Serveur d'exploration MERS

Attention, ce site est en cours de développement !
Attention, site généré par des moyens informatiques à partir de corpus bruts.
Les informations ne sont donc pas validées.

Host-directed therapies for improving poor treatment outcomes associated with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections

Identifieur interne : 000831 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000830; suivant : 000832

Host-directed therapies for improving poor treatment outcomes associated with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections

Auteurs : Alimuddin Zumla [Royaume-Uni] ; Esam I. Azhar ; Yaseen Arabi ; Badriah Alotaibi ; Martin Rao [Suède] ; Brian Mccloskey [Royaume-Uni] ; Eskild Petersen [Danemark] ; Markus Maeurer [Suède]

Source :

RBID : PMC:7128983

Abstract

Summary

Three years after its first discovery in Jeddah Saudi Arabia, the novel zoonotic pathogen of humans, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to be a major threat to global health security.1 Sporadic community acquired cases of MERS continue to be reported from the Middle East. The recent nosocomial outbreaks in hospitals in Seoul, Korea and at the National Guard Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia indicate the epidemic potential of MERS-CoV. Currently there are no effective anti-MERS-CoV anti-viral agents or therapeutics and MERS is associated with a high mortality rate (40%) in hospitalised patients. A large proportion of MERS patients who die have a range of pulmonary pathology ranging from pneumonia to adult respiratory distress syndrome with multi-organ failure, compounded by co-morbidities, reflecting a precarious balance of interactions between the host-immune system and MERS-CoV. Whilst we wait for new MERS-CoV specific drugs, therapeutics and vaccines to be developed, there is a need to advance a range of Host-Directed Therapies. A range of HDTs are available, including commonly used drugs with good safety profiles, which could augment host innate and adaptive immune mechanisms to MERS-CoV, modulate excessive inflammation and reduce lung tissue destruction. We discuss the rationale and potential of using Host-Directed Therapies for improving the poor treatment outcomes associated with MERS. Carefully designed randomized controlled trials will be needed to determine whether HDTs could benefit patients with MERS. The recurrent outbreaks of MERS-CoV infections at hospitals in the Middle East present unique opportunities to conduct randomized clinical trials. The time has come for a more coordinated global response to MERS and a multidisciplinary global MERS-CoV response group is required to take forward priority research agendas.


Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.005
PubMed: 26365771
PubMed Central: 7128983

Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)


Links to Exploration step

PMC:7128983

Curation

No country items

Alimuddin Zumla
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0010">Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
Esam I. Azhar
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0010">Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
Yaseen Arabi
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0015">Intensive Care Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
Badriah Alotaibi
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0020">Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>

