Testing Mars-inspired operational strategies for semi-autonomous rovers on the Moon: The GeoHeuristic Operational Strategies Test in New Mexico
Identifieur interne : 001263 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001262; suivant : 001264Testing Mars-inspired operational strategies for semi-autonomous rovers on the Moon: The GeoHeuristic Operational Strategies Test in New Mexico
Auteurs : R. Aileen Yingst [États-Unis] ; B. A. Cohen [États-Unis] ; L. Crumpler [États-Unis] ; M. E. Schmidt [Canada] ; C. M. Schrader [États-Unis]Source :
- Mars (Los Angeles, Calif.) [ 1548-1921 ] ; 2011.
Abstract
We tested the science operational strategy used for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission on Mars to determine its suitability for conducting remote geology on the Moon by conducting a field test at Cerro de Santa Clara, New Mexico. This region contains volcanic and sedimentary products from a variety of provenances, mimicking the variety that might be found at a lunar site such as South Pole-Aitken Basin.
At each site a Science Team broke down observational “days” into a sequence of observations of features and targets of interest. The number, timing, and sequence of observations was chosen to mimic those used by the MERs when traversing. Images simulating high-resolution stereo and hand lens-scale images were taken using a professional SLR digital camera; multispectral and XRD data were acquired from samples to mimic the availability of geochemical data. A separate Tiger Team followed the Science Team and examined each site using traditional terrestrial field methods, facilitating comparison between what was revealed by human versus rover-inspired methods.
We conclude from this field test that MER-inspired methodology is not conducive to utilizing all acquired data in a timely manner for the case of any lunar architecture that involves the acquisition of rover data in near real-time. We additionally conclude that a methodology similar to that used for MER can be adapted for use on the Moon if mission goals are focused on reconnaissance. If the goal is to locate and identify a specific feature or material, such as water ice, a different methodology will likely be needed.
Url:
DOI: 10.1555/mars.2011.0002
PubMed: 29309066
PubMed Central: 5754929
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Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Space Science Office, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 35812, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Space Science Office, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 35812</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crumpler, L" sort="Crumpler, L" uniqKey="Crumpler L" first="L." last="Crumpler">L. Crumpler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM, 87104, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM, 87104</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, M E" sort="Schmidt, M E" uniqKey="Schmidt M" first="M. E." last="Schmidt">M. E. Schmidt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Dept. of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schrader, C M" sort="Schrader, C M" uniqKey="Schrader C" first="C. M." last="Schrader">C. M. 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Aileen" last="Yingst">R. Aileen Yingst</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A1">Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, 85719</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, B A" sort="Cohen, B A" uniqKey="Cohen B" first="B. A." last="Cohen">B. A. Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Space Science Office, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 35812, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Space Science Office, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 35812</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Crumpler, L" sort="Crumpler, L" uniqKey="Crumpler L" first="L." last="Crumpler">L. Crumpler</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A3">New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM, 87104, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM, 87104</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schmidt, M E" sort="Schmidt, M E" uniqKey="Schmidt M" first="M. E." last="Schmidt">M. E. Schmidt</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Dept. of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Schrader, C M" sort="Schrader, C M" uniqKey="Schrader C" first="C. M." last="Schrader">C. M. Schrader</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A2">Space Science Office, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 35812, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Space Science Office, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 35812</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Mars (Los Angeles, Calif.)</title><idno type="eISSN">1548-1921</idno><imprint><date when="2011">2011</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title><p id="P1">We tested the science operational strategy used for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission on Mars to determine its suitability for conducting remote geology on the Moon by conducting a field test at Cerro de Santa Clara, New Mexico. This region contains volcanic and sedimentary products from a variety of provenances, mimicking the variety that might be found at a lunar site such as South Pole-Aitken Basin.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Method</title><p id="P2">At each site a Science Team broke down observational “days” into a sequence of observations of features and targets of interest. The number, timing, and sequence of observations was chosen to mimic those used by the MERs when traversing. Images simulating high-resolution stereo and hand lens-scale images were taken using a professional SLR digital camera; multispectral and XRD data were acquired from samples to mimic the availability of geochemical data. A separate Tiger Team followed the Science Team and examined each site using traditional terrestrial field methods, facilitating comparison between what was revealed by human versus rover-inspired methods.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Lessons Learned</title><p id="P3">We conclude from this field test that MER-inspired methodology is not conducive to utilizing all acquired data in a timely manner for the case of any lunar architecture that involves the acquisition of rover data in near real-time. We additionally conclude that a methodology similar to that used for MER can be adapted for use on the Moon if mission goals are focused on reconnaissance. If the goal is to locate and identify a specific feature or material, such as water ice, a different methodology will likely be needed.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arvidson, Re" uniqKey="Arvidson R">RE Arvidson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arvidson, Re" uniqKey="Arvidson R">RE Arvidson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arvidson, Rv" uniqKey="Arvidson R">RV Arvidson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Baedecker, Pa" uniqKey="Baedecker P">PA Baedecker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bell, Jf" uniqKey="Bell J">JF Bell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, Wt" uniqKey="Brown W">WT 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M">M Woods</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, A" uniqKey="Shaw A">A Shaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barnes, D" uniqKey="Barnes D">D Barnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, D" uniqKey="Price D">D Price</name></author><author><name sortKey="Long, D" uniqKey="Long D">D Long</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, D" uniqKey="Pullan D">D Pullan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yingst, Ra" uniqKey="Yingst R">RA Yingst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Head, Jw" uniqKey="Head J">JW Head</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yingst, Ra" uniqKey="Yingst R">RA Yingst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Head, Jw" uniqKey="Head J">JW Head</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yingst, Ra" uniqKey="Yingst R">RA Yingst</name></author><author><name sortKey="Head, Jw" uniqKey="Head J">JW 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Ming</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eppler, Db" uniqKey="Eppler D">DB Eppler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<pmc-dir>properties manuscript</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-journal-id">101718082</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pubmed-jr-id">47155</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Mars (Los Angel)</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Mars (Los Angel)</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Mars (Los Angeles, Calif.)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1548-1921</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">29309066</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5754929</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1555/mars.2011.0002</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="manuscript">NASAPA925261</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Testing Mars-inspired operational strategies for semi-autonomous rovers on the Moon: The GeoHeuristic Operational Strategies Test in New Mexico</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yingst</surname><given-names>R. Aileen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref><pmc-comment>yingst@psi.edu </pmc-comment>
</contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cohen</surname><given-names>B. A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Crumpler</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schmidt</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schrader</surname><given-names>C. M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="A2">2</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="A1"><label>1</label>Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA</aff><aff id="A2"><label>2</label>Space Science Office, Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 35812, USA</aff><aff id="A3"><label>3</label>New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque, NM, 87104, USA</aff><aff id="A4"><label>4</label>Dept. of Earth Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada</aff><pub-date pub-type="nihms-submitted"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2011</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>05</day><month>1</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><pmc-comment>elocation-id from pubmed: 10.1555/mars.2011.0002</pmc-comment>
<permissions><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access paper distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="http://Mars 6, 13-31, 2011; doi:10.1555/mars.2011.0002"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="S1"><title>Background</title><p id="P1">We tested the science operational strategy used for the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission on Mars to determine its suitability for conducting remote geology on the Moon by conducting a field test at Cerro de Santa Clara, New Mexico. This region contains volcanic and sedimentary products from a variety of provenances, mimicking the variety that might be found at a lunar site such as South Pole-Aitken Basin.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Method</title><p id="P2">At each site a Science Team broke down observational “days” into a sequence of observations of features and targets of interest. The number, timing, and sequence of observations was chosen to mimic those used by the MERs when traversing. Images simulating high-resolution stereo and hand lens-scale images were taken using a professional SLR digital camera; multispectral and XRD data were acquired from samples to mimic the availability of geochemical data. A separate Tiger Team followed the Science Team and examined each site using traditional terrestrial field methods, facilitating comparison between what was revealed by human versus rover-inspired methods.