What's trending in the infection prevention and control literature? From HIS 2012 to HIS 2014, and beyond
Identifieur interne : 001367 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 001366; suivant : 001368What's trending in the infection prevention and control literature? From HIS 2012 to HIS 2014, and beyