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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Impact on Saudi Arabia, 2015</title><author><name sortKey="Faridi, Uzma" sort="Faridi, Uzma" uniqKey="Faridi U" first="Uzma" last="Faridi">Uzma Faridi</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">30505188</idno><idno type="pmc">6252006</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6252006</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6252006</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.09.020</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001404</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001404</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Impact on Saudi Arabia, 2015</title><author><name sortKey="Faridi, Uzma" sort="Faridi, Uzma" uniqKey="Faridi U" first="Uzma" last="Faridi">Uzma Faridi</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences</title><idno type="ISSN">1319-562X</idno><idno type="eISSN">2213-7106</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Middle East respiratory syndrome is the acute respiratory syndrome caused by betacoronavirus MERS-CoV. The first case of this disease was reported from Saudi Arabia in 2012. This virus is lethal and is a close relative of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which is responsible for more than 3000 deaths in 2002–2003. According to Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. The number of new cases is 457 in 2015. Riyadh has the highest number of reports in comparison to the other cities. According to this report, males are more susceptible than female, especially after the age of 40. Because of the awareness and early diagnosis the incidence is falling gradually. The pre-existence of another disease like cancer or diabetic etc. boosts the infection. MERS is a zoonotic disease and human to human transmission is low. The MERS-CoV is a RNA virus with protein envelope. On the outer surface, virus has spike like glycoprotein which is responsible for the attachment and entrance inside host cells. There is no specific treatment for the MERS-CoV till now, but drugs are in pipeline which bind with the spike glycoprotein and inhibit its entrance host cells. MERS-CoV and SAR-CoV are from the same genus, so it was thought that the drugs which inhibit the growth of SARS-CoV can also inhibit the growth of MERS-CoV but those drugs are not completely inhibiting virus activity. Until we don’t have proper structure and the treatment of MERS-CoV, We should take precautions, especially the health care workers, Camel owners and Pilgrims during Hajj and Umrah, because they are at a higher risk of getting infected.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Azhar, E I" uniqKey="Azhar E">E.I. Azhar</name></author><author><name sortKey="El Kafrawy, S A" uniqKey="El Kafrawy S">S.A. El-Kafrawy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farraj, S A" uniqKey="Farraj S">S.A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Saudi J Biol Sci</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Saudi J Biol Sci</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1319-562X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2213-7106</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">30505188</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6252006</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1319-562X(16)30118-8</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.09.020</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Impact on Saudi Arabia, 2015</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au005"><name><surname>Faridi</surname><given-names>Uzma</given-names></name><email>ufaridi@ut.edu.sa</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af005">Department of Biochemistry, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia</aff><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>1</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>11</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>1</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1402</fpage><lpage>1405</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>3</day><month>2</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>25</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>9</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 The Authors</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="ab005"><p>Middle East respiratory syndrome is the acute respiratory syndrome caused by betacoronavirus MERS-CoV. The first case of this disease was reported from Saudi Arabia in 2012. This virus is lethal and is a close relative of a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which is responsible for more than 3000 deaths in 2002–2003. According to Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia. The number of new cases is 457 in 2015. Riyadh has the highest number of reports in comparison to the other cities. According to this report, males are more susceptible than female, especially after the age of 40. Because of the awareness and early diagnosis the incidence is falling gradually. The pre-existence of another disease like cancer or diabetic etc. boosts the infection. MERS is a zoonotic disease and human to human transmission is low. The MERS-CoV is a RNA virus with protein envelope. On the outer surface, virus has spike like glycoprotein which is responsible for the attachment and entrance inside host cells. There is no specific treatment for the MERS-CoV till now, but drugs are in pipeline which bind with the spike glycoprotein and inhibit its entrance host cells. MERS-CoV and SAR-CoV are from the same genus, so it was thought that the drugs which inhibit the growth of SARS-CoV can also inhibit the growth of MERS-CoV but those drugs are not completely inhibiting virus activity. Until we don’t have proper structure and the treatment of MERS-CoV, We should take precautions, especially the health care workers, Camel owners and Pilgrims during Hajj and Umrah, because they are at a higher risk of getting infected.