Recognition of HIV-1 Peptides by Host CTL Is Related to HIV-1 Similarity to Human Proteins
Identifieur interne : 001057 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 001056; suivant : 001058Recognition of HIV-1 Peptides by Host CTL Is Related to HIV-1 Similarity to Human Proteins
Auteurs : Morgane Rolland [États-Unis] ; David C. Nickle [États-Unis] ; Wenjie Deng [États-Unis] ; Nicole Frahm [États-Unis] ; Christian Brander [États-Unis] ; Gerald H. Learn [États-Unis] ; David Heckerman [États-Unis] ; Nebosja Jojic [États-Unis] ; Vladimir Jojic [États-Unis] ; Bruce D. Walker [États-Unis] ; James I. Mullins [États-Unis]Source :
- PLoS ONE [ 1932-6203 ] ; 2007.
Abstract
While human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes preferentially target specific regions of the viral proteome, HIV-1 features that contribute to immune recognition are not well understood. One hypothesis is that similarities between HIV and human proteins influence the host immune response, i.e., resemblance between viral and host peptides could preclude reactivity against certain HIV epitopes.
We analyzed the extent of similarity between HIV-1 and the human proteome. Proteins from the HIV-1 B consensus sequence from 2001 were dissected into overlapping k-mers, which were then probed against a non-redundant database of the human proteome in order to identify segments of high similarity. We tested the relationship between HIV-1 similarity to host encoded peptides and immune recognition in HIV-infected individuals, and found that HIV immunogenicity could be partially modulated by the sequence similarity to the host proteome. ELISpot responses to peptides spanning the entire viral proteome evaluated in 314 individuals showed a trend indicating an inverse relationship between the similarity to the host proteome and the frequency of recognition. In addition, analysis of responses by a group of 30 HIV-infected individuals against 944 overlapping peptides representing a broad range of individual HIV-1B Nef variants, affirmed that the degree of similarity to the host was significantly lower for peptides with reactive epitopes than for those that were not recognized.
Our results suggest that antigenic motifs that are scarcely represented in human proteins might represent more immunogenic CTL targets not selected against in the host. This observation could provide guidance in the design of more effective HIV immunogens, as sequences devoid of host-like features might afford superior immune reactivity.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000823
PubMed: 17786195
PubMed Central: 1952107
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :001057
Links to Exploration step
PMC:1952107Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Recognition of HIV-1 Peptides by Host CTL Is Related to HIV-1 Similarity to Human Proteins</title><author><name sortKey="Rolland, Morgane" sort="Rolland, Morgane" uniqKey="Rolland M" first="Morgane" last="Rolland">Morgane Rolland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nickle, David C" sort="Nickle, David C" uniqKey="Nickle D" first="David C." last="Nickle">David C. Nickle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Wenjie" sort="Deng, Wenjie" uniqKey="Deng W" first="Wenjie" last="Deng">Wenjie Deng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frahm, Nicole" sort="Frahm, Nicole" uniqKey="Frahm N" first="Nicole" last="Frahm">Nicole Frahm</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brander, Christian" sort="Brander, Christian" uniqKey="Brander C" first="Christian" last="Brander">Christian Brander</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Learn, Gerald H" sort="Learn, Gerald H" uniqKey="Learn G" first="Gerald H." last="Learn">Gerald H. Learn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heckerman, David" sort="Heckerman, David" uniqKey="Heckerman D" first="David" last="Heckerman">David Heckerman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jojic, Nebosja" sort="Jojic, Nebosja" uniqKey="Jojic N" first="Nebosja" last="Jojic">Nebosja Jojic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jojic, Vladimir" sort="Jojic, Vladimir" uniqKey="Jojic V" first="Vladimir" last="Jojic">Vladimir Jojic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Bruce D" sort="Walker, Bruce D" uniqKey="Walker B" first="Bruce D." last="Walker">Bruce D. Walker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mullins, James I" sort="Mullins, James I" uniqKey="Mullins J" first="James I." last="Mullins">James I. Mullins</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">17786195</idno><idno type="pmc">1952107</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1952107</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:1952107</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0000823</idno><date when="2007">2007</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001057</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001057</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">001057</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">001057</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Recognition of HIV-1 Peptides by Host CTL Is Related to HIV-1 Similarity to Human Proteins</title><author><name sortKey="Rolland, Morgane" sort="Rolland, Morgane" uniqKey="Rolland M" first="Morgane" last="Rolland">Morgane Rolland</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nickle, David C" sort="Nickle, David C" uniqKey="Nickle D" first="David C." last="Nickle">David C. Nickle</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, Wenjie" sort="Deng, Wenjie" uniqKey="Deng W" first="Wenjie" last="Deng">Wenjie Deng</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Frahm, Nicole" sort="Frahm, Nicole" uniqKey="Frahm N" first="Nicole" last="Frahm">Nicole Frahm</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brander, Christian" sort="Brander, Christian" uniqKey="Brander C" first="Christian" last="Brander">Christian Brander</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Learn, Gerald H" sort="Learn, Gerald H" uniqKey="Learn G" first="Gerald H." last="Learn">Gerald H. Learn</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Heckerman, David" sort="Heckerman, David" uniqKey="Heckerman