Le document en format XML

<record>
<TEI>
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title xml:lang="en">Host-directed therapies for improving poor treatment outcomes associated with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0005">Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0010">Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Azhar, Esam I" sort="Azhar, Esam I" uniqKey="Azhar E" first="Esam I." last="Azhar">Esam I. Azhar</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0010">Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Arabi, Yaseen" sort="Arabi, Yaseen" uniqKey="Arabi Y" first="Yaseen" last="Arabi">Yaseen Arabi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0015">Intensive Care Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alotaibi, Badriah" sort="Alotaibi, Badriah" uniqKey="Alotaibi B" first="Badriah" last="Alotaibi">Badriah Alotaibi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0020">Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rao, Martin" sort="Rao, Martin" uniqKey="Rao M" first="Martin" last="Rao">Martin Rao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0025">Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mccloskey, Brian" sort="Mccloskey, Brian" uniqKey="Mccloskey B" first="Brian" last="Mccloskey">Brian Mccloskey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0030">Global Health Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Global Health Department, Public Health England, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0035">Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maeurer, Markus" sort="Maeurer, Markus" uniqKey="Maeurer M" first="Markus" last="Maeurer">Markus Maeurer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0025">Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">26365771</idno>
<idno type="pmc">7128983</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7128983</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:7128983</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.005</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000831</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000831</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000831</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000831</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Host-directed therapies for improving poor treatment outcomes associated with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0005">Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0010">Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Azhar, Esam I" sort="Azhar, Esam I" uniqKey="Azhar E" first="Esam I." last="Azhar">Esam I. Azhar</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0010">Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Arabi, Yaseen" sort="Arabi, Yaseen" uniqKey="Arabi Y" first="Yaseen" last="Arabi">Yaseen Arabi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0015">Intensive Care Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alotaibi, Badriah" sort="Alotaibi, Badriah" uniqKey="Alotaibi B" first="Badriah" last="Alotaibi">Badriah Alotaibi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="aff0020">Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff>
<wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</wicri:noCountry>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rao, Martin" sort="Rao, Martin" uniqKey="Rao M" first="Martin" last="Rao">Martin Rao</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0025">Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mccloskey, Brian" sort="Mccloskey, Brian" uniqKey="Mccloskey B" first="Brian" last="Mccloskey">Brian Mccloskey</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0030">Global Health Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Global Health Department, Public Health England, London</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0035">Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maeurer, Markus" sort="Maeurer, Markus" uniqKey="Maeurer M" first="Markus" last="Maeurer">Markus Maeurer</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1">
<nlm:aff id="aff0025">Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Suède</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">International Journal of Infectious Diseases</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1201-9712</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1878-3511</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front>
<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<title>Summary</title>
<p>Three years after its first discovery in Jeddah Saudi Arabia, the novel zoonotic pathogen of humans, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to be a major threat to global health security.
<xref rid="bib0290" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
