A novel peptide with potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activities against multiple respiratory viruses.
Identifieur interne : 001247 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 001246; suivant : 001248A novel peptide with potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activities against multiple respiratory viruses.
Auteurs : Hanjun Zhao ; Jie Zhou ; Ke Zhang ; Hin Chu ; Dabin Liu ; Vincent Kwok-Man Poon ; Chris Chung-Sing Chan ; Ho-Chuen Leung ; Ng Fai ; Yong-Ping Lin ; Anna Jin-Xia Zhang ; Dong-Yan Jin ; Kwok-Yung Yuen ; Bo-Jian ZhengSource :
- Scientific reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals, Antiviral Agents (pharmacology), Endosomes (drug effects), Endosomes (metabolism), Endosomes (virology), Influenza A virus (drug effects), Influenza A virus (physiology), Inhibitory Concentration 50, Mice, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (drug effects), Orthomyxoviridae Infections (drug therapy), Orthomyxoviridae Infections (mortality), Orthomyxoviridae Infections (pathology), Orthomyxoviridae Infections (virology), Peptide Fragments (pharmacology), Peptides (chemistry), Peptides (metabolism), Peptides (pharmacology), Protein Binding, SARS Virus (drug effects), Viral Envelope Proteins (metabolism), Viral Load, beta-Defensins (chemistry).
- MESH :
- chemical , chemistry : Peptides, beta-Defensins.
- chemical , metabolism : Peptides, Viral Envelope Proteins.
- chemical , pharmacology : Antiviral Agents, Peptide Fragments, Peptides.
- drug effects : Endosomes, Influenza A virus, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, SARS Virus.
- drug therapy : Orthomyxoviridae Infections.
- metabolism : Endosomes.
- mortality : Orthomyxoviridae Infections.
- pathology : Orthomyxoviridae Infections.
- physiology : Influenza A virus.
- virology : Endosomes, Orthomyxoviridae Infections.
- Animals, Inhibitory Concentration 50, Mice, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Protein Binding, Viral Load.
Abstract
A safe, potent and broad-spectrum antiviral is urgently needed to combat emerging respiratory viruses. In light of the broad antiviral activity of β-defensins, we tested the antiviral activity of 11 peptides derived from mouse β-defensin-4 and found that a short peptide, P9, exhibited potent and broad-spectrum antiviral effects against multiple respiratory viruses in vitro and in vivo, including influenza A virus H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H7N9, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The antiviral activity of P9 was attributed to its high-affinity binding to viral glycoproteins, as well as the abundance of basic amino acids in its composition. After binding viral particles through viral surface glycoproteins, P9 entered into cells together with the viruses via endocytosis and prevented endosomal acidification, which blocked membrane fusion and subsequent viral RNA release. This study has paved the avenue for developing new prophylactic and therapeutic agents with broad-spectrum antiviral activities.
DOI: 10.1038/srep22008
PubMed: 26911565
Links to Exploration step
pubmed:26911565Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">A novel peptide with potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activities against multiple respiratory viruses.</title><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Hanjun" sort="Zhao, Hanjun" uniqKey="Zhao H" first="Hanjun" last="Zhao">Hanjun Zhao</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Jie" sort="Zhou, Jie" uniqKey="Zhou J" first="Jie" last="Zhou">Jie Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ke" sort="Zhang, Ke" uniqKey="Zhang K" first="Ke" last="Zhang">Ke Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chu, Hin" sort="Chu, Hin" uniqKey="Chu H" first="Hin" last="Chu">Hin Chu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Dabin" sort="Liu, Dabin" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Dabin" last="Liu">Dabin Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, Vincent Kwok Man" sort="Poon, Vincent Kwok Man" uniqKey="Poon V" first="Vincent Kwok-Man" last="Poon">Vincent Kwok-Man Poon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Chris Chung Sing" sort="Chan, Chris Chung Sing" uniqKey="Chan C" first="Chris Chung-Sing" last="Chan">Chris Chung-Sing Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, Ho Chuen" sort="Leung, Ho Chuen" uniqKey="Leung H" first="Ho-Chuen" last="Leung">Ho-Chuen Leung</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fai, Ng" sort="Fai, Ng" uniqKey="Fai N" first="Ng" last="Fai">Ng Fai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Yong Ping" sort="Lin, Yong Ping" uniqKey="Lin Y" first="Yong-Ping" last="Lin">Yong-Ping Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Anna Jin Xia" sort="Zhang, Anna Jin Xia" uniqKey="Zhang A" first="Anna Jin-Xia" last="Zhang">Anna Jin-Xia 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Zhou</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Ke" sort="Zhang, Ke" uniqKey="Zhang K" first="Ke" last="Zhang">Ke Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chu, Hin" sort="Chu, Hin" uniqKey="Chu H" first="Hin" last="Chu">Hin Chu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Dabin" sort="Liu, Dabin" uniqKey="Liu D" first="Dabin" last="Liu">Dabin Liu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Poon, Vincent Kwok Man" sort="Poon, Vincent Kwok Man" uniqKey="Poon V" first="Vincent Kwok-Man" last="Poon">Vincent Kwok-Man Poon</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chan, Chris Chung Sing" sort="Chan, Chris Chung Sing" uniqKey="Chan C" first="Chris Chung-Sing" last="Chan">Chris Chung-Sing Chan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, Ho Chuen" sort="Leung, Ho Chuen" uniqKey="Leung H" first="Ho-Chuen" last="Leung">Ho-Chuen Leung</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fai, Ng" sort="Fai, Ng" uniqKey="Fai N" first="Ng" last="Fai">Ng Fai</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lin, Yong Ping" sort="Lin, Yong Ping" uniqKey="Lin Y" first="Yong-Ping" last="Lin">Yong-Ping Lin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Anna Jin Xia" sort="Zhang, Anna Jin Xia" uniqKey="Zhang A" first="Anna Jin-Xia" last="Zhang">Anna Jin-Xia Zhang</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jin, Dong Yan" sort="Jin, Dong Yan" uniqKey="Jin D" first="Dong-Yan" last="Jin">Dong-Yan Jin</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Yuen, Kwok Yung" sort="Yuen, Kwok Yung" uniqKey="Yuen K" first="Kwok-Yung" last="Yuen">Kwok-Yung Yuen</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Bo Jian" sort="Zheng, Bo Jian" uniqKey="Zheng B" first="Bo-Jian" last="Zheng">Bo-Jian Zheng</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Scientific reports</title><idno type="eISSN">2045-2322</idno><imprint><date when="2016" type="published">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Antiviral Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Endosomes (drug effects)</term><term>Endosomes (metabolism)</term><term>Endosomes (virology)</term><term>Influenza A virus (drug effects)</term><term>Influenza A virus (physiology)</term><term>Inhibitory Concentration 50</term><term>Mice</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (drug effects)</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (drug therapy)</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (mortality)</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (pathology)</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections (virology)</term><term>Peptide Fragments (pharmacology)</term><term>Peptides (chemistry)</term><term>Peptides (metabolism)</term><term>Peptides (pharmacology)</term><term>Protein Binding</term><term>SARS Virus (drug effects)</term><term>Viral Envelope Proteins (metabolism)</term><term>Viral Load</term><term>beta-Defensins (chemistry)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="chemistry" xml:lang="en"><term>Peptides</term><term>beta-Defensins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Peptides</term><term>Viral Envelope Proteins</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Antiviral Agents</term><term>Peptide Fragments</term><term>Peptides</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Endosomes</term><term>Influenza A virus</term><term>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</term><term>SARS Virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="metabolism" xml:lang="en"><term>Endosomes</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="mortality" xml:lang="en"><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathology" xml:lang="en"><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Endosomes</term><term>Orthomyxoviridae Infections</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Inhibitory Concentration 50</term><term>Mice</term><term>Microbial Sensitivity Tests</term><term>Protein Binding</term><term>Viral Load</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">A safe, potent and broad-spectrum antiviral is urgently needed to combat emerging respiratory viruses. In light of the broad antiviral activity of β-defensins, we tested the antiviral activity of 11 peptides derived from mouse β-defensin-4 and found that a short peptide, P9, exhibited potent and broad-spectrum antiviral effects against multiple respiratory viruses in vitro and in vivo, including influenza A virus H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H7N9, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The antiviral activity of P9 was attributed to its high-affinity binding to viral glycoproteins, as well as the abundance of basic amino acids in its composition. After binding viral particles through viral surface glycoproteins, P9 entered into cells together with the viruses via endocytosis and prevented endosomal acidification, which blocked membrane fusion and subsequent viral RNA release. This study has paved the avenue for developing new prophylactic and therapeutic agents with broad-spectrum antiviral activities. </div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26911565</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>19</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>25</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">2045-2322</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>6</Volume><PubDate><Year>2016</Year><Month>Feb</Month><Day>25</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Scientific reports</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Sci Rep</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A novel peptide with potent and broad-spectrum antiviral activities against multiple respiratory viruses.