Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice
Identifieur interne : 000138 ( Istex/Corpus ); précédent : 000137; suivant : 000139Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice
Auteurs : Claudia Trenkwalder ; Wayne A. Hening ; Pasquale Montagna ; Wolfgang H. Oertel ; Richard P. Allen ; Arthur S. Walters ; Joao Costa ; Karin Stiasny-Kolster ; Cristina SampaioSource :
- Movement Disorders [ 0885-3185 ] ; 2008-12-15.
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Abstract
Only in the last three decades, the restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been examined in randomized controlled trials. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to perform an evidence‐based review of the medical literature on treatment modalities used to manage patients with RLS. The task force performed a search of the published literature using electronic databases. The therapeutic efficacy of each drug was classified as being either efficacious, likely efficacious, investigational, nonefficacious, or lacking sufficient evidence to classify. Implications for clinical practice were generated based on the levels of evidence and particular features of each modality, such as adverse events. All studies were classed according to three levels of evidence. All Level‐I trials were included in the efficacy tables; if no Level‐I trials were available then Level‐II trials were included or, in the absence of Level‐II trials, Level‐III studies or case series were included. Only studies published in print or online before December 31, 2006 were included. All studies published after 1996, which attempted to assess RLS augmentation, were reviewed in a separate section. The following drugs are considered efficacious for the treatment of RLS: levodopa, ropinirole, pramipexole, cabergoline, pergolide, and gabapentin. Drugs considered likely efficacious are rotigotine, bromocriptine, oxycodone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and clonidine. Drugs that are considered investigational are dihydroergocriptine, lisuride, methadone, tramadol, clonazepam, zolpidem, amantadine, and topiramate. Magnesium, folic acid, and exercise are also considered to be investigational. Sumanirole is nonefficacious. Intravenous iron dextran is likely efficacious for the treatment of RLS secondary to end‐stage renal disease and investigational in RLS subjects with normal renal function. The efficacy of oral iron is considered investigational; however, its efficacy appears to depend on the iron status of subjects. Cabergoline and pergolide (and possibly lisuride) require special monitoring due to fibrotic complications including cardiac valvulopathy. Special monitoring is required for several other medications based on clinical concerns: opioids (including, but not limited to, oxycodone, methadone and tramadol), due to possible addiction and respiratory depression, and some anticonvulsants (particularly, carbamazepine and valproic acid), due to systemic toxicities. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
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DOI: 10.1002/mds.22254
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<record><TEI wicri:istexFullTextTei="biblStruct"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice</title><author><name sortKey="Trenkwalder, Claudia" sort="Trenkwalder, Claudia" uniqKey="Trenkwalder C" first="Claudia" last="Trenkwalder">Claudia Trenkwalder</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Paracelsus‐Elena Hospital, Kassel, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hening, Wayne A" sort="Hening, Wayne A" uniqKey="Hening W" first="Wayne A." last="Hening">Wayne A. Hening</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, UMDNJ‐RW Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montagna, Pasquale" sort="Montagna, Pasquale" uniqKey="Montagna P" first="Pasquale" last="Montagna">Pasquale Montagna</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oertel, Wolfgang H" sort="Oertel, Wolfgang H" uniqKey="Oertel W" first="Wolfgang H." last="Oertel">Wolfgang H. Oertel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Richard P" sort="Allen, Richard P" uniqKey="Allen R" first="Richard P." last="Allen">Richard P. 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Hening</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, UMDNJ‐RW Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Montagna, Pasquale" sort="Montagna, Pasquale" uniqKey="Montagna P" first="Pasquale" last="Montagna">Pasquale Montagna</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Oertel, Wolfgang H" sort="Oertel, Wolfgang H" uniqKey="Oertel W" first="Wolfgang H." last="Oertel">Wolfgang H. Oertel</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Allen, Richard P" sort="Allen, Richard P" uniqKey="Allen R" first="Richard P." last="Allen">Richard P. Allen</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology and Sleep Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walters, Arthur S" sort="Walters, Arthur S" uniqKey="Walters A" first="Arthur S." last="Walters">Arthur S. Walters</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, Edison, and Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, New Jersey, USA</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Costa, Joao" sort="Costa, Joao" uniqKey="Costa J" first="Joao" last="Costa">Joao Costa</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Neurological Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stiasny Olster, Karin" sort="Stiasny Olster, Karin" uniqKey="Stiasny Olster K" first="Karin" last="Stiasny-Kolster">Karin Stiasny-Kolster</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sampaio, Cristina" sort="Sampaio, Cristina" uniqKey="Sampaio C" first="Cristina" last="Sampaio">Cristina Sampaio</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Neurological Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><monogr></monogr><series><title level="j">Movement Disorders</title><title level="j" type="sub">Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Mov. Disord.