Imitation in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome—A behavioral study
Identifieur interne : 000611 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000610; suivant : 000612Imitation in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome—A behavioral study
Auteurs : Melanie Jonas ; Götz Thomalla ; Katja Biermann-Ruben ; Hartwig Roman Siebner ; Kirsten Müller-Vahl ; Tobias B Umer ; Christian Gerloff ; Alfons Schnitzler ; Michael Orth ; Alexander MünchauSource :
- Movement Disorders [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2010-06-15.
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Abstract
Echophenomena in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) may relate to deficient processing of observed biological movements. This would be reflected in altered effects of movement observation on motor responses in these patients. We studied reaction times in 11 unmedicated GTS patients without psychiatric comorbidity and healthy subjects. In experiment 1, participants imitated single biological finger movement stimuli or nonbiological dot movement stimuli immediately. In experiment 2, participants responded to a tone while viewing biological or nonbiological movement stimuli that were either compatible (identical) or incompatible (different) with their response. In experiment 1, both patients and healthy subjects responded faster to single biological than to nonbiological stimuli. In experiment 2, biological stimuli caused a larger compatibility‐effect in responses than nonbiological stimuli in both groups, provided stimulus presentation and response initiation coincided. Healthy subjects responded faster to compatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. In contrast, GTS patients responded slower to incompatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. Patients' mean reaction time in experiment 2 correlated with phonic tic‐frequency. Motor facilitation by observing biological movements appears to rely on concomitance of stimuli and responses in GTS patients and healthy individuals. Differing behavioral effects of movement observation in GTS might reflect altered activation of an action observation–execution matching system. To avoid unwanted movements GTS patients probably have to inhibit motor activation induced by observed movement automatically. Thus, movement stimuli may facilitate similar motor responses less but interfere more with different responses in these patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.
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DOI: 10.1002/mds.22994
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University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schnitzler, Alfons" sort="Schnitzler, Alfons" uniqKey="Schnitzler A" first="Alfons" last="Schnitzler">Alfons Schnitzler</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, MEG Laboratory, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University, Düsseldorf, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Orth, Michael" sort="Orth, Michael" uniqKey="Orth M" first="Michael" last="Orth">Michael Orth</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Munchau, Alexander" sort="Munchau, Alexander" uniqKey="Munchau A" first="Alexander" last="Münchau">Alexander 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This would be reflected in altered effects of movement observation on motor responses in these patients. We studied reaction times in 11 unmedicated GTS patients without psychiatric comorbidity and healthy subjects. In experiment 1, participants imitated single biological finger movement stimuli or nonbiological dot movement stimuli immediately. In experiment 2, participants responded to a tone while viewing biological or nonbiological movement stimuli that were either compatible (identical) or incompatible (different) with their response. In experiment 1, both patients and healthy subjects responded faster to single biological than to nonbiological stimuli. In experiment 2, biological stimuli caused a larger compatibility‐effect in responses than nonbiological stimuli in both groups, provided stimulus presentation and response initiation coincided. Healthy subjects responded faster to compatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. In contrast, GTS patients responded slower to incompatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. Patients' mean reaction time in experiment 2 correlated with phonic tic‐frequency. Motor facilitation by observing biological movements appears to rely on concomitance of stimuli and responses in GTS patients and healthy individuals. Differing behavioral effects of movement observation in GTS might reflect altered activation of an action observation–execution matching system. To avoid unwanted movements GTS patients probably have to inhibit motor activation induced by observed movement automatically. Thus, movement stimuli may facilitate similar motor responses less but interfere more with different responses in these patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Melanie Jonas PhD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</json:string><json:string>Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Götz Thomalla MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Katja Biermann‐Ruben PhD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, MEG Laboratory, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany</json:string><json:string>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University, Düsseldorf, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Hartwig Roman Siebner MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark</json:string><json:string>NeuroImage Nord, Hamburg‐Kiel‐Lübeck, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Kirsten Müller‐Vahl MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Clinic of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Tobias Bäumer MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Christian Gerloff MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Alfons Schnitzler MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, MEG Laboratory, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany</json:string><json:string>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University, Düsseldorf, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Michael Orth MD, PhD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Alexander Münchau MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>Gilles de la Tourette syndrome</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>echophenomena</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>action observation–execution matching</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>biological