Sporadic community acquired cases of MERS continue to be reported from the Middle East. The recent nosocomial outbreaks in hospitals in Seoul, Korea and at the National Guard Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia indicate the epidemic potential of MERS-CoV. Currently there are no effective anti-MERS-CoV anti-viral agents or therapeutics and MERS is associated with a high mortality rate (40%) in hospitalised patients. A large proportion of MERS patients who die have a range of pulmonary pathology ranging from pneumonia to adult respiratory distress syndrome with multi-organ failure, compounded by co-morbidities, reflecting a precarious balance of interactions between the host-immune system and MERS-CoV. Whilst we wait for new MERS-CoV specific drugs, therapeutics and vaccines to be developed, there is a need to advance a range of Host-Directed Therapies. A range of HDTs are available, including commonly used drugs with good safety profiles, which could augment host innate and adaptive immune mechanisms to MERS-CoV, modulate excessive inflammation and reduce lung tissue destruction. We discuss the rationale and potential of using Host-Directed Therapies for improving the poor treatment outcomes associated with MERS. Carefully designed randomized controlled trials will be needed to determine whether HDTs could benefit patients with MERS. The recurrent outbreaks of MERS-CoV infections at hospitals in the Middle East present unique opportunities to conduct randomized clinical trials. The time has come for a more coordinated global response to MERS and a multidisciplinary global MERS-CoV response group is required to take forward priority research agendas.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back>
<div1 type="bibliography">
<listBibl>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chan, J F" uniqKey="Chan J">J.F. Chan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lau, S K" uniqKey="Lau S">S.K. Lau</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="To, K K" uniqKey="To K">K.K. To</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cheng, V C" uniqKey="Cheng V">V.C. Cheng</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Woo, P C" uniqKey="Woo P">P.C. Woo</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yuen, K Y" uniqKey="Yuen K">K.Y. Yuen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Peiris, J S" uniqKey="Peiris J">J.S. Peiris</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lai, S T" uniqKey="Lai S">S.T. Lai</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poon, L L" uniqKey="Poon L">L.L. Poon</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Guan, Y" uniqKey="Guan Y">Y. Guan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yam, L Y" uniqKey="Yam L">L.Y. Yam</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lim, W" uniqKey="Lim W">W. Lim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bui, C" uniqKey="Bui C">C. Bui</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bethmont, A" uniqKey="Bethmont A">A. Bethmont</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chughtai, A A" uniqKey="Chughtai A">A.A. Chughtai</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gardner, L" uniqKey="Gardner L">L. Gardner</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sarkar, S" uniqKey="Sarkar S">S. Sarkar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hassan, S" uniqKey="Hassan S">S. Hassan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rider, T H" uniqKey="Rider T">T.H. Rider</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zook, C E" uniqKey="Zook C">C.E. Zook</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Boettcher, T L" uniqKey="Boettcher T">T.L. Boettcher</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wick, S T" uniqKey="Wick S">S.T. Wick</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pancoast, J S" uniqKey="Pancoast J">J.S. Pancoast</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zusman, B D" uniqKey="Zusman B">B.D. Zusman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zaki, A M" uniqKey="Zaki A">A.M. Zaki</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Boheemen, S" uniqKey="Van Boheemen S">S. van Boheemen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bestebroer, T M" uniqKey="Bestebroer T">T.M. Bestebroer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Osterhaus, A D" uniqKey="Osterhaus A">A.D. Osterhaus</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fouchier, R A" uniqKey="Fouchier R">R.A. Fouchier</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Den Brand, J M" uniqKey="Van Den Brand J">J.M. van den Brand</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smits, S L" uniqKey="Smits S">S.L. Smits</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haagmans, B L" uniqKey="Haagmans B">B.L. Haagmans</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Assiri, A" uniqKey="Assiri A">A. Assiri</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcgeer, A" uniqKey="Mcgeer A">A. McGeer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perl, T M" uniqKey="Perl T">T.M. Perl</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Price, C S" uniqKey="Price C">C.S. Price</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Rabeeah, A A" uniqKey="Al Rabeeah A">A.A. Al Rabeeah</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cummings, D A" uniqKey="Cummings D">D.A. Cummings</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Assiri, A" uniqKey="Assiri A">A. Assiri</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Tawfiq, J A" uniqKey="Al Tawfiq J">J.A. Al-Tawfiq</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Rabeeah, A A" uniqKey="Al Rabeeah A">A.A. Al-Rabeeah</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Rabiah, F A" uniqKey="Al Rabiah F">F.A. Al-Rabiah</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Hajjar, S" uniqKey="Al Hajjar S">S. Al-Hajjar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Barrak, A" uniqKey="Al Barrak A">A. Al-Barrak</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saad, M" uniqKey="Saad