</title><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno><idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno><imprint><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2008-12-15">2008-12-15</date><biblScope unit="vol">23</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">16</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="2267">2267</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="2302">2302</biblScope></imprint><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></series><idno type="istex">62C607DA2C3CAB80B46E0532545E5F559E3B8422</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/mds.22254</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MDS22254</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc><seriesStmt><idno type="ISSN">0885-3185</idno></seriesStmt></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>MDS recommendations</term><term>evidence‐based medicine</term><term>guidelines</term><term>restless legs syndrome (RLS)</term><term>therapy</term><term>treatment</term></keywords></textClass><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Only in the last three decades, the restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been examined in randomized controlled trials. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to perform an evidence‐based review of the medical literature on treatment modalities used to manage patients with RLS. The task force performed a search of the published literature using electronic databases. The therapeutic efficacy of each drug was classified as being either efficacious, likely efficacious, investigational, nonefficacious, or lacking sufficient evidence to classify. Implications for clinical practice were generated based on the levels of evidence and particular features of each modality, such as adverse events. All studies were classed according to three levels of evidence. All Level‐I trials were included in the efficacy tables; if no Level‐I trials were available then Level‐II trials were included or, in the absence of Level‐II trials, Level‐III studies or case series were included. Only studies published in print or online before December 31, 2006 were included. All studies published after 1996, which attempted to assess RLS augmentation, were reviewed in a separate section. The following drugs are considered efficacious for the treatment of RLS: levodopa, ropinirole, pramipexole, cabergoline, pergolide, and gabapentin. Drugs considered likely efficacious are rotigotine, bromocriptine, oxycodone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and clonidine. Drugs that are considered investigational are dihydroergocriptine, lisuride, methadone, tramadol, clonazepam, zolpidem, amantadine, and topiramate. Magnesium, folic acid, and exercise are also considered to be investigational. Sumanirole is nonefficacious. Intravenous iron dextran is likely efficacious for the treatment of RLS secondary to end‐stage renal disease and investigational in RLS subjects with normal renal function. The efficacy of oral iron is considered investigational; however, its efficacy appears to depend on the iron status of subjects. Cabergoline and pergolide (and possibly lisuride) require special monitoring due to fibrotic complications including cardiac valvulopathy. Special monitoring is required for several other medications based on clinical concerns: opioids (including, but not limited to, oxycodone, methadone and tramadol), due to possible addiction and respiratory depression, and some anticonvulsants (particularly, carbamazepine and valproic acid), due to systemic toxicities. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>wiley</corpusName><author><json:item><name>Claudia Trenkwalder MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Paracelsus‐Elena Hospital, Kassel, Germany</json:string><json:string>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Wayne A. Hening MD, PhD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, UMDNJ‐RW Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Pasquale Montagna MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Wolfgang H. Oertel MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Richard P. Allen PhD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology and Sleep Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Arthur S. Walters MD</name><affiliations><json:string>New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, Edison, and Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, New Jersey, USA</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Joao Costa MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Neurological Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Karin Stiasny‐Kolster MD</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</json:string></affiliations></json:item><json:item><name>Cristina Sampaio MD, PhD</name><affiliations><json:string>Neurological Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><subject><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>restless legs syndrome (RLS)</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>evidence‐based medicine</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>guidelines</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>MDS recommendations</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>therapy</value></json:item><json:item><lang><json:string>eng</json:string></lang><value>treatment</value></json:item></subject><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Only in the last three decades, the restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been examined in randomized controlled trials. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to perform an evidence‐based review of the medical literature on treatment modalities used to manage patients with RLS. The task force performed a search of the published literature using electronic databases. The therapeutic efficacy of each drug was classified as being either efficacious, likely efficacious, investigational, nonefficacious, or lacking sufficient evidence to classify. Implications for clinical practice were generated based on the levels of evidence and particular features of each modality, such as adverse events. All studies were classed according to three levels of evidence. All Level‐I trials were included in the efficacy tables; if no Level‐I trials were available then Level‐II trials were included or, in the absence of Level‐II trials, Level‐III studies or case series were included. Only studies published in print or online before December 31, 2006 were included. All studies published after 1996, which attempted to assess RLS augmentation, were reviewed in a separate section. The following drugs are considered efficacious for the treatment of RLS: levodopa, ropinirole, pramipexole, cabergoline, pergolide, and gabapentin. Drugs considered likely efficacious are rotigotine, bromocriptine, oxycodone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and clonidine. Drugs that are considered investigational are dihydroergocriptine, lisuride, methadone, tramadol, clonazepam, zolpidem, amantadine, and topiramate. Magnesium, folic acid, and exercise are also considered to be investigational. Sumanirole is nonefficacious. Intravenous iron dextran is likely efficacious for the treatment of RLS secondary to end‐stage renal disease and investigational in RLS subjects with normal renal function. The efficacy of oral iron is considered investigational; however, its efficacy appears to depend on the iron status of subjects. Cabergoline and pergolide (and possibly lisuride) require special monitoring due to fibrotic complications including cardiac valvulopathy. Special monitoring is required for several other medications based on clinical concerns: opioids (including, but not limited to, oxycodone, methadone and tramadol), due to possible addiction and respiratory depression, and some anticonvulsants (particularly, carbamazepine and valproic acid), due to systemic toxicities. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>8</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>612 x 810 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>true</refBibsNative><abstractCharCount>2513</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>24737</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>154507</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>36</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>343</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice</title><genre><json:string>Serial article</json:string></genre><host><volume>23</volume><pages><total>33</total><last>2302</last><first>2267</first></pages><issn><json:string>0885-3185</json:string></issn><issue>16</issue><subject><json:item><value>Review</value></json:item></subject><genre></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><title>Movement Disorders</title><doi><json:string>10.1002/(ISSN)1531-8257</json:string></doi></host><publicationDate>2008</publicationDate><copyrightDate>2008</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1002/mds.22254</json:string></doi><id>62C607DA2C3CAB80B46E0532545E5F559E3B8422</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/62C607DA2C3CAB80B46E0532545E5F559E3B8422/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/62C607DA2C3CAB80B46E0532545E5F559E3B8422/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/62C607DA2C3CAB80B46E0532545E5F559E3B8422/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader type="text"><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><availability><p>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</p></availability><date>2008</date></publicationStmt><notesStmt><note type="content">*Produced by a task force commissioned by The Movement Disorder Society.</note><note type="content">*Potential conflicts of interest: Claudia Trenkwalder, MD, has been an advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, Cephalon, Mundipharm, Orion Pharma and Schwarz Pharma. She has received consultant honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, UCB/Schwarz Pharma, and Novartis; Wayne A. Hening, MD, PhD, has received grant support from GlaxoSmithKline, and consultancy and speaking honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, and consultancy honoraria from Schwarz‐Pharma; Pasquale Montagna, MD, has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline and Schwarz Pharma, and has received consultant honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH; Wolfgang H. Oertel, MD, has been an advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and Orion, and Schwarz Pharma and has received consultant honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Hoffmann LaRoche, and Schwarz Pharma; Richard P. Allen, PhD, has received consultant honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, UCB, Xenoport, Sepracor, Norvatis, Orion Pharma. Respironics, IM systems. Pfizer, Jazz, Schwarz Pharama, and Neurogen. He has received grant support from the NIH, GlaxoSmithKline and Sepracor; Arthur S. Walters, MD, has been an advisor for GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Xenoport, UCB/Schwarz Pharma, and Orion/Novartis. He has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Xenoport, UCB/Schwarz Pharma and Kyowa; Karin Stiasny‐Kolster, MD, has been an advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, Orion, Mundipharma, Pfizer, Schwarz Pharma, Synosia and UCB and has received consultant honoraria from Schwarz Pharma, UCB, and Boehringer Ingelheim; Cristina Sampaio, MD, PhD and Joao Costa's, MD, department has received grants from or payments from the following companies: Kyowa, Schering‐Plough, Lundbeck, UCB, Neurobiotech, Solvay, Servier, Xytis, Gruenthal, Eisai, Novartis, Fujisawa/Astellas, Neuron/Serono, Bial, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis. In no circumstances were these grants/payments related to a development program concerning RLS.</note><note>Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH</note><note>Hoffmann‐LaRoche Ltd.</note><note>Orion Pharma</note><note>GlaxoSmithKline</note><note>Schwarz Pharma AG</note></notesStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice</title><author><persName><forename type="first">Claudia</forename><surname>Trenkwalder</surname><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName></persName><note type="biography">Chairperson RLS EBM task force.</note><affiliation>Chairperson RLS EBM task force.</affiliation><note type="correspondence"><p>Correspondence: Paracelsus‐Elena Hospital, Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders, Klinikstr. 16, 34128 Kassel, Germany</p></note><affiliation>Paracelsus‐Elena Hospital, Kassel, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen, Germany</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Wayne A.