D" first="David" last="Heckerman">David Heckerman</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jojic, Nebosja" sort="Jojic, Nebosja" uniqKey="Jojic N" first="Nebosja" last="Jojic">Nebosja Jojic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jojic, Vladimir" sort="Jojic, Vladimir" uniqKey="Jojic V" first="Vladimir" last="Jojic">Vladimir Jojic</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Walker, Bruce D" sort="Walker, Bruce D" uniqKey="Walker B" first="Bruce D." last="Walker">Bruce D. Walker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mullins, James I" sort="Mullins, James I" uniqKey="Mullins J" first="James I." last="Mullins">James I. Mullins</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS ONE</title><idno type="eISSN">1932-6203</idno><imprint><date when="2007">2007</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>While human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes preferentially target specific regions of the viral proteome, HIV-1 features that contribute to immune recognition are not well understood. One hypothesis is that similarities between HIV and human proteins influence the host immune response, i.e., resemblance between viral and host peptides could preclude reactivity against certain HIV epitopes.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>We analyzed the extent of similarity between HIV-1 and the human proteome. Proteins from the HIV-1 B consensus sequence from 2001 were dissected into overlapping k-mers, which were then probed against a non-redundant database of the human proteome in order to identify segments of high similarity. We tested the relationship between HIV-1 similarity to host encoded peptides and immune recognition in HIV-infected individuals, and found that HIV immunogenicity could be partially modulated by the sequence similarity to the host proteome. ELISpot responses to peptides spanning the entire viral proteome evaluated in 314 individuals showed a trend indicating an inverse relationship between the similarity to the host proteome and the frequency of recognition. In addition, analysis of responses by a group of 30 HIV-infected individuals against 944 overlapping peptides representing a broad range of individual HIV-1B Nef variants, affirmed that the degree of similarity to the host was significantly lower for peptides with reactive epitopes than for those that were not recognized.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>Our results suggest that antigenic motifs that are scarcely represented in human proteins might represent more immunogenic CTL targets not selected against in the host. This observation could provide guidance in the design of more effective HIV immunogens, as sequences devoid of host-like features might afford superior immune reactivity.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Borrow, P" uniqKey="Borrow P">P Borrow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lewick, H" uniqKey="Lewick H">H Lewick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hahn, Bh" uniqKey="Hahn B">BH Hahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shaw, Gm" uniqKey="Shaw G">GM Shaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oldstone, Mba" uniqKey="Oldstone M">MBA Oldstone</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klein, Mvb" uniqKey="Klein M">MvB Klein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ca Holwerda, Am" uniqKey="Ca Holwerda A">AM CA Holwerda</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Musey, L" uniqKey="Musey L">L Musey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hughes, J" uniqKey="Hughes J">J Hughes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schacker, T" uniqKey="Schacker T">T Schacker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shea, T" uniqKey="Shea T">T Shea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Corey, L" uniqKey="Corey L">L Corey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Metzner, Kj" uniqKey="Metzner K">KJ Metzner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jin, X" uniqKey="Jin X">X Jin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Fv" uniqKey="Lee F">FV Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gettie, A" uniqKey="Gettie A">A Gettie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bauer, De" uniqKey="Bauer D">DE Bauer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Letvin, Nl" uniqKey="Letvin N">NL Letvin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schmitz, Je" uniqKey="Schmitz J">JE Schmitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jordan, Hl" uniqKey="Jordan H">HL Jordan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seth, A" uniqKey="Seth A">A Seth</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hirsch, Vm" uniqKey="Hirsch V">VM Hirsch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schmitz, Je" uniqKey="Schmitz J">JE Schmitz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuroda, Mj" uniqKey="Kuroda M">MJ Kuroda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santra, S" uniqKey="Santra S">S Santra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sasseville, Vg" uniqKey="Sasseville V">VG Sasseville</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simon, Ma" uniqKey="Simon M">MA Simon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yewdell, Jw" uniqKey="Yewdell J">JW Yewdell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bennink, Jr" uniqKey="Bennink J">JR Bennink</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, W" uniqKey="Chen W">W Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anton, Lc" uniqKey="Anton L">LC Anton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bennink, Jr" uniqKey="Bennink J">JR Bennink</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yewdell, Jw" uniqKey="Yewdell J">JW Yewdell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lichterfeld, M" uniqKey="Lichterfeld M">M Lichterfeld</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, Xg" uniqKey="Yu X">XG Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Le Gall, S" uniqKey="Le Gall S">S Le Gall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Altfeld, M" uniqKey="Altfeld M">M