stained with Luxol Fast Blue/Hematoxylin and Eosin.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S10"><title>Results</title>
<p id="P4">The median number of torpedoes in cerebellar ET (12) was 12x higher than that of controls (1) and nearly 2.5x higher than in AD (5) or PD/DLBD (5)(all p≤0.005). Furthermore, in a logistic regression model that adjusted for age and Alzheimer’s-type changes, each torpedo more than doubled the odds of having cerebellar ET (Odds ratio<sub>cerebellar ET vs. control</sub>
 = 2.57, p = 0.006), indicating that the association between increased torpedoes and cerebellar ET was independent of these Alzheimer’s-type changes.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="S11"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="P5">While torpedoes are increased in AD and PD, as well as cerebellar ET, the magnitude of increase in cerebellar ET is greater, and cannot be accounted for by concomitant AD or PD pathology.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</pmc>
<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Torpedoes in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor, and control brains.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Louis, Elan D" sort="Louis, Elan D" uniqKey="Louis E" first="Elan D" last="Louis">Elan D. Louis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. EDL2@columbia.edu</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Faust, Phyllis L" sort="Faust, Phyllis L" uniqKey="Faust P" first="Phyllis L" last="Faust">Phyllis L. Faust</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vonsattel, Jean Paul G" sort="Vonsattel, Jean Paul G" uniqKey="Vonsattel J" first="Jean-Paul G" last="Vonsattel">Jean-Paul G. Vonsattel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Honig, Lawrence S" sort="Honig, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Honig L" first="Lawrence S" last="Honig">Lawrence S. Honig</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Alex" sort="Rajput, Alex" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Alex" last="Rajput">Alex Rajput</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali" sort="Rajput, Ali" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali" last="Rajput">Ali Rajput</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pahwa, Rajesh" sort="Pahwa, Rajesh" uniqKey="Pahwa R" first="Rajesh" last="Pahwa">Rajesh Pahwa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lyons, Kelly E" sort="Lyons, Kelly E" uniqKey="Lyons K" first="Kelly E" last="Lyons">Kelly E. Lyons</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ross, Webster G" sort="Ross, Webster G" uniqKey="Ross W" first="Webster G" last="Ross">Webster G. Ross</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elble, Rodger J" sort="Elble, Rodger J" uniqKey="Elble R" first="Rodger J" last="Elble">Rodger J. Elble</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" sort="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" uniqKey="Erickson Davis C" first="Cordelia" last="Erickson-Davis">Cordelia Erickson-Davis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moskowitz, Carol B" sort="Moskowitz, Carol B" uniqKey="Moskowitz C" first="Carol B" last="Moskowitz">Carol B. Moskowitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lawton, Arlene" sort="Lawton, Arlene" uniqKey="Lawton A" first="Arlene" last="Lawton">Arlene Lawton</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno>
<date when="2009">2009</date>
<idno type="doi">10.1002/mds.22567</idno>
<idno type="RBID">pubmed:19526585</idno>
<idno type="pmid">19526585</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001C54</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">001C54</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">001B29</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Torpedoes in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, essential tremor, and control brains.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Louis, Elan D" sort="Louis, Elan D" uniqKey="Louis E" first="Elan D" last="Louis">Elan D. Louis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA. EDL2@columbia.edu</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>GH Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">État de New York</region>
<settlement type="city">New York</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université Columbia</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Faust, Phyllis L" sort="Faust, Phyllis L" uniqKey="Faust P" first="Phyllis L" last="Faust">Phyllis L. Faust</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vonsattel, Jean Paul G" sort="Vonsattel, Jean Paul G" uniqKey="Vonsattel J" first="Jean-Paul G" last="Vonsattel">Jean-Paul G. Vonsattel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Honig, Lawrence S" sort="Honig, Lawrence S" uniqKey="Honig L" first="Lawrence S" last="Honig">Lawrence S. Honig</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Alex" sort="Rajput, Alex" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Alex" last="Rajput">Alex Rajput</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rajput, Ali" sort="Rajput, Ali" uniqKey="Rajput A" first="Ali" last="Rajput">Ali Rajput</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pahwa, Rajesh" sort="Pahwa, Rajesh" uniqKey="Pahwa R" first="Rajesh" last="Pahwa">Rajesh Pahwa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lyons, Kelly E" sort="Lyons, Kelly E" uniqKey="Lyons K" first="Kelly E" last="Lyons">Kelly E. Lyons</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ross, Webster G" sort="Ross, Webster G" uniqKey="Ross W" first="Webster G" last="Ross">Webster G. Ross</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elble, Rodger J" sort="Elble, Rodger J" uniqKey="Elble R" first="Rodger J" last="Elble">Rodger J. Elble</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" sort="Erickson Davis, Cordelia" uniqKey="Erickson Davis C" first="Cordelia" last="Erickson-Davis">Cordelia Erickson-Davis</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moskowitz, Carol B" sort="Moskowitz, Carol B" uniqKey="Moskowitz C" first="Carol B" last="Moskowitz">Carol B. Moskowitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lawton, Arlene" sort="Lawton, Arlene" uniqKey="Lawton A" first="Arlene" last="Lawton">Arlene Lawton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno>
<imprint><date when="2009" type="published">2009</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over</term>
<term>Alzheimer Disease (pathology)</term>
<term>Axons (ultrastructure)</term>
<term>Brain Stem (ultrastructure)</term>
<term>Essential Tremor (classification)</term>
<term>Essential Tremor (pathology)</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Lewy Bodies (ultrastructure)</term>
<term>Male</term>
<term>Parkinson Disease (pathology)</term>
<term>Purkinje Cells (pathology)</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Essential Tremor</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Alzheimer Disease</term>
<term>Essential Tremor</term>
<term>Parkinson Disease</term>
<term>Purkinje Cells</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="ultrastructure" xml:lang="en"><term>Axons</term>
<term>Brain Stem</term>
<term>Lewy Bodies</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Aged</term>
<term>Aged, 80 and over</term>
<term>Female</term>
<term>Humans</term>
<term>Male</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Purkinje cell axonal swellings ("torpedoes"), described in several cerebellar disorders as well as essential tremor (ET), have not been quantified in common neurodegenerative conditions. The aim of this study was to quantify torpedoes Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared with ET and control brains. Brains included 40 ET cases (34 cerebellar ET, 6 Lewy body variant of ET) and age-matched comparison brains (21 AD, 14 PD/diffuse Lewy body disease, 25 controls). Torpedoes were counted in 20 x 25 mm cerebellar cortical sections stained with Luxol Fast Blue/Hematoxylin and Eosin. The median number of torpedoes in cerebellar ET (12) was 12x higher than that of controls (1) and nearly 2.5x higher than in AD (5) or PD/DLBD (5) (all P < or = 0.005). Furthermore, in a logistic regression model that adjusted for age and Alzheimer's-type changes, each torpedo more than doubled the odds of having cerebellar ET (Odds ratio(cerebellar ET vs. control) = 2.57, P = 0.006), indicating that the association between increased torpedoes and cerebellar ET was independent of these Alzheimer's-type changes. Although torpedoes are increased in AD and PD, as well as cerebellar ET, the magnitude of increase in cerebellar ET is greater, and cannot be accounted for by concomitant AD or PD pathology.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
</pubmed>
</double>
</record>

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	Movement Disorders (revue)
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Movement Disorders (revue)

Torpedoes in Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Essential Tremor, and Control Brains

Torpedoes in Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer’s Disease, Essential Tremor, and Control Brains

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