</forename><surname>Hening</surname><roleName type="degree">MD, PhD</roleName></persName><note type="biography">RLS EBM task force member.</note><affiliation>RLS EBM task force member.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neurology, UMDNJ‐RW Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Pasquale</forename><surname>Montagna</surname><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName></persName><note type="biography">RLS EBM task force member.</note><affiliation>RLS EBM task force member.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Wolfgang H.</forename><surname>Oertel</surname><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName></persName><note type="biography">RLS EBM task force member.</note><affiliation>RLS EBM task force member.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Richard P.</forename><surname>Allen</surname><roleName type="degree">PhD</roleName></persName><note type="biography">Representative of the World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM)</note><affiliation>Representative of the World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM)</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neurology and Sleep Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Arthur S.</forename><surname>Walters</surname><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName></persName><note type="biography">Representative of the International RLS study group (IRLSSG).</note><affiliation>Representative of the International RLS study group (IRLSSG).</affiliation><affiliation>New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, Edison, and Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, New Jersey, USA</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Joao</forename><surname>Costa</surname><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName></persName><note type="biography">RLS EBM task force member.</note><affiliation>RLS EBM task force member.</affiliation><affiliation>Neurological Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Karin</forename><surname>Stiasny‐Kolster</surname><roleName type="degree">MD</roleName></persName><note type="biography">RLS EBM task force member.</note><affiliation>RLS EBM task force member.</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</affiliation></author><author><persName><forename type="first">Cristina</forename><surname>Sampaio</surname><roleName type="degree">MD, PhD</roleName></persName><note type="biography">Chairperson of task force on EBM in movement disorders.</note><affiliation>Chairperson of task force on EBM in movement disorders.</affiliation><affiliation>Neurological Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Movement Disorders</title><title level="j" type="sub">Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">Mov. Disord.</title><idno type="pISSN">0885-3185</idno><idno type="eISSN">1531-8257</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1531-8257</idno><imprint><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><pubPlace>Hoboken</pubPlace><date type="published" when="2008-12-15"></date><biblScope unit="vol">23</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">16</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="2267">2267</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="2302">2302</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">62C607DA2C3CAB80B46E0532545E5F559E3B8422</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1002/mds.22254</idno><idno type="ArticleID">MDS22254</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>2008</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Only in the last three decades, the restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been examined in randomized controlled trials. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to perform an evidence‐based review of the medical literature on treatment modalities used to manage patients with RLS. The task force performed a search of the published literature using electronic databases. The therapeutic efficacy of each drug was classified as being either efficacious, likely efficacious, investigational, nonefficacious, or lacking sufficient evidence to classify. Implications for clinical practice were generated based on the levels of evidence and particular features of each modality, such as adverse events. All studies were classed according to three levels of evidence. All Level‐I trials were included in the efficacy tables; if no Level‐I trials were available then Level‐II trials were included or, in the absence of Level‐II trials, Level‐III studies or case series were included. Only studies published in print or online before December 31, 2006 were included. All studies published after 1996, which attempted to assess RLS augmentation, were reviewed in a separate section. The following drugs are considered efficacious for the treatment of RLS: levodopa, ropinirole, pramipexole, cabergoline, pergolide, and gabapentin. Drugs considered likely efficacious are rotigotine, bromocriptine, oxycodone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and clonidine. Drugs that are considered investigational are dihydroergocriptine, lisuride, methadone, tramadol, clonazepam, zolpidem, amantadine, and topiramate. Magnesium, folic acid, and exercise are also considered to be investigational. Sumanirole is nonefficacious. Intravenous iron dextran is likely efficacious for the treatment of RLS secondary to end‐stage renal disease and investigational in RLS subjects with normal renal function. The efficacy of oral iron is considered investigational; however, its efficacy appears to depend on the iron status of subjects. Cabergoline and pergolide (and possibly lisuride) require special monitoring due to fibrotic complications including cardiac valvulopathy. Special monitoring is required for several other medications based on clinical concerns: opioids (including, but not limited to, oxycodone, methadone and tramadol), due to possible addiction and respiratory depression, and some anticonvulsants (particularly, carbamazepine and valproic acid), due to systemic toxicities. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society</p></abstract><textClass xml:lang="en"><keywords scheme="keyword"><list><head>Keywords</head><item><term>restless legs syndrome (RLS)</term></item><item><term>evidence‐based medicine</term></item><item><term>guidelines</term></item><item><term>MDS recommendations</term></item><item><term>therapy</term></item><item><term>treatment</term></item></list></keywords></textClass><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>Article category</head><item><term>Review</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="2008-01-21">Received</change><change when="2008-07-06">Registration</change><change when="2008-12-15">Published</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/62C607DA2C3CAB80B46E0532545E5F559E3B8422/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Wiley, elements deleted: body"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:document><component version="2.0" type="serialArticle" xml:lang="en"><header><publicationMeta level="product"><publisherInfo><publisherName>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisherName><publisherLoc>Hoboken</publisherLoc></publisherInfo><doi registered="yes">10.1002/(ISSN)1531-8257</doi><issn type="print">0885-3185</issn><issn type="electronic">1531-8257</issn><idGroup><id type="product" value="MDS"></id></idGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en" sort="MOVEMENT DISORDERS">Movement Disorders</title><title type="subtitle">Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society</title><title type="short">Mov. Disord.</title></titleGroup></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="part" position="160"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/mds.v23:16</doi><numberingGroup><numbering type="journalVolume" number="23">23</numbering><numbering type="journalIssue">16</numbering></numberingGroup><coverDate startDate="2008-12-15">15 December 2008</coverDate></publicationMeta><publicationMeta level="unit" type="reviewArticle" position="10" status="forIssue"><doi origin="wiley" registered="yes">10.1002/mds.22254</doi><idGroup><id type="unit" value="MDS22254"></id></idGroup><countGroup><count type="pageTotal" number="33"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="articleCategory">Review</title><title type="tocHeading1">Reviews</title></titleGroup><copyright ownership="thirdParty">Copyright © 2008 Movement Disorder Society</copyright><eventGroup><event type="manuscriptReceived" date="2008-01-21"></event><event type="manuscriptRevised" date="2008-06-20"></event><event type="manuscriptAccepted" date="2008-07-06"></event><event type="publishedOnlineEarlyUnpaginated" date="2008-10-16"></event><event type="firstOnline" date="2008-10-16"></event><event type="publishedOnlineFinalForm" date="2008-12-21"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:JWSART34_TO_WML3G version:2.3.6 mode:FullText source:FullText result:FullText" date="2010-04-21"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WILEY_ML3G_TO_WILEY_ML3GV2 version:3.8.8" date="2014-02-02"></event><event type="xmlConverted" agent="Converter:WML3G_To_WML3G version:4.1.7 mode:FullText,remove_FC" date="2014-10-31"></event></eventGroup><numberingGroup><numbering type="pageFirst">2267</numbering><numbering type="pageLast">2302</numbering></numberingGroup><correspondenceTo>Paracelsus‐Elena Hospital, Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders, Klinikstr. 16, 34128 Kassel, Germany</correspondenceTo><linkGroup><link type="toTypesetVersion" href="file:MDS.MDS22254.pdf"></link></linkGroup></publicationMeta><contentMeta><countGroup><count type="figureTotal" number="0"></count><count type="tableTotal" number="1"></count><count type="referenceTotal" number="94"></count><count type="wordTotal" number="27328"></count></countGroup><titleGroup><title type="main" xml:lang="en">Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice<link href="#fn1"></link> <link href="#fn2"></link></title><title type="short" xml:lang="en">Treatment Of RLS</title></titleGroup><creators><creator xml:id="au1" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af1 #af2" corresponding="yes" noteRef="#fn3"><personName><givenNames>Claudia</givenNames><familyName>Trenkwalder</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName><contactDetails><email>ctrenkwalder@gmx.de</email></contactDetails></creator><creator xml:id="au2" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af3" noteRef="#fn4"><personName><givenNames>Wayne A.</givenNames><familyName>Hening</familyName><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au3" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af4" noteRef="#fn4"><personName><givenNames>Pasquale</givenNames><familyName>Montagna</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au4" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af5" noteRef="#fn4"><personName><givenNames>Wolfgang H.</givenNames><familyName>Oertel</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au5" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af6" noteRef="#fn5"><personName><givenNames>Richard P.</givenNames><familyName>Allen</familyName><degrees>PhD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au6" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af7" noteRef="#fn6"><personName><givenNames>Arthur S.</givenNames><familyName>Walters</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au7" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af8" noteRef="#fn4"><personName><givenNames>Joao</givenNames><familyName>Costa</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au8" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af5" noteRef="#fn4"><personName><givenNames>Karin</givenNames><familyName>Stiasny‐Kolster</familyName><degrees>MD</degrees></personName></creator><creator xml:id="au9" creatorRole="author" affiliationRef="#af8" noteRef="#fn7"><personName><givenNames>Cristina</givenNames><familyName>Sampaio</familyName><degrees>MD, PhD</degrees></personName></creator></creators><affiliationGroup><affiliation xml:id="af1" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Paracelsus‐Elena