movement</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>imitation</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>reaction time experiment</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Echophenomena in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) may relate to deficient processing of observed biological movements. This would be reflected in altered effects of movement observation on motor responses in these patients. We studied reaction times in 11 unmedicated GTS patients without psychiatric comorbidity and healthy subjects. In experiment 1, participants imitated single biological finger movement stimuli or nonbiological dot movement stimuli immediately. In experiment 2, participants responded to a tone while viewing biological or nonbiological movement stimuli that were either compatible (identical) or incompatible (different) with their response. In experiment 1, both patients and healthy subjects responded faster to single biological than to nonbiological stimuli. In experiment 2, biological stimuli caused a larger compatibility‐effect in responses than nonbiological stimuli in both groups, provided stimulus presentation and response initiation coincided. Healthy subjects responded faster to compatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. In contrast, GTS patients responded slower to incompatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. Patients' mean reaction time in experiment 2 correlated with phonic tic‐frequency. Motor facilitation by observing biological movements appears to rely on concomitance of stimuli and responses in GTS patients and healthy individuals. Differing behavioral effects of movement observation in GTS might reflect altered activation of an action observation–execution matching system. To avoid unwanted movements GTS patients probably have to inhibit motor activation induced by observed movement automatically. Thus, movement stimuli may facilitate similar motor responses less but interfere more with different responses in these patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.462</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 810 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>1839</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>4546</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>30631</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>9</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>243</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Imitation in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome—A behavioral study</title><genre><json:string>Serial article</json:string></genre><host><volume>25</volume><pages><total>9</total><last>999</last><first>991</first></pages><issn><json:string>0885-3185</json:string></issn><issue>8</issue><subject><json:item><value>Research Article</value></json:item></subject><genre></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Movement 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Copenhagen, Denmark</affiliation><affiliation>NeuroImage Nord, Hamburg‐Kiel‐Lübeck, Germany</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Kirsten</forename><surname>Müller‐Vahl</surname><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName></persName><affiliation>Clinic of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Tobias</forename><surname>Bäumer</surname><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName></persName><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Christian</forename><surname>Gerloff</surname><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName></persName><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Alfons</forename><surname>Schnitzler</surname><roleName 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Disord.</title><idno type="pISSN">0885-3185</idno><idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1531-8257</idno><imprint><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2010-06-15"></date><biblScope unit="vol">25</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">8</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="991">991</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="999">999</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">923D9F278AF1B7F9777CB30EBC228CEE54E87C12</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/mds.22994</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MDS22994</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2010</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Echophenomena in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) may relate to deficient processing of observed biological movements. This would be reflected in altered effects of movement observation on motor responses in these patients. We studied reaction times in 11 unmedicated GTS patients without psychiatric comorbidity and healthy subjects. In experiment 1, participants imitated single biological finger movement stimuli or nonbiological dot movement stimuli immediately. In experiment 2, participants responded to a tone while viewing biological or nonbiological movement stimuli that were either compatible (identical) or incompatible (different) with their response. In experiment 1, both patients and healthy subjects responded faster to single biological than to nonbiological stimuli. In experiment 2, biological stimuli caused a larger compatibility‐effect in responses than nonbiological stimuli in both groups, provided stimulus presentation and response initiation coincided. Healthy subjects responded faster to compatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. In contrast, GTS patients responded slower to incompatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. Patients' mean reaction time in experiment 2 correlated with phonic tic‐frequency. Motor facilitation by observing biological movements appears to rely on concomitance of stimuli and responses in GTS patients and healthy individuals. Differing behavioral effects of movement observation in GTS might reflect altered activation of an action observation–execution matching system. To avoid unwanted movements GTS patients probably have to inhibit motor activation induced by observed movement automatically. Thus, movement stimuli may facilitate similar motor responses less but interfere more with different responses in these patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>Gilles de la Tourette syndrome</term></item><item><term>echophenomena</term></item><item><term>action observation–execution matching</term></item><item><term>biological movement</term></item><item><term>imitation</term></item><item><term>reaction time experiment</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>Article category</head><item><term>Research Article</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2009-04-16">Received</change><change when="2009-12-11">Registration</change><change when="2010-06-15">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/923D9F278AF1B7F9777CB30EBC228CEE54E87C12/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisherName><publisherLoc>Hoboken</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1531-8257</doi><issn type="print">0885-3185</issn><issn type="electronic">1531-8257</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="MDS"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="MOVEMENT DISORDERS">Movement Disorders</title><title type="short">Mov. Disord.