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Lessons Learned</title><p id="P3">We conclude from this field test that MER-inspired methodology is not conducive to utilizing all acquired data in a timely manner for the case of any lunar architecture that involves the acquisition of rover data in near real-time. We additionally conclude that a methodology similar to that used for MER can be adapted for use on the Moon if mission goals are focused on reconnaissance. If the goal is to locate and identify a specific feature or material, such as water ice, a different methodology will likely be needed.</p></sec></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Set of images at nested resolutions taken by (a) the MER rover Opportunity; and (b) the GHOST Science Team. (a) is a sequence of images of the meteorite Block Island taken by Pancam and the Microscopic Imager between sols 1944–1961. (b) is a sequence of images acquired at Station 2, the welded-cinder boulder Chorizo. Circled in the coarsest resolution image (left) is a lenscap for scale.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms925261f1"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Generalized data acquisition strategy for the Science Team. Rectangles represent data acquisition points, while diamonds represent decisional points. The decisional path is based on <xref rid="R64" ref-type="bibr">Squyres et al. (2003)</xref>, and adapted from MER operational strategies as executed during the landed mission.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms925261f2"></graphic></fig><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Aerial view (a) and panoramic image (b) of the study site, showing primary geologic units. Red circle in (a) shows the location of Base Camp.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms925261f3"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Traverse path and observational stations for the Science Team (shown in red); and the Tiger Team (shown in blue). Station names correspond to those listed in the text; stations were visited in numerical order. Note that because the traverse of the Tiger Team encompasses that of the Science Team, but does not duplicate it, some stations have two designations. The boxed area in the right image is the region shown in the left image.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms925261f4"></graphic></fig><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Stratigraphy of the site as hypothesized by the Science Team.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms925261f5"></graphic></fig><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Mid-traverse clast survey, Station 3. This image typifies the diversity of clasts in the region, including cindery (red circle) and more massive (green circle) basalt, lighter-colored sedimentary fragments (blue circle), and dark, massive basalts with green or tan inclusions (yellow circle). Originally hypothesized to be amygdaloidal basalt, subsequent to observations of Station 6, this clast was interpreted to be a xenolith.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms925261f6"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Targets from Station 4, Redchile (a) and Greenchile (b). These two targets represent the two primary basalt types of boulders seen in the region.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms925261f7"></graphic></fig><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Targeted images and compositional data for station 6, Margarita Ridge: (a) Portion of ridge taken from a distance of 2 m, with ridge block taken from a distance of 0.5 m and xenolith in target Margarita_withsalt at 10 μm/pixel; (b) visible and infrared spectra of three targets from Margarita Ridge. Note the prominent absorption band around 1 μm for all targets, indicative of Fe-bearing phases.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nihms925261f8"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="landscape"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Observations and interpretations of Science and Tiger Teams at Cerro de Santa Clara.</p></caption><table frame="above" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="3" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Science Team</th><th colspan="3" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1">Tiger Team</th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Station</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Data Collected</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observations</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interpretations</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Data Collected</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Observations</th><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Interpretations</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L1"><list-item><p>Orbital imagery</p></list-item><list-item><p>360° panorama of 10 images</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L2"><list-item><p>Talus from outcrop slopes up to outcrop.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Thick, darker unit lies above a thinner buff unit.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Dark, thin unit caps the stack.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L3"><list-item><p>Original interpretation at this scale is a basaltic unit underlain by a sedimentary unit.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L4"><list-item><p>Visual scan of the region (equivalent of 360° panorama).</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L5"><list-item><p>Mesa of dark and buff outcrop, surrounded by talus.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L6"><list-item><p>Basaltic dark unit, overlying buff-colored sedimentary unit.