Altfeld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Meyer Olson, D" uniqKey="Meyer Olson D">D Meyer-Olson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brady, Kw" uniqKey="Brady K">KW Brady</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bartman, Mt" uniqKey="Bartman M">MT Bartman</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Sullivan, Km" uniqKey="O Sullivan K">KM O'Sullivan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Simons, Bc" uniqKey="Simons B">BC Simons</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bihl, F" uniqKey="Bihl F">F Bihl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frahm, N" uniqKey="Frahm N">N Frahm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Giammarino, L" uniqKey="Di Giammarino L">L Di Giammarino</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sidney, J" uniqKey="Sidney J">J Sidney</name></author><author><name sortKey="John, M" uniqKey="John M">M John</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frahm, N" uniqKey="Frahm N">N Frahm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Korber, Bt" uniqKey="Korber B">BT Korber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, Cm" uniqKey="Adams C">CM Adams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Szinger, Jj" uniqKey="Szinger J">JJ Szinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Draenert, R" uniqKey="Draenert R">R Draenert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Frahm, N" uniqKey="Frahm N">N Frahm</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kiepiela, P" uniqKey="Kiepiela P">P Kiepiela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adams, S" uniqKey="Adams S">S Adams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Linde, Ch" uniqKey="Linde C">CH Linde</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hewitt, Hs" uniqKey="Hewitt H">HS Hewitt</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jones, Na" uniqKey="Jones N">NA Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wei, X" uniqKey="Wei X">X Wei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flower, Dr" uniqKey="Flower D">DR Flower</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wong, M" uniqKey="Wong M">M Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Michor, F" uniqKey="Michor F">F Michor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lanzavecchia, A" uniqKey="Lanzavecchia A">A Lanzavecchia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moudgil, Kd" uniqKey="Moudgil K">KD Moudgil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sercarz, Ee" uniqKey="Sercarz E">EE Sercarz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, H" uniqKey="Zhu H">H Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, K" uniqKey="Liu K">K Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cerny, J" uniqKey="Cerny J">J Cerny</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imoto, T" uniqKey="Imoto T">T Imoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moudgil, Kd" uniqKey="Moudgil K">KD Moudgil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jiang, X" uniqKey="Jiang X">X Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moudgil, Kd" uniqKey="Moudgil K">KD Moudgil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reiher, Wei" uniqKey="Reiher W">WEI Reiher</name></author><author><name sortKey="Blalock, Je" uniqKey="Blalock J">JE Blalock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brunck, Tk" uniqKey="Brunck T">TK Brunck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lopalco, L" uniqKey="Lopalco L">L Lopalco</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Santis, C" uniqKey="De Santis C">C De Santis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meneveri, R" uniqKey="Meneveri R">R Meneveri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Longhi, R" uniqKey="Longhi R">R Longhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ginelli, E" uniqKey="Ginelli E">E Ginelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cordiali, P" uniqKey="Cordiali P">P Cordiali</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balzarotti, V" uniqKey="Balzarotti V">V Balzarotti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morante, S" uniqKey="Morante S">S Morante</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parisi, V" uniqKey="Parisi V">V Parisi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pugliese, O" uniqKey="Pugliese O">O Pugliese</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Albini, A" uniqKey="Albini A">A Albini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrini, S" uniqKey="Ferrini S">S Ferrini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benelli, R" uniqKey="Benelli R">R Benelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sforzini, S" uniqKey="Sforzini S">S Sforzini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giunciuglio, D" uniqKey="Giunciuglio D">D Giunciuglio</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murphy, Pm" uniqKey="Murphy P">PM Murphy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Golding, H" uniqKey="Golding H">H Golding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robey, Fa" uniqKey="Robey F">FA Robey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gates, Ft" uniqKey="Gates F">FT Gates</name></author><author><name sortKey="Linder, W" uniqKey="Linder W">W Linder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Beining, Pr" uniqKey="Beining P">PR Beining</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Golding, H" uniqKey="Golding H">H Golding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shearer, Gm" uniqKey="Shearer G">GM Shearer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hillman, K" uniqKey="Hillman K">K Hillman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lucas, P" uniqKey="Lucas P">P Lucas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manischewitz, J" uniqKey="Manischewitz J">J Manischewitz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Habeshaw, J" uniqKey="Habeshaw J">J Habeshaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hounsell, E" uniqKey="Hounsell E">E Hounsell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dalgleish, A" uniqKey="Dalgleish A">A Dalgleish</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Altschul, Sf" uniqKey="Altschul