M">M. Saad</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Omrani, A S" uniqKey="Omrani A">A.S. Omrani</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Baig, K" uniqKey="Baig K">K. Baig</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bahloul, A" uniqKey="Bahloul A">A. Bahloul</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Elzein, F" uniqKey="Elzein F">F. Elzein</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Matin, M A" uniqKey="Matin M">M.A. Matin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lee, S S" uniqKey="Lee S">S.S. Lee</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wong, N S" uniqKey="Wong N">N.S. Wong</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hui, D S" uniqKey="Hui D">D.S. Hui</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perlman, S" uniqKey="Perlman S">S. Perlman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Petersen, E" uniqKey="Petersen E">E. Petersen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hui, D S" uniqKey="Hui D">D.S. Hui</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perlman, S" uniqKey="Perlman S">S. Perlman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mizumoto, K" uniqKey="Mizumoto K">K. Mizumoto</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saitoh, M" uniqKey="Saitoh M">M. Saitoh</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chowell, G" uniqKey="Chowell G">G. Chowell</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Miyamatsu, Y" uniqKey="Miyamatsu Y">Y. Miyamatsu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Nishiura, H" uniqKey="Nishiura H">H. Nishiura</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hui, D S" uniqKey="Hui D">D.S. Hui</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Memish, Z A" uniqKey="Memish Z">Z.A. Memish</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Tawfiq, J A" uniqKey="Al Tawfiq J">J.A. Al-Tawfiq</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Momattin, H" uniqKey="Momattin H">H. Momattin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dib, J" uniqKey="Dib J">J. Dib</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Memish, Z A" uniqKey="Memish Z">Z.A. Memish</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chan, J F" uniqKey="Chan J">J.F. Chan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chan, K H" uniqKey="Chan K">K.H. Chan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kao, R Y" uniqKey="Kao R">R.Y. Kao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="To, K K" uniqKey="To K">K.K. To</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zheng, B J" uniqKey="Zheng B">B.J. Zheng</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, C P" uniqKey="Li C">C.P. Li</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Omrani, A S" uniqKey="Omrani A">A.S. Omrani</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Saad, M M" uniqKey="Saad M">M.M. Saad</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Baig, K" uniqKey="Baig K">K. Baig</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bahloul, A" uniqKey="Bahloul A">A. Bahloul</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Abdul Matin, M" uniqKey="Abdul Matin M">M. Abdul-Matin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alaidaroos, A Y" uniqKey="Alaidaroos A">A.Y. Alaidaroos</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shalhoub, S" uniqKey="Shalhoub S">S. Shalhoub</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Farahat, F" uniqKey="Farahat F">F. Farahat</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Jiffri, A" uniqKey="Al Jiffri A">A. Al-Jiffri</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Simhairi, R" uniqKey="Simhairi R">R. Simhairi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Shamma, O" uniqKey="Shamma O">O. Shamma</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Siddiqi, N" uniqKey="Siddiqi N">N. Siddiqi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Spanakis, N" uniqKey="Spanakis N">N. Spanakis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tsiodras, S" uniqKey="Tsiodras S">S. Tsiodras</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haagmans, B L" uniqKey="Haagmans B">B.L. Haagmans</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raj, V S" uniqKey="Raj V">V.S. Raj</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pontikis, K" uniqKey="Pontikis K">K. Pontikis</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Koutsoukou, A" uniqKey="Koutsoukou A">A. Koutsoukou</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Falzarano, D" uniqKey="Falzarano D">D. Falzarano</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Wit, E" uniqKey="De Wit E">E. de Wit</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Martellaro, C" uniqKey="Martellaro C">C. Martellaro</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Callison, J" uniqKey="Callison J">J. Callison</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Munster, V J" uniqKey="Munster V">V.J. Munster</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Feldmann, H" uniqKey="Feldmann H">H. Feldmann</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Khalid, M" uniqKey="Khalid M">M. Khalid</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Rabiah, F" uniqKey="Al Rabiah F">F. Al Rabiah</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Khan, B" uniqKey="Khan B">B. Khan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Mobeireek, A" uniqKey="Al Mobeireek A">A. Al