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Talus and float derived from overlying dark and buff units.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1. Enchilada</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L7"><list-item><p>1 cm-scale image looking down</p></list-item><list-item><p>Handlens (μm)-scale color images of two targets, Tortilla (light) and Pinto bean (dark)</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L8"><list-item><p>Red, white, dark and light clasts litter the surface, in a buff matrix. Clasts appear to be clastic, sub-mm and potentially rounded.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Target Tortilla is buff-colored, sub-round and granular-textured, with coarse grains.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Target Pinto bean is dark, massive, and angular, with a matrix of just-resolvable grains.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L9"><list-item><p>Dark clasts derive from dark unit; light clasts derive from light unit.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Dark clasts may be volcanic; light clasts may be sedimentary.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L10"><list-item><p>Visual inspection of surface particles; cm-scale examination, including picking up numerous samples; two representative samples chosen for later compositional analysis.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Surface litter composed of the following:
<list list-type="bullet" id="L11"><list-item><p>Loose particles of light and dark basalt, including basalt clasts (vesicular are rounded, massive are angular), 1–20 cm diameter.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Basalt particles mixed with some vesicular reddish, rounder particles (some xenoliths visible, 2–3 cm across).</p></list-item><list-item><p>Buff to orange-red clasts.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Buff-colored fine-grained regolith.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L12"><list-item><p>Dark clasts derive from dark unit; light clasts derive from light unit.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2. Chorizo, large boulder</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L13"><list-item><p>3-image mosaic at cm-scale.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Single cm-scale image taken from 0.3 m distance.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Four-image handlens (μm)-scale color mosaic of basalt clast target, Chorizo_pork.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L14"><list-item><p>Large (2x3 m) mottled boulder, visible from airphotos; orange and black domains visible in m-scale images.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Dark, vesicular clasts with lighter, orange exterior rims</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L15"><list-item><p>Spatter or agglutinated volcanic rock.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Clasts with palagonitized rims.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L16"><list-item><p>Tiger Team Station 1</p></list-item><list-item><p>Visual inspection around circumference of boulder; cm-scale examination of several targets; one sample taken.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L17"><list-item><p>Boulder is 2x3x5 m, generally basaltic, locally very finely vesiculated, with varying lithic clasts. Vesicles not uniformly distributed.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Orange, with rounded grains, possible zeolites in vugs.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Some orange clasts w/distinct borders, up to 4 cm diameter</p></list-item><list-item><p>Largest basalt clasts are 30–40 cm.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Some litter around the boulder contains xenoliths up to 4 cm diameter, of orange and green crystals, with quench textures.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L18"><list-item><p>Nodule-rich boulder with secondary grains indicating that the boulder is large cinders/clasts welded together. Boulder source is red layer above buff cliffs, 80–95 m vertically higher.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Litter is pyroxene or olivine-rich xenoliths in basaltic clasts.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3. Mid-traverse at N40°E, imaging of Taco Bluff</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L19"><list-item><p>Drive direction 3-image mosaic from target Chorizo.</p></list-item><list-item><p>1 cm-scale image looking down</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L20"><list-item><p>Red, white, dark and light clasts on a buff soil. Most clasts appear to be clastic, sub-mm and potentially rounded.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Three dark clasts contain discrete light or green grains or crystals in a fine-grained matrix; edges very distinct and outlines are sharp.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L21"><list-item><p>Talus fragments similar to those found at Station 1.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Unusual clasts with embedded grains or crystals may represent xenoliths.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L22"><list-item><p>Visual inspection of loose particles along traverse from Station 2 to Station 4; cm-scale examination, including picking up numerous samples.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L23"><list-item><p>Litter consists of grayish basalt cobbles up to 40 cm diameter, some displaying surface spheroidal weathering.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Less vesicular clasts than Station 1.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Xenoliths visible; weathering red, fresh are green.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L24"><list-item><p>Float diversity is similar across the site, including red, cindery basalt and darker, massive basalt; and sedimentary rocks.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Float is derived from outcrop.