S">SF Altschul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gish, W" uniqKey="Gish W">W Gish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, W" uniqKey="Miller W">W Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Myers, Ew" uniqKey="Myers E">EW Myers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lipman, Dj" uniqKey="Lipman D">DJ Lipman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Altschul, Sf" uniqKey="Altschul S">SF Altschul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Madden, Tl" uniqKey="Madden T">TL Madden</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schaffer, Aa" uniqKey="Schaffer A">AA Schaffer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deng, W" uniqKey="Deng W">W Deng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nickle, Dc" uniqKey="Nickle D">DC Nickle</name></author><author><name sortKey="Learn, Gh" uniqKey="Learn G">GH Learn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maust, B" uniqKey="Maust B">B Maust</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mullins, Ji" uniqKey="Mullins J">JI Mullins</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maksyutov, Az" uniqKey="Maksyutov A">AZ Maksyutov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bachinskii, Ag" uniqKey="Bachinskii A">AG Bachinskii</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bazhan, Si" uniqKey="Bazhan S">SI Bazhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ryzhikov, Ea" uniqKey="Ryzhikov E">EA Ryzhikov</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maksyutov, Za" uniqKey="Maksyutov Z">ZA Maksyutov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lander, Es" uniqKey="Lander E">ES Lander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Linton, Lm" uniqKey="Linton L">LM Linton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Birren, B" uniqKey="Birren B">B Birren</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nusbaum, C" uniqKey="Nusbaum C">C Nusbaum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zody, Mc" uniqKey="Zody M">MC Zody</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcclure, Ma" uniqKey="Mcclure M">MA McClure</name></author><author><name sortKey="Richardson, Hs" uniqKey="Richardson H">HS Richardson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clinton, Ra" uniqKey="Clinton R">RA Clinton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hepp, Cm" uniqKey="Hepp C">CM Hepp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crowther, Ba" uniqKey="Crowther B">BA Crowther</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plotz, Ph" uniqKey="Plotz P">PH Plotz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Inohara" uniqKey="Inohara">Inohara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chamaillard" uniqKey="Chamaillard">Chamaillard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, C" uniqKey="Mcdonald C">C McDonald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nunez, G" uniqKey="Nunez G">G Nunez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ting, Jp" uniqKey="Ting J">JP Ting</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kastner, Dl" uniqKey="Kastner D">DL Kastner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoffman, Hm" uniqKey="Hoffman H">HM Hoffman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Quan, V" uniqKey="Quan V">V Quan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Towey, M" uniqKey="Towey M">M Towey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sacks, S" uniqKey="Sacks S">S Sacks</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kelly, Ap" uniqKey="Kelly A">AP Kelly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rakowicz Szulczynska, Em" uniqKey="Rakowicz Szulczynska E">EM Rakowicz-Szulczynska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jackson, B" uniqKey="Jackson B">B Jackson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snyder, W" uniqKey="Snyder W">W Snyder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yusim, K" uniqKey="Yusim K">K Yusim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kesmir, C" uniqKey="Kesmir C">C Kesmir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaschen, B" uniqKey="Gaschen B">B Gaschen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Addo, Mm" uniqKey="Addo M">MM Addo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Altfeld, M" uniqKey="Altfeld M">M Altfeld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lucchiari Hartz, M" uniqKey="Lucchiari Hartz M">M Lucchiari-Hartz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lindo, V" uniqKey="Lindo V">V Lindo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hitziger, N" uniqKey="Hitziger N">N Hitziger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaedicke, S" uniqKey="Gaedicke S">S Gaedicke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saveanu, L" uniqKey="Saveanu L">L Saveanu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dunker, Ak" uniqKey="Dunker A">AK Dunker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lawson, Jd" uniqKey="Lawson J">JD Lawson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Cj" uniqKey="Brown C">CJ Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, Rm" uniqKey="Williams R">RM Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Romero, P" uniqKey="Romero P">P Romero</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dohlman, Jg" uniqKey="Dohlman J">JG Dohlman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lupas, A" uniqKey="Lupas A">A Lupas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carson, M" uniqKey="Carson M">M Carson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ward, Jj" uniqKey="Ward J">JJ Ward</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sodhi, Js" uniqKey="Sodhi J">JS Sodhi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcguffin, Lj" uniqKey="Mcguffin L">LJ McGuffin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buxton, Bf" uniqKey="Buxton B">BF Buxton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Dt" uniqKey="Jones D">DT Jones</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shojania, S" uniqKey="Shojania S">S Shojania</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Neil, Jd" uniqKey="O Neil