Hospital, Kassel, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af2" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af3" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Neurology, UMDNJ‐RW Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af4" countryCode="IT" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af5" countryCode="DE" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af6" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Department of Neurology and Sleep Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af7" countryCode="US" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, Edison, and Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, New Jersey, USA</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation><affiliation xml:id="af8" countryCode="PT" type="organization"><unparsedAffiliation>Neurological Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal</unparsedAffiliation></affiliation></affiliationGroup><keywordGroup xml:lang="en" type="author"><keyword xml:id="kwd1">restless legs syndrome (RLS)</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd2">evidence‐based medicine</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd3">guidelines</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd4">MDS recommendations</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd5">therapy</keyword><keyword xml:id="kwd6">treatment</keyword></keywordGroup><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Hoffmann‐LaRoche Ltd.</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Orion Pharma</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>GlaxoSmithKline</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><fundingInfo><fundingAgency>Schwarz Pharma AG</fundingAgency></fundingInfo><supportingInformation><p> Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article. </p><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting information" href="urn-x:wiley:08853185:media:mds22254:Table1"></mediaResource><caption>Table 1: Levels of evidence</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting information" href="urn-x:wiley:08853185:media:mds22254:Table2"></mediaResource><caption>Table 2: Definitions for specific recommendations</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting information" href="urn-x:wiley:08853185:media:mds22254:Table3"></mediaResource><caption>Table 3: Efficacy</caption></supportingInfoItem><supportingInfoItem><mediaResource alt="supporting information" href="urn-x:wiley:08853185:media:mds22254:Table4"></mediaResource><caption>Table 4: Augmentation</caption></supportingInfoItem></supportingInformation><abstractGroup><abstract type="main" xml:lang="en"><title type="main">Abstract</title><p>Only in the last three decades, the restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been examined in randomized controlled trials. The <i>Movement</i> Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to perform an evidence‐based review of the medical literature on treatment modalities used to manage patients with RLS. The task force performed a search of the published literature using electronic databases. The therapeutic efficacy of each drug was classified as being either efficacious, likely efficacious, investigational, nonefficacious, or lacking sufficient evidence to classify. Implications for clinical practice were generated based on the levels of evidence and particular features of each modality, such as adverse events. All studies were classed according to three levels of evidence. All Level‐I trials were included in the efficacy tables; if no Level‐I trials were available then Level‐II trials were included or, in the absence of Level‐II trials, Level‐III studies or case series were included. Only studies published in print or online before December 31, 2006 were included. All studies published after 1996, which attempted to assess RLS augmentation, were reviewed in a separate section. The following drugs are considered efficacious for the treatment of RLS: levodopa, ropinirole, pramipexole, cabergoline, pergolide, and gabapentin. Drugs considered likely efficacious are rotigotine, bromocriptine, oxycodone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and clonidine. Drugs that are considered investigational are dihydroergocriptine, lisuride, methadone, tramadol, clonazepam, zolpidem, amantadine, and topiramate. Magnesium, folic acid, and exercise are also considered to be investigational. Sumanirole is nonefficacious. Intravenous iron dextran is likely efficacious for the treatment of RLS secondary to end‐stage renal disease and investigational in RLS subjects with normal renal function. The efficacy of oral iron is considered investigational; however, its efficacy appears to depend on the iron status of subjects. Cabergoline and pergolide (and possibly lisuride) require special monitoring due to fibrotic complications including cardiac valvulopathy. Special monitoring is required for several other medications based on clinical concerns: opioids (including, but not limited to, oxycodone, methadone and tramadol), due to possible addiction and respiratory depression, and some anticonvulsants (particularly, carbamazepine and valproic acid), due to systemic toxicities. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society</p></abstract></abstractGroup></contentMeta><noteGroup><note xml:id="fn1"><p>Produced by a task force commissioned by The Movement Disorder Society.</p></note><note xml:id="fn2"><p>Potential conflicts of interest: Claudia Trenkwalder, MD, has been an advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, Cephalon, Mundipharm, Orion Pharma and Schwarz Pharma. She has received consultant honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, UCB/Schwarz Pharma, and Novartis; Wayne A. Hening, MD, PhD, has received grant support from GlaxoSmithKline, and consultancy and speaking honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, and consultancy honoraria from Schwarz‐Pharma; Pasquale Montagna, MD, has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline and Schwarz Pharma, and has received consultant honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH; Wolfgang H. Oertel, MD, has been an advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and Orion, and Schwarz Pharma and has received consultant honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Hoffmann LaRoche, and Schwarz Pharma; Richard P. Allen, PhD, has received consultant honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, UCB, Xenoport, Sepracor, Norvatis, Orion Pharma. Respironics, IM systems. Pfizer, Jazz, Schwarz Pharama, and Neurogen. He has received grant support from the NIH, GlaxoSmithKline and Sepracor; Arthur S. Walters, MD, has been an advisor for GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Xenoport, UCB/Schwarz Pharma, and Orion/Novartis. He has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Xenoport, UCB/Schwarz Pharma and Kyowa; Karin Stiasny‐Kolster, MD, has been an advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, Orion, Mundipharma, Pfizer, Schwarz Pharma, Synosia and UCB and has received consultant honoraria from Schwarz Pharma, UCB, and Boehringer Ingelheim; Cristina Sampaio, MD, PhD and Joao Costa's, MD, department has received grants from or payments from the following companies: Kyowa, Schering‐Plough, Lundbeck, UCB, Neurobiotech, Solvay, Servier, Xytis, Gruenthal, Eisai, Novartis, Fujisawa/Astellas, Neuron/Serono, Bial, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis. In no circumstances were these grants/payments related to a development program concerning RLS.</p></note><note xml:id="fn3"><p>Chairperson RLS EBM task force.</p></note><note xml:id="fn4"><p>RLS EBM task force member.</p></note><note xml:id="fn5"><p>Representative of the World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM)</p></note><note xml:id="fn6"><p>Representative of the International RLS study group (IRLSSG).</p></note><note xml:id="fn7"><p>Chairperson of task force on EBM in movement disorders.</p></note></noteGroup></header></component></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><!--Version 0.6 générée le 3-12-2015--><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated" lang="en"><title>Treatment Of RLS</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Claudia</namePart><namePart type="family">Trenkwalder</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Paracelsus‐Elena Hospital, Kassel, Germany</affiliation><affiliation>Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Göttingen, Germany</affiliation><description>Chairperson RLS EBM task force.</description><description>Correspondence: Paracelsus‐Elena Hospital, Center of Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders, Klinikstr. 16, 34128 Kassel, Germany</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Wayne A.</namePart><namePart type="family">Hening</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD, PhD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, UMDNJ‐RW Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA</affiliation><description>RLS EBM task force member.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Pasquale</namePart><namePart type="family">Montagna</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy</affiliation><description>RLS EBM task force member.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Wolfgang H.</namePart><namePart type="family">Oertel</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</affiliation><description>RLS EBM task force member.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Richard P.</namePart><namePart type="family">Allen</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">PhD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology and Sleep Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA</affiliation><description>Representative of the World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM)</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Arthur S.</namePart><namePart type="family">Walters</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>New Jersey Neuroscience Institute, JFK Medical Center, Edison, and Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, New Jersey, USA</affiliation><description>Representative of the International RLS study group (IRLSSG).</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Joao</namePart><namePart type="family">Costa</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Neurological Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal</affiliation><description>RLS EBM task force member.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Karin</namePart><namePart type="family">Stiasny‐Kolster</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany</affiliation><description>RLS EBM task force member.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">Cristina</namePart><namePart type="family">Sampaio</namePart><namePart type="termsOfAddress">MD, PhD</namePart><affiliation>Neurological Clinical Research Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal</affiliation><description>Chairperson of task force on EBM in movement disorders.</description><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre authority="originalCategForm">reviewArticle</genre><originInfo><publisher>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Hoboken</placeTerm></place><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">2008-12-15</dateIssued><dateCaptured encoding="w3cdtf">2008-01-21</dateCaptured><dateValid encoding="w3cdtf">2008-07-06</dateValid><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">2008</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType><extent unit="tables">1</extent><extent unit="references">94</extent><extent unit="words">27328</extent></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Only in the last three decades, the restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been examined in randomized controlled trials. The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) commissioned a task force to perform an evidence‐based review of the medical literature on treatment modalities used to manage patients with RLS. The task force performed a search of the published literature using electronic databases. The therapeutic efficacy of each drug was classified as being either efficacious, likely efficacious, investigational, nonefficacious, or lacking sufficient evidence to classify. Implications for clinical practice were generated based on the levels of evidence and particular features of each modality, such as adverse events. All studies were classed according to three levels of evidence. All Level‐I trials were included in the efficacy tables; if no Level‐I trials were available then Level‐II trials