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4. Redchile and Greenchile</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L25"><list-item><p>3-image mosaic at cm-scale of each boulder.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Single cm-scale image taken from 0.3 m distance.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Three handlens (μm)-scale color images of Redchile; five μm-scale color images of Greenchile”; one μm-scale image of fragment Greenchile_Chip on Greenchile.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L26"><list-item><p>Redchile is a blocky, reddish vesicular boulder.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Greenchile is a clastic, vesicular boulder similar to Chorizo in texture and morphology. Embedded clasts contain green-clear crystals.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Chip is a platy, light-toned, granular clast composed of sub-rounded to well-rounded sand-sized grains.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L27"><list-item><p>Redchile is a basaltic boulder derived either from the dark unit or the dark capping unit.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Greenchile is spatter or agglutinated volcanic rock, containing clasts with palagonitized rims.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Chip is interpreted to be a sandstone derived from “Taco Bluff”.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L28"><list-item><p>Visual inspection around circumference of boulders; cm-scale examination of several targets.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L29"><list-item><p>Two boulders visible. Redchile is a fine-grained boulder with a red-grey exterior. Greenchile is a vesicular, cindery boulder with some visible xenoliths</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L30"><list-item><p>Greenchile is a clinker breccia associated with Station 5, Sopapilla.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Redchile is a basaltic boulder.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Both boulders are connected to the two types of basaltic float seen throughout the site.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5. Sopapilla</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L31"><list-item><p>1 cm-scale image looking down</p></list-item><list-item><p>3-image mosaic at cm-scale</p></list-item><list-item><p>3-image mosaic at handlens (μm)-scale in color</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L32"><list-item><p>Surface clasts are all light-toned; dark-toned basalts and other clasts are absent. Some surface clasts contain darker angular fragments.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Light-toned, granular-textured outcrop with dark organics. μm-scale images show sub-angular to very angular sub-mm clasts apparently welded.</p></list-item><list-item><p>No apparent layering, but outcrop is weathering out in platy, blocky chunks.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L33"><list-item><p>Outcrop appears to be welded angular volcanics.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L34"><list-item><p>Tiger Team Station 2</p></list-item><list-item><p>Visual inspection around circumference of boulder; cm-scale examination of several targets; two representative samples taken.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L35"><list-item><p>Mound of platy, buff-colored sandstone, containing quartz, feldspar and local green-colored mineral.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Grains are ≪1–2 mm diameter, sub-round and well-sorted.</p></list-item><list-item><p>No outcrops are in the mound, but there is a stratigraphic boundary between the red lobate basalts and the sediments.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L36"><list-item><p>Soft, submature sediments, varying in size, a range of minerals (black, red, quartz). Interpreted to be a slump block from lighter-colored layers just uphill.</p></list-item></list></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6. Margarita Ridge</td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L37"><list-item><p>3-image mosaic at a distance of 5 m.</p></list-item><list-item><p>3-image mosaic at a distance of 1 m.</p></list-item><list-item><p>1 cm-scale image looking down</p></list-item><list-item><p>μm-scale images of three blocks</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L38"><list-item><p>Irregular, angular, dark-colored blocks concentrated in a ridge.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Blocks include dark, finely-vesiculated blocks and massive, fine-grained dark blocks, some with inclusions up to 5 cm long axis.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Inclusions are light-colored, granular, with green and clear crystals visible. Orange rims surround most inclusions.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L39"><list-item><p>Angular blocks are interpreted to be a rock fall.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Inclusions are interpreted to be xenoliths containing olivine and spinel, with orange alteration rims.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L40"><list-item><p>Tiger Team Station 4</p></list-item><list-item><p>Visual inspection; cm-scale examination of several targets; representative samples taken.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L41"><list-item><p>Basalt/xenolith tongue lies on buff colored cliff at an altitude higher than the Station 2 mound. Sand grains, immature, round to sub-round with mafics.</p><p>Buff rocks are visible all the way up the valley cut.</p></list-item></list></td><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><list list-type="bullet" id="L42"><list-item><p>Lava ridge is landslide from the table/cap basalt above; these armor the soft rock.</p></list-item><list-item><p>Buff rocks continue as one unit</p></list-item></list></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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