J">JD O'Neil</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goulder, Pj" uniqKey="Goulder P">PJ Goulder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sewell, Ak" uniqKey="Sewell A">AK Sewell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lalloo, Dg" uniqKey="Lalloo D">DG Lalloo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Price, Da" uniqKey="Price D">DA Price</name></author><author><name sortKey="Whelan, Ja" uniqKey="Whelan J">JA Whelan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goulder, Pj" uniqKey="Goulder P">PJ Goulder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brander, C" uniqKey="Brander C">C Brander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Annamalai, K" uniqKey="Annamalai K">K Annamalai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mngqundaniso, N" uniqKey="Mngqundaniso N">N Mngqundaniso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Govender, U" uniqKey="Govender U">U Govender</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Novitsky, V" uniqKey="Novitsky V">V Novitsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cao, H" uniqKey="Cao H">H Cao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rybak, N" uniqKey="Rybak N">N Rybak</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, P" uniqKey="Gilbert P">P Gilbert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mclane, Mf" uniqKey="Mclane M">MF McLane</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Masemola, A" uniqKey="Masemola A">A Masemola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mashishi, T" uniqKey="Mashishi T">T Mashishi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khoury, G" uniqKey="Khoury G">G Khoury</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mohube, P" uniqKey="Mohube P">P Mohube</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mokgotho, P" uniqKey="Mokgotho P">P Mokgotho</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zuniga, R" uniqKey="Zuniga R">R Zuniga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lucchetti, A" uniqKey="Lucchetti A">A Lucchetti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galvan, P" uniqKey="Galvan P">P Galvan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, S" uniqKey="Sanchez S">S Sanchez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sanchez, C" uniqKey="Sanchez C">C Sanchez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bonnet, F" uniqKey="Bonnet F">F Bonnet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pineau, Jj" uniqKey="Pineau J">JJ Pineau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taupin, Jl" uniqKey="Taupin J">JL Taupin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Feyler, A" uniqKey="Feyler A">A Feyler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bonarek, M" uniqKey="Bonarek M">M Bonarek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chretien, P" uniqKey="Chretien P">P Chretien</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monier, Jc" uniqKey="Monier J">JC Monier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oksman, F" uniqKey="Oksman F">F Oksman</name></author><author><name sortKey="San Marco, M" uniqKey="San Marco M">M San Marco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Escande, A" uniqKey="Escande A">A Escande</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Keyser, F" uniqKey="De Keyser F">F De Keyser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoch, So" uniqKey="Hoch S">SO Hoch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Takei, M" uniqKey="Takei M">M Takei</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dang, H" uniqKey="Dang H">H Dang</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Keyser, H" uniqKey="De Keyser H">H De Keyser</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gonzalez Conejero, R" uniqKey="Gonzalez Conejero R">R Gonzalez-Conejero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rivera, J" uniqKey="Rivera J">J Rivera</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rosillo, Mc" uniqKey="Rosillo M">MC Rosillo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, A" uniqKey="Cano A">A Cano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rodriguez, T" uniqKey="Rodriguez T">T Rodriguez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haynes, Bf" uniqKey="Haynes B">BF Haynes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fleming, J" uniqKey="Fleming J">J Fleming</name></author><author><name sortKey="St Clair, Ew" uniqKey="St Clair E">EW St Clair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Katinger, H" uniqKey="Katinger H">H Katinger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stiegler, G" uniqKey="Stiegler G">G Stiegler</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Talal, N" uniqKey="Talal N">N Talal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dauphinee, Mj" uniqKey="Dauphinee M">MJ Dauphinee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dang, H" uniqKey="Dang H">H Dang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alexander, Ss" uniqKey="Alexander S">SS Alexander</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hart, Dj" uniqKey="Hart D">DJ Hart</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dyson, Hj" uniqKey="Dyson H">HJ Dyson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wright, Pe" uniqKey="Wright P">PE Wright</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berzofsky, Ja" uniqKey="Berzofsky J">JA Berzofsky</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cease, Kb" uniqKey="Cease K">KB Cease</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cornette, Jl" uniqKey="Cornette J">JL Cornette</name></author><author><name sortKey="Spouge, Jl" uniqKey="Spouge J">JL Spouge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Margalit, H" uniqKey="Margalit H">H Margalit</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Obradovic, Z" uniqKey="Obradovic Z">Z Obradovic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, K" uniqKey="Peng K">K Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vucetic, S" uniqKey="Vucetic S">S Vucetic</name></author><author><name sortKey="Radivojac, P" uniqKey="Radivojac P">P Radivojac</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dunker, Ak" uniqKey="Dunker