Mobeireek</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Butt, T S" uniqKey="Butt T">T.S. Butt</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Mutairy, E" uniqKey="Al Mutairy E">E. Al Mutairy</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lurie, N" uniqKey="Lurie N">N. Lurie</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maniolo, T" uniqKey="Maniolo T">T. Maniolo</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Patterson, A P" uniqKey="Patterson A">A.P. Patterson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Collins, F" uniqKey="Collins F">F. Collins</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frieden, T" uniqKey="Frieden T">T. Frieden</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hui, D S" uniqKey="Hui D">D.S. Hui</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Memish, Z A" uniqKey="Memish Z">Z.A. Memish</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A I" uniqKey="Zumla A">A.I. Zumla</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Hakeem, R F" uniqKey="Al Hakeem R">R.F. Al-Hakeem</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Rabeeah, A A" uniqKey="Al Rabeeah A">A.A. Al-Rabeeah</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Stephens, G M" uniqKey="Stephens G">G.M. Stephens</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hui, D S" uniqKey="Hui D">D.S. Hui</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Perlman, S" uniqKey="Perlman S">S. Perlman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smits, S L" uniqKey="Smits S">S.L. Smits</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Den Brand, J M" uniqKey="Van Den Brand J">J.M. van den Brand</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Lang, A" uniqKey="De Lang A">A. de Lang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Leijten, L M" uniqKey="Leijten L">L.M. Leijten</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Ijcken, W F" uniqKey="Van Ijcken W">W.F. van Ijcken</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Amerongen, G" uniqKey="Van Amerongen G">G. van Amerongen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Arabi, Y M" uniqKey="Arabi Y">Y.M. Arabi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Arifi, A A" uniqKey="Arifi A">A.A. Arifi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Balkhy, H H" uniqKey="Balkhy H">H.H. Balkhy</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Najm, H" uniqKey="Najm H">H. Najm</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aldawood, A S" uniqKey="Aldawood A">A.S. Aldawood</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ghabashi, A" uniqKey="Ghabashi A">A. Ghabashi</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Memish, Z A" uniqKey="Memish Z">Z.A. Memish</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cotten, M" uniqKey="Cotten M">M. Cotten</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Watson, S J" uniqKey="Watson S">S.J. Watson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kellam, P" uniqKey="Kellam P">P. Kellam</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alhakeem, R F" uniqKey="Alhakeem R">R.F. Alhakeem</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maude, S L" uniqKey="Maude S">S.L. Maude</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barrett, D" uniqKey="Barrett D">D. Barrett</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Teachey, D T" uniqKey="Teachey D">D.T. Teachey</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Grupp, S A" uniqKey="Grupp S">S.A. Grupp</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Memish, Z A" uniqKey="Memish Z">Z.A. Memish</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maeurer, M" uniqKey="Maeurer M">M. Maeurer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bates, M" uniqKey="Bates M">M. Bates</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mwaba, P" uniqKey="Mwaba P">P. Mwaba</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Tawfiq, J A" uniqKey="Al Tawfiq J">J.A. Al-Tawfiq</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kindrachuk, J" uniqKey="Kindrachuk J">J. Kindrachuk</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ork, B" uniqKey="Ork B">B. Ork</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hart, B J" uniqKey="Hart B">B.J. Hart</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mazur, S" uniqKey="Mazur S">S. Mazur</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holbrook, M R" uniqKey="Holbrook M">M.R. Holbrook</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Frieman, M B" uniqKey="Frieman M">M.B. Frieman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Raj, V S" uniqKey="Raj V">V.S. Raj</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Smits, S L" uniqKey="Smits S">S.L. Smits</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Provacia, L B" uniqKey="Provacia L">L.B. Provacia</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Den Brand, J M" uniqKey="Van Den Brand J">J.M. van den Brand</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wiersma, L" uniqKey="Wiersma L">L. Wiersma</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ouwendijk, W J" uniqKey="Ouwendijk W">W.J. Ouwendijk</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dyall, J" uniqKey="Dyall J">J. Dyall</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Coleman, C M" uniqKey="Coleman C">C.M. Coleman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hart, B J" uniqKey="Hart B">B.J. Hart</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Venkataraman, T" uniqKey="Venkataraman