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="80"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/mds.v25:8</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="25">25</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">8</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2010-06-15">15 June 2010</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="article" position="40" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/mds.22994</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="MDS22994"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="9"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Research Article</title><title type="tocHeading1">Research Articles</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Copyright © 2010 Movement Disorder Society</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2009-04-16"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2009-09-10"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2009-12-11"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2010-03-29"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2010-06-09"></event><event type="publishedOnlineAcceptedOrEarlyUnpaginated" date="2010-03-29"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:JWSART34_TO_WML3G version:2.4.7 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2011-02-24"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-02-02"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-31"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">991</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">999</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:MDS.MDS22994.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="4"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="4"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="37"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="6225"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en">Imitation in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome—A behavioral study<link href="#fn1"></link></title><title type="short" xml:lang="en">Imitation in Tourette Syndrome</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="au1" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1 #af2" corresponding="yes"><personName><givenNames>Melanie</givenNames><familyName>Jonas</familyName><degrees>PhD</degrees></personName><contactDetails><email normalForm="m.jonas@uke.uni-hamburg.de">m.jonas@uke.uni‐hamburg.de</email></contactDetails></creator><creator xml:id="au2" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Götz</givenNames><familyName>Thomalla</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au3" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af3 #af4"><personName><givenNames>Katja</givenNames><familyName>Biermann‐Ruben</familyName><degrees>PhD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au4" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af5 #af6"><personName><givenNames>Hartwig Roman</givenNames><familyName>Siebner</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au5" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af7"><personName><givenNames>Kirsten</givenNames><familyName>Müller‐Vahl</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au6" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Tobias</givenNames><familyName>Bäumer</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au7" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Christian</givenNames><familyName>Gerloff</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au8" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af3 #af4"><personName><givenNames>Alfons</givenNames><familyName>Schnitzler</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au9" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af8"><personName><givenNames>Michael</givenNames><familyName>Orth</familyName><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au10" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1"><personName><givenNames>Alexander</givenNames><familyName>Münchau</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="af1" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af2" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af3" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Neurology, MEG Laboratory, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af4" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University, Düsseldorf, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af5" countryCode="DK" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af6" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>NeuroImage Nord, Hamburg‐Kiel‐Lübeck, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af7" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Clinic of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af8" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1">Gilles de la Tourette syndrome</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2">echophenomena</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">action observation–execution matching</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd4">biological movement</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd5">imitation</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd6">reaction time experiment</keyword></keywordGroup><supportingInformation><p> Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. </p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting information" href="urn-x:wiley:08853185:media:mds22994:MDS_22994_sm_SuppMaterials"></mediaResource><caption>Supporting Information Materials.