A">AK Dunker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jin, Y" uniqKey="Jin Y">Y Jin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dunbrack, Rl" uniqKey="Dunbrack R">RL Dunbrack</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS One</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS ONE</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosone</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS ONE</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1932-6203</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">17786195</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1952107</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">07-PONE-RA-01278</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pone.0000823</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline"><subject>Computational Biology</subject><subject>Evolutionary Biology/Microbial Evolution and Genomics</subject><subject>Virology/Immune Evasion</subject><subject>Virology/Immunodeficiency Viruses</subject><subject>Virology/Vaccines</subject><subject>Infectious Diseases/HIV Infection and AIDS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Recognition of HIV-1 Peptides by Host CTL Is Related to HIV-1 Similarity to Human Proteins</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">HIV Mimicry of Human Proteome</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rolland</surname><given-names>Morgane</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nickle</surname><given-names>David C.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>Wenjie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Frahm</surname><given-names>Nicole</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brander</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Learn</surname><given-names>Gerald H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heckerman</surname><given-names>David</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jojic</surname><given-names>Nebosja</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jojic</surname><given-names>Vladimir</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Walker</surname><given-names>Bruce D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mullins</surname><given-names>James I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="n101"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Nixon</surname><given-names>Douglas</given-names></name><role>Academic Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1">University of California at San Francisco, United States of America</aff><author-notes><corresp id="n101">* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: <email>jmullins@u.washington.edu</email></corresp><fn fn-type="con"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: MR. Performed the experiments: GL NJ MR WD. Analyzed the data: CB DN JM GL NF DH MR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: DN DH WD VJ. Wrote the paper: BW CB JM NF MR.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2007</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>5</day><month>9</month><year>2007</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>9</issue><elocation-id>e823</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day><month>5</month><year>2007</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>18</day><month>5</month><year>2007</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Rolland et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2007</copyright-year><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background</title><p>While human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes preferentially target specific regions of the viral proteome, HIV-1 features that contribute to immune recognition are not well understood. One hypothesis is that similarities between HIV and human proteins influence the host immune response, i.e., resemblance between viral and host peptides could preclude reactivity against certain HIV epitopes.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>We analyzed the extent of similarity between HIV-1 and the human proteome. Proteins from the HIV-1 B consensus sequence from 2001 were dissected into overlapping k-mers, which were then probed against a non-redundant database of the human proteome in order to identify segments of high similarity. We tested the relationship between HIV-1 similarity to host encoded peptides and immune recognition in HIV-infected individuals, and found that HIV immunogenicity could be partially modulated by the sequence similarity to the host proteome. ELISpot responses to peptides spanning the entire viral proteome evaluated in 314 individuals showed a trend indicating an inverse relationship between the similarity to the host proteome and the frequency of recognition. In addition, analysis of responses by a group of 30 HIV-infected individuals against 944 overlapping peptides representing a broad range of individual HIV-1B Nef variants, affirmed that the degree of similarity to the host was significantly lower for peptides with reactive epitopes than for those that were not recognized.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>Our results suggest that antigenic motifs that are scarcely represented in human proteins might represent more immunogenic CTL targets not selected against in the host. This observation could provide guidance in the design of more effective HIV immunogens, as sequences devoid of host-like features might afford superior immune reactivity.</p></sec></abstract><counts><page-count count="8"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/MersV1/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001057 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 001057 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Sante
|area= MersV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Curation
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:1952107
|texte= Recognition of HIV-1 Peptides by Host CTL Is Related to HIV-1 Similarity to Human Proteins
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:17786195" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a MersV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. |  |