T">T. Venkataraman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holbrook, M R" uniqKey="Holbrook M">M.R. Holbrook</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kindrachuk, J" uniqKey="Kindrachuk J">J. Kindrachuk</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Chakaya, J" uniqKey="Chakaya J">J. Chakaya</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hoelscher, M" uniqKey="Hoelscher M">M. Hoelscher</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ntoumi, F" uniqKey="Ntoumi F">F. Ntoumi</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rustomjee, R" uniqKey="Rustomjee R">R. Rustomjee</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Vilaplana, C" uniqKey="Vilaplana C">C. Vilaplana</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maeurer, M" uniqKey="Maeurer M">M. Maeurer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dyall, J" uniqKey="Dyall J">J. Dyall</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Coleman, C M" uniqKey="Coleman C">C.M. Coleman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hart, B J" uniqKey="Hart B">B.J. Hart</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Venkataraman, T" uniqKey="Venkataraman T">T. Venkataraman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holbrook, M R" uniqKey="Holbrook M">M.R. Holbrook</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Kindrachuk, J" uniqKey="Kindrachuk J">J. Kindrachuk</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fedson, D S" uniqKey="Fedson D">D.S. Fedson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Singla, S" uniqKey="Singla S">S. Singla</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jacobson, J R" uniqKey="Jacobson J">J.R. Jacobson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dinarello, C" uniqKey="Dinarello C">C. Dinarello</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Henter, J I" uniqKey="Henter J">J.I. Henter</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palmkvist Kaijser, K" uniqKey="Palmkvist Kaijser K">K. Palmkvist-Kaijser</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Holzgraefe, B" uniqKey="Holzgraefe B">B. Holzgraefe</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bryceson, Y T" uniqKey="Bryceson Y">Y.T. Bryceson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palmer, K" uniqKey="Palmer K">K. Palmer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhao, J" uniqKey="Zhao J">J. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cao, Y" uniqKey="Cao Y">Y. Cao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lei, Z" uniqKey="Lei Z">Z. Lei</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Yang, Z" uniqKey="Yang Z">Z. Yang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, B" uniqKey="Zhang B">B. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Huang, B" uniqKey="Huang B">B. Huang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zmijewski, J W" uniqKey="Zmijewski J">J.W. Zmijewski</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Lorne, E" uniqKey="Lorne E">E. Lorne</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhao, X" uniqKey="Zhao X">X. Zhao</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tsuruta, Y" uniqKey="Tsuruta Y">Y. Tsuruta</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Sha, Y" uniqKey="Sha Y">Y. Sha</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, G" uniqKey="Liu G">G. Liu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rizzo, A N" uniqKey="Rizzo A">A.N. Rizzo</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Aman, J" uniqKey="Aman J">J. Aman</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Nieuw Amerongen, G P" uniqKey="Van Nieuw Amerongen G">G.P. van Nieuw Amerongen</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Dudek, S M" uniqKey="Dudek S">S.M. Dudek</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goktolga, U" uniqKey="Goktolga U">U. Goktolga</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Cavkaytar, S" uniqKey="Cavkaytar S">S. Cavkaytar</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Altinbas, S K" uniqKey="Altinbas S">S.K. Altinbas</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tapisiz, O L" uniqKey="Tapisiz O">O.L. Tapisiz</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tapisiz, A" uniqKey="Tapisiz A">A. Tapisiz</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Erdem, O" uniqKey="Erdem O">O. Erdem</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="De Wilde, A H" uniqKey="De Wilde A">A.H. de Wilde</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jochmans, D" uniqKey="Jochmans D">D. Jochmans</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Posthuma, C C" uniqKey="Posthuma C">C.C. Posthuma</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zevenhoven Dobbe, J C" uniqKey="Zevenhoven Dobbe J">J.C. Zevenhoven-Dobbe</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Van Nieuwkoop, S" uniqKey="Van Nieuwkoop S">S. van Nieuwkoop</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Bestebroer, T M" uniqKey="Bestebroer T">T.M. Bestebroer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wilson, J G" uniqKey="Wilson J">J.G. Wilson</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Liu, K D" uniqKey="Liu K">K.D. Liu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhuo, H" uniqKey="Zhuo H">H. Zhuo</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Caballero, L" uniqKey="Caballero