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="kg005"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>MERS-CoV</kwd><kwd>SARS</kwd><kwd>Betacoronavirus</kwd><kwd>Saudi Arabia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="s0005"><label>1</label><title>Introduction</title><p id="p0005">Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is an acute respiratory syndrome, Caused by MERS coronavirus or MERS-CoV. MERS is responsible for the death of more than 587 people all over the world from 2012 to 2015 (<xref rid="b0035" ref-type="bibr">MOH, 2015</xref>). First and the highest number of cases are reported from Saudi Arabia (<xref rid="b0075" ref-type="bibr">Zaki et al., 2012</xref>). Now in 24 countries MERS cases are reported (<xref rid="b0010" ref-type="bibr">Bermingham et al., 2012</xref>), in which Middle East countries are on the top. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) belong to the genera <italic>Alphacoronavirus</italic> and <italic>Betacoronavirus</italic>. Betacoronaviruses are further divided into four genetic clades, clade a to clade d (<xref rid="b0020" ref-type="bibr">Gorbalenya et al., 2004</xref>). MERS-CoV belongs to <italic>Betacoronavirus</italic> clade c. The other virus of this family is responsible for common cold except SARS, which is responsible for the death of more than 8400 cases and 800 deaths (<xref rid="b0065" ref-type="bibr">World Health Organization, 2014</xref>).</p><p id="p0010">Since its discovery, the virus has been described by various names like Human betacoronavirus 2c EMC, human betacoronavirus 2c England-Qatar, human betacoronavirus 2C Jordan-N3, betacoronavirus England 1 and novel coronavirus (NCoV) in different literatures (<xref rid="b0015" ref-type="bibr">Corman et al., 2014</xref>).</p><p id="p0015">To keep uniformity finally the virus has been described as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome by Coronavirus Study Group (CSG) as the first report was from Middle East country Saudi (<xref rid="b0015" ref-type="bibr">Corman et al., 2014</xref>).</p><p id="p0020">The first report of MERS-CoV was from a hospital in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia in September 2012, when Dr. Zaki from Egypt isolated it from the throat of a patient, who died because of severe respiratory and renal failure (<xref rid="b0025" ref-type="bibr">Groot et al., 2013</xref>). After that, the condition became alarming and more than 1600 cases have been reported from all over the world. MERS is a zoonotic disease and thought to be spread by camels (<xref rid="b0050" ref-type="bibr">Reusken et al., 2010</xref>). Human to human transmission is low (<xref rid="b0055" ref-type="bibr">Sharif-Yakan and Kanj, 2014</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s0010"><label>2</label><title>Origin of MERS-CoV and source of transmission</title><p id="p0025">The origin of MERS-CoV is still unknown but the phylogenic studies show that the main source of this virus is the camel (<xref rid="b0005" ref-type="bibr">Azhar et al., 2014</xref>), which got infected by African bats in past. Human to human transmission is limited in the case of MERS. Although, According to the current reports the transmission rate is decreasing but still this seems to be widely present in dromedary camels in the Middle East countries, the current report from Agriculture ministry of Saudi Arabia has conducted a test on 112 camels and have found that 85% of the animals carried a deadly MERS- CoV, transmission is expected to continue for a long period of time in these regions hence situation is not completely under control. Because of that reason people all over the world, especially in Middle East countries like Saudi Arabia should be aware of MERS, its causes, and symptoms (<xref rid="b0080" ref-type="bibr">Zumlaa et al., 2015</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="s0015"><label>3</label><title>Symptoms and risk factors</title><p id="p0030">The symptoms of MERS are not very specific Based on reports so far, people with pre-existing medical conditions (also called comorbidities) may be more likely to become infected with MERS-CoV, or have a severe case. (Pre-existing diseases like Diabetes, Cancer, Chronic lung, heart, and Kidney disease) Individuals with weak Immunity are also easy victims.</p></sec><sec id="s0020"><label>4</label><title>Structure and its relation with infection</title><p id="p0035">MERS-CoV is a single standard RNA virus with large protein envelope, where the protein covering holds around 30 kb long RNA. The outer surface of the envelope has a spike-like structure which is responsible for the infection. This spike-like structure is the glycoprotein. It has main protease and papain-like proteases which help in RNA binding synthesis and translation.</p><p id="p0040">The spike-like trimeric structure (S glycoprotein) on envelope interacts host cells and helps the virus to enter into it. Target cells have CD26 or dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP4) (<xref rid="b0045" ref-type="bibr">Raj et al., 2013</xref>), which acts as a receptor of S glycoprotein. The cells possessing this DDP4 (CD26) are present mainly in respiratory airways (<xref rid="b0060" ref-type="bibr">Wang et al., 2013</xref>). Different studies confirmed S glycoprotein is very important for viral infection and mutation in the spike coding genes causes impairment of viral binding with host cells.