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>22008</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1038/srep22008</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>A safe, potent and broad-spectrum antiviral is urgently needed to combat emerging respiratory viruses. In light of the broad antiviral activity of β-defensins, we tested the antiviral activity of 11 peptides derived from mouse β-defensin-4 and found that a short peptide, P9, exhibited potent and broad-spectrum antiviral effects against multiple respiratory viruses in vitro and in vivo, including influenza A virus H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N7, H7N9, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. The antiviral activity of P9 was attributed to its high-affinity binding to viral glycoproteins, as well as the abundance of basic amino acids in its composition. After binding viral particles through viral surface glycoproteins, P9 entered into cells together with the viruses via endocytosis and prevented endosomal acidification, which blocked membrane fusion and subsequent viral RNA release. This study has paved the avenue for developing new prophylactic and therapeutic agents with broad-spectrum antiviral activities. </AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhao</LastName><ForeName>Hanjun</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhou</LastName><ForeName>Jie</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Ke</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chu</LastName><ForeName>Hin</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Liu</LastName><ForeName>Dabin</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Poon</LastName><ForeName>Vincent Kwok-Man</ForeName><Initials>VK</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Chan</LastName><ForeName>Chris Chung-Sing</ForeName><Initials>CC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Leung</LastName><ForeName>Ho-Chuen</ForeName><Initials>HC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Fai</LastName><ForeName>Ng</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lin</LastName><ForeName>Yong-Ping</ForeName><Initials>YP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zhang</LastName><ForeName>Anna Jin-Xia</ForeName><Initials>AJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Jin</LastName><ForeName>Dong-Yan</ForeName><Initials>DY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Yuen</LastName><ForeName>Kwok-Yung</ForeName><Initials>KY</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Zheng</LastName><ForeName>Bo-Jian</ForeName><Initials>BJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2016</Year><Month>02</Month><Day>25</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>England</Country><MedlineTA>Sci Rep</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101563288</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>2045-2322</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><ChemicalList><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D000998">Antiviral Agents</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="C513975">Defb4 protein, mouse</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010446">Peptide Fragments</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D010455">Peptides</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D014759">Viral Envelope Proteins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical><Chemical><RegistryNumber>0</RegistryNumber><NameOfSubstance UI="D023083">beta-Defensins</NameOfSubstance></Chemical></ChemicalList><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000998" MajorTopicYN="N">Antiviral Agents</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011992" MajorTopicYN="N">Endosomes</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009980" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza A virus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000502" MajorTopicYN="N">physiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D020128" MajorTopicYN="N">Inhibitory Concentration 50</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D051379" MajorTopicYN="N">Mice</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008826" MajorTopicYN="N">Microbial Sensitivity Tests</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D065207" MajorTopicYN="N">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009976" MajorTopicYN="N">Orthomyxoviridae Infections</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000188" MajorTopicYN="N">drug therapy</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000401" MajorTopicYN="N">mortality</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000473" MajorTopicYN="N">pathology</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000821" MajorTopicYN="N">virology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010446" MajorTopicYN="N">Peptide Fragments</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="N">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D010455" MajorTopicYN="N">Peptides</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000737" MajorTopicYN="N">chemistry</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName><QualifierName UI="Q000494" MajorTopicYN="Y">pharmacology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D011485" MajorTopicYN="N">Protein Binding</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D045473" MajorTopicYN="N">SARS Virus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000187" MajorTopicYN="N">drug effects</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D014759" MajorTopicYN="N">Viral Envelope Proteins</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000378" MajorTopicYN="N">metabolism</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D019562" MajorTopicYN="N">Viral 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