L">L. Caballero</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Mcmillan, M" uniqKey="Mcmillan M">M. McMillan</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fang, X" uniqKey="Fang X">X. Fang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Siemieniuk, R A" uniqKey="Siemieniuk R">R.A. Siemieniuk</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Meade, M O" uniqKey="Meade M">M.O. Meade</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alonso Coello, P" uniqKey="Alonso Coello P">P. Alonso-Coello</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Briel, M" uniqKey="Briel M">M. Briel</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Evaniew, N" uniqKey="Evaniew N">N. Evaniew</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Prasad, M" uniqKey="Prasad M">M. Prasad</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hinrichs, C S" uniqKey="Hinrichs C">C.S. Hinrichs</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Palmer, D C" uniqKey="Palmer D">D.C. Palmer</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rosenberg, S A" uniqKey="Rosenberg S">S.A. Rosenberg</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Restifo, N P" uniqKey="Restifo N">N.P. Restifo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Li, L B" uniqKey="Li L">L.B. Li</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Goleva, E" uniqKey="Goleva E">E. Goleva</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Hall, C F" uniqKey="Hall C">C.F. Hall</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ou, L S" uniqKey="Ou L">L.S. Ou</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Leung, D Y" uniqKey="Leung D">D.Y. Leung</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Maude, S L" uniqKey="Maude S">S.L. Maude</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Barrett, D" uniqKey="Barrett D">D. Barrett</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Teachey, D T" uniqKey="Teachey D">D.T. Teachey</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Grupp, S A" uniqKey="Grupp S">S.A. Grupp</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Skrahin, A" uniqKey="Skrahin A">A. Skrahin</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ahmed, R K" uniqKey="Ahmed R">R.K. Ahmed</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Ferrara, G" uniqKey="Ferrara G">G. Ferrara</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rane, L" uniqKey="Rane L">L. Rane</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Poiret, T" uniqKey="Poiret T">T. Poiret</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Isaikina, Y" uniqKey="Isaikina Y">Y. Isaikina</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct>
<analytic>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Z" uniqKey="Zhang Z">Z. Zhang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Fu, J" uniqKey="Fu J">J. Fu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Xu, X" uniqKey="Xu X">X. Xu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Wang, S" uniqKey="Wang S">S. Wang</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Xu, R" uniqKey="Xu R">R. Xu</name>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Zhao, M" uniqKey="Zhao M">M. Zhao</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="editorial">
<pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Infect Dis</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int. J. Infect. Dis</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>International Journal of Infectious Diseases</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">1201-9712</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1878-3511</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name>Published by Elsevier Ltd.</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26365771</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7128983</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1201-9712(15)00215-5</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.005</article-id>
<article-categories>
<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
<subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
<article-title>Host-directed therapies for improving poor treatment outcomes associated with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0005">
<name>
<surname>Zumla</surname>
<given-names>Alimuddin</given-names>
</name>
<email>a.zumla@ucl.ac.uk</email>
<xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref>
<xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
<xref rid="fn0005" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0010">
<name>
<surname>Azhar</surname>
<given-names>Esam I.</given-names>
</name>
<email>eazhar@kau.edu.sa</email>
<xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">b</xref>
<xref rid="fn0005" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0015">
<name>
<surname>Arabi</surname>
<given-names>Yaseen</given-names>
</name>
<email>arabi@ngha.med.sa</email>
<xref rid="aff0015" ref-type="aff">c</xref>
<xref rid="fn0005" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0020">
<name>
<surname>Alotaibi</surname>
<given-names>Badriah</given-names>
</name>
<email>otaibi_b1@yahoo.com</email>
<xref rid="aff0020" ref-type="aff">d</xref>
<xref rid="fn0005" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0025">
<name>
<surname>Rao</surname>
<given-names>Martin</given-names>
</name>
<email>martin.rao@ki.se</email>
<xref rid="aff0025" ref-type="aff">e</xref>
<xref rid="fn0005" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0030">
<name>