</p></sec><sec id="s0025"><label>5</label><title>Prevention is better than cure</title><p id="p0045">There is no specific treatment for the MERS-CoV till date, It was thought that the antiviral drugs which target main protease and papain-like protease of SARS-CoV can be effective for MERS also (because both the viruses are from same beta-corona virus family) but those drugs are not 100% effective on MERS (<xref rid="b0030" ref-type="bibr">Lei et al., 2014</xref>). Although MERS-CoV can be inhibited by type I interferons in vitro but patients will not be cured completely. Some drugs like ribavirin (plus IFNα2b) (<xref rid="b0040" ref-type="bibr">Omrani et al., 2014</xref>), cyclosporin A, and mycophenolic acid, Chloroquine, chlorpromazine, loperamide, and lopinavir inhibit MERS-CoV growth in vitro but their activity on the human is yet to be established. However, they can be the future drugs for MERS-CoV.</p><p id="p0050">“Prevention is better than Cure” is the best proverb for MERS until we have the specific treatment for MERS. Camel owners, health workers, and pilgrims are easiest targets for MERS-CoV so they should take extra precautions, like health workers should wear protective gears like gloves and masks while treating the patients, Camel owners should avoid direct contact with camel’s eye, nasal fluid, and faeces. Good infectious disease surveillance and control measures can prevent the major outbreak of MERS during mass gathering activities like Haj or Umrah.</p></sec><sec id="s0030"><label>6</label><title>Statistical analysis</title><p id="p0055">A total number of new cases and deaths reported all over the world are 1633 and 587 respectively because of this deadly virus MERS-CoV. (W.H.O. report 16 January 2016). Out of which 1280 cases are from Saudi Arabia alone, i.e. ∼78% of cases are from Saudi Arabia (MOH, Saudi Arabia). Second place is of the Republic of South Korea, where 175 cases were reported till June 2015.</p><p id="p0060">The Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia has done a commendable job to overcome this serious issue by spreading awareness, proper diagnosis and treatment which clearly shows the significant fall in a number of cases reported.</p><p id="p0065">In 2015 the number of cases reported is 457 which is way too low when compared to previous years. The highest number of new cases were reported in Riyadh (294), Al-Ahsa was in second place with 56 new cases. Followed by eastern region (21), Jeddah (17), Qassim (17), Najran (15), Taif (11) and Madinah (17). Other cities had only 18 cases out of 457 (<xref rid="f0005" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>). (MOH 27 December 2014 to 29 December 2015).<fig id="f0005"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Total number of cases in different cities of Saudi Arabia in 2015.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr1_lrg"></graphic></fig></p><p id="p0070">Riyadh is the most heavily populated city in Saudi Arabia with a number of hospitals where patients from other areas come for treatment, and it has a significant number of camel markets. Because of this Riyadh is found to be the number one city where the most number of MERS cases have been reported.</p><p id="p0075">The ratio of males over the female was high, 66% male and 34% of female were infected (<xref rid="f0010" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>). The number of males and females was 299 and 153. (For 3 cases no data available). The number of males with an age group of 40 and above were 77.5% of total infected males (<xref rid="f0015" ref-type="fig">Fig. 3</xref>). The patients below 20 were found to be only two (2 and 14 years respectively). In females, the number was 69% for the age group 40 and above (<xref rid="f0020" ref-type="fig">Fig. 4</xref>). (MOH 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015).<fig id="f0010"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Ratio of male and female patients infected with MERS-CoV.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr2_lrg"></graphic></fig><fig id="f0015"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Total number of infected males and their percentage according to the age.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr3_lrg"></graphic></fig><fig id="f0020"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Total number of infected females and their percentage according to the age.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr4_lrg"></graphic></fig></p><p id="p0080">(All the static data used in this article are obtained from the sites of MOH, Saudi Arabia, and W.H.O., Google scholar and is easily accessible.)</p></sec><sec id="s0035"><label>7</label><title>Conclusion</title><p id="p0085">The incidences are getting reduced because of the awareness of the disease but still we don’t have a particular drug or vaccine against MERS-CoV. There is a great need for a new drug for the treatment of this deadly virus and vaccine to prevent the disease. Many research laboratories are working to understand the disease completely and to discover the drug or vaccine for MERS-CoV. So we can hope that in future MERS will be treatable as common Cold.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="bi005"><title>References</title><ref id="b0005"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="h0005"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Azhar</surname><given-names>E.I.</given-names></name><name><surname>El-Kafrawy</surname><given-names>S.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Farraj</surname><given-names>S.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hassan</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Al-Saeed</surname><given-names>M.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hashem</surname></name></person-group><article-title>Evidence for camel-to-human transmission of MERS coronavirus</article-title><source>N. Engl. 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