</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Echophenomena in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) may relate to deficient processing of observed biological movements. This would be reflected in altered effects of movement observation on motor responses in these patients. We studied reaction times in 11 unmedicated GTS patients without psychiatric comorbidity and healthy subjects. In experiment 1, participants imitated single biological finger movement stimuli or nonbiological dot movement stimuli immediately. In experiment 2, participants responded to a tone while viewing biological or nonbiological movement stimuli that were either compatible (identical) or incompatible (different) with their response. In experiment 1, both patients and healthy subjects responded faster to single biological than to nonbiological stimuli. In experiment 2, biological stimuli caused a larger compatibility‐effect in responses than nonbiological stimuli in both groups, provided stimulus presentation and response initiation coincided. Healthy subjects responded faster to compatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. In contrast, GTS patients responded slower to incompatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. Patients' mean reaction time in experiment 2 correlated with phonic tic‐frequency. Motor facilitation by observing biological movements appears to rely on concomitance of stimuli and responses in GTS patients and healthy individuals. Differing behavioral effects of movement observation in GTS might reflect altered activation of an action observation–execution matching system. To avoid unwanted movements GTS patients probably have to inhibit motor activation induced by observed movement automatically. Thus, movement stimuli may facilitate similar motor responses less but interfere more with different responses in these patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup><note xml:id="fn1"><p>Potential conflict of interest: None</p></note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><!--Version 0.6 générée le 3-12-2015--><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Imitation in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome—A behavioral study</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Imitation in Tourette Syndrome</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Imitation in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome—A behavioral study</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Melanie</namePart><namePart type="family">Jonas</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">PhD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation><description>Correspondence: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Götz</namePart><namePart type="family">Thomalla</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Katja</namePart><namePart type="family">Biermann‐Ruben</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">PhD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, MEG Laboratory, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University, Düsseldorf, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Hartwig Roman</namePart><namePart type="family">Siebner</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark</affiliation><affiliation>NeuroImage Nord, Hamburg‐Kiel‐Lübeck, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Kirsten</namePart><namePart type="family">Müller‐Vahl</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Clinic of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Tobias</namePart><namePart type="family">Bäumer</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Christian</namePart><namePart type="family">Gerloff</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Alfons</namePart><namePart type="family">Schnitzler</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, MEG Laboratory, Düsseldorf University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich‐Heine‐University, Düsseldorf, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Michael</namePart><namePart type="family">Orth</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD, PhD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Alexander</namePart><namePart type="family">Münchau</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre authority="originalCategForm">article</genre><originInfo><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Hoboken</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2010-06-15</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2009-04-16</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2009-12-11</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2010</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="figures">4</extent><extent unit="tables">4</extent><extent unit="references">37</extent><extent unit="words">6225</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Echophenomena in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) may relate to deficient processing of observed biological movements. This would be reflected in altered effects of movement observation on motor responses in these patients. We studied reaction times in 11 unmedicated GTS patients without psychiatric comorbidity and healthy subjects. In experiment 1, participants imitated single biological finger movement stimuli or nonbiological dot movement stimuli immediately. In experiment 2, participants responded to a tone while viewing biological or nonbiological movement stimuli that were either compatible (identical) or incompatible (different) with their response. In experiment 1, both patients and healthy subjects responded faster to single biological than to nonbiological stimuli. In experiment 2, biological stimuli caused a larger compatibility‐effect in responses than nonbiological stimuli in both groups, provided stimulus presentation and response initiation coincided. Healthy subjects responded faster to compatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. In contrast, GTS patients responded slower to incompatible biological than nonbiological stimuli. Patients' mean reaction time in experiment 2 correlated with phonic tic‐frequency. Motor facilitation by observing biological movements appears to rely on concomitance of stimuli and responses in GTS patients and healthy individuals. Differing behavioral effects of movement observation in GTS might reflect altered activation of an action observation–execution matching system. To avoid unwanted movements GTS patients probably have to inhibit motor activation induced by observed movement automatically. Thus, movement stimuli may facilitate similar motor responses less but interfere more with different responses in these patients. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society.</abstract><note type="content">*Potential conflict of interest: None</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>Gilles de la Tourette syndrome</topic><topic>echophenomena</topic><topic>action observation–execution matching</topic><topic>biological movement</topic><topic>imitation</topic><topic>reaction time experiment</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Movement Disorders</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Mov. 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