<surname>McCloskey</surname>
<given-names>Brian</given-names>
</name>
<email>Brian.McCloskey@phe.gov.uk</email>
<xref rid="aff0030" ref-type="aff">f</xref>
<xref rid="fn0005" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0035">
<name>
<surname>Petersen</surname>
<given-names>Eskild</given-names>
</name>
<email>eskildp@dadlnet.dk</email>
<xref rid="aff0035" ref-type="aff">g</xref>
<xref rid="fn0005" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0040">
<name>
<surname>Maeurer</surname>
<given-names>Markus</given-names>
</name>
<email>Markus.Maeurer@ki.se</email>
<xref rid="aff0025" ref-type="aff">e</xref>
<xref rid="fn0005" ref-type="fn">1</xref>
<xref rid="cor0005" ref-type="corresp"></xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff0005">
<label>a</label>
Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom</aff>
<aff id="aff0010">
<label>b</label>
Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</aff>
<aff id="aff0015">
<label>c</label>
Intensive Care Department, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</aff>
<aff id="aff0020">
<label>d</label>
Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</aff>
<aff id="aff0025">
<label>e</label>
Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden</aff>
<aff id="aff0030">
<label>f</label>
Global Health Department, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom</aff>
<aff id="aff0035">
<label>g</label>
Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark</aff>
<author-notes>
<corresp id="cor0005">
<label></label>
Corresponding author. Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, and 2 Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
<email>Markus.Maeurer@ki.se</email>
</corresp>
<fn id="fn0005">
<label>1</label>
<p id="npar0005">All authors contributed equally.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release">
<day>10</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<month>11</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>10</day>
<month>9</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>40</volume>
<fpage>71</fpage>
<lpage>74</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder></copyright-holder>
<license>
<license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="abs0005">
<title>Summary</title>
<p>Three years after its first discovery in Jeddah Saudi Arabia, the novel zoonotic pathogen of humans, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to be a major threat to global health security.
<xref rid="bib0290" ref-type="bibr">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
Sporadic community acquired cases of MERS continue to be reported from the Middle East. The recent nosocomial outbreaks in hospitals in Seoul, Korea and at the National Guard Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia indicate the epidemic potential of MERS-CoV. Currently there are no effective anti-MERS-CoV anti-viral agents or therapeutics and MERS is associated with a high mortality rate (40%) in hospitalised patients. A large proportion of MERS patients who die have a range of pulmonary pathology ranging from pneumonia to adult respiratory distress syndrome with multi-organ failure, compounded by co-morbidities, reflecting a precarious balance of interactions between the host-immune system and MERS-CoV. Whilst we wait for new MERS-CoV specific drugs, therapeutics and vaccines to be developed, there is a need to advance a range of Host-Directed Therapies. A range of HDTs are available, including commonly used drugs with good safety profiles, which could augment host innate and adaptive immune mechanisms to MERS-CoV, modulate excessive inflammation and reduce lung tissue destruction. We discuss the rationale and potential of using Host-Directed Therapies for improving the poor treatment outcomes associated with MERS. Carefully designed randomized controlled trials will be needed to determine whether HDTs could benefit patients with MERS. The recurrent outbreaks of MERS-CoV infections at hospitals in the Middle East present unique opportunities to conduct randomized clinical trials. The time has come for a more coordinated global response to MERS and a multidisciplinary global MERS-CoV response group is required to take forward priority research agendas.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
<notes>
<p id="misc0005">
<bold>Corresponding Editor:</bold>
Eskild Petersen, Aarhus, Denmark.</p>
</notes>
</front>
</pmc>
</record>

Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)

EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/MersV1/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000831 | SxmlIndent | more

Ou

HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 000831 | SxmlIndent | more

Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri

{{Explor lien
   |wiki=    Sante
   |area=    MersV1
   |flux=    Pmc
   |étape=   Curation
   |type=    RBID
   |clé=     PMC:7128983
   |texte=   Host-directed therapies for improving poor treatment outcomes associated with the middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections
}}

Pour générer des pages wiki

HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i   -Sk "pubmed:26365771" \
       | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd   \
       | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a MersV1 

Wicri

This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33.
Data generation: Mon Apr 20 23:26:43 2020. Site generation: Sat Mar 27 09:06:09 2021