were included or, in the absence of Level‐II trials, Level‐III studies or case series were included. Only studies published in print or online before December 31, 2006 were included. All studies published after 1996, which attempted to assess RLS augmentation, were reviewed in a separate section. The following drugs are considered efficacious for the treatment of RLS: levodopa, ropinirole, pramipexole, cabergoline, pergolide, and gabapentin. Drugs considered likely efficacious are rotigotine, bromocriptine, oxycodone, carbamazepine, valproic acid, and clonidine. Drugs that are considered investigational are dihydroergocriptine, lisuride, methadone, tramadol, clonazepam, zolpidem, amantadine, and topiramate. Magnesium, folic acid, and exercise are also considered to be investigational. Sumanirole is nonefficacious. Intravenous iron dextran is likely efficacious for the treatment of RLS secondary to end‐stage renal disease and investigational in RLS subjects with normal renal function. The efficacy of oral iron is considered investigational; however, its efficacy appears to depend on the iron status of subjects. Cabergoline and pergolide (and possibly lisuride) require special monitoring due to fibrotic complications including cardiac valvulopathy. Special monitoring is required for several other medications based on clinical concerns: opioids (including, but not limited to, oxycodone, methadone and tramadol), due to possible addiction and respiratory depression, and some anticonvulsants (particularly, carbamazepine and valproic acid), due to systemic toxicities. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society</abstract><note type="content">*Produced by a task force commissioned by The Movement Disorder Society.</note><note type="content">*Potential conflicts of interest: Claudia Trenkwalder, MD, has been an advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, Cephalon, Mundipharm, Orion Pharma and Schwarz Pharma. She has received consultant honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, UCB/Schwarz Pharma, and Novartis; Wayne A. Hening, MD, PhD, has received grant support from GlaxoSmithKline, and consultancy and speaking honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, and consultancy honoraria from Schwarz‐Pharma; Pasquale Montagna, MD, has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline and Schwarz Pharma, and has received consultant honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH; Wolfgang H. Oertel, MD, has been an advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Novartis and Orion, and Schwarz Pharma and has received consultant honoraria from Boehringer Ingelheim, Hoffmann LaRoche, and Schwarz Pharma; Richard P. Allen, PhD, has received consultant honoraria from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, UCB, Xenoport, Sepracor, Norvatis, Orion Pharma. Respironics, IM systems. Pfizer, Jazz, Schwarz Pharama, and Neurogen. He has received grant support from the NIH, GlaxoSmithKline and Sepracor; Arthur S. Walters, MD, has been an advisor for GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Xenoport, UCB/Schwarz Pharma, and Orion/Novartis. He has received research funding from GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Xenoport, UCB/Schwarz Pharma and Kyowa; Karin Stiasny‐Kolster, MD, has been an advisor for Boehringer Ingelheim, Orion, Mundipharma, Pfizer, Schwarz Pharma, Synosia and UCB and has received consultant honoraria from Schwarz Pharma, UCB, and Boehringer Ingelheim; Cristina Sampaio, MD, PhD and Joao Costa's, MD, department has received grants from or payments from the following companies: Kyowa, Schering‐Plough, Lundbeck, UCB, Neurobiotech, Solvay, Servier, Xytis, Gruenthal, Eisai, Novartis, Fujisawa/Astellas, Neuron/Serono, Bial, GlaxoSmithKline and Novartis. In no circumstances were these grants/payments related to a development program concerning RLS.</note><note type="funding">Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH</note><note type="funding">Hoffmann‐LaRoche Ltd.</note><note type="funding">Orion Pharma</note><note type="funding">GlaxoSmithKline</note><note type="funding">Schwarz Pharma AG</note><subject lang="en"><genre>Keywords</genre><topic>restless legs syndrome (RLS)</topic><topic>evidence‐based medicine</topic><topic>guidelines</topic><topic>MDS recommendations</topic><topic>therapy</topic><topic>treatment</topic></subject><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Movement Disorders</title><subTitle>Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>Mov. Disord.</title></titleInfo><note type="content"> Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article.Supporting Info Item: Table 1: Levels of evidence - Table 2: Definitions for specific recommendations - Table 3: Efficacy - Table 4: Augmentation - </note><subject><genre>article category</genre><topic>Review</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0885-3185</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1531-8257</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/(ISSN)1531-8257</identifier><identifier type="PublisherID">MDS</identifier><part><date>2008</date><detail type="volume"><caption>vol.</caption><number>23</number></detail><detail type="issue"><caption>no.</caption><number>16</number></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>2267</start><end>2302</end><total>33</total></extent></part></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">62C607DA2C3CAB80B46E0532545E5F559E3B8422</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1002/mds.22254</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">MDS22254</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Copyright © 2008 Movement Disorder Society</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</recordOrigin><recordContentSource>WILEY</recordContentSource></recordInfo></mods></metadata><serie></serie></istex></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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|flux= Istex
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé= ISTEX:62C607DA2C3CAB80B46E0532545E5F559E3B8422
|texte= Treatment of restless legs syndrome: An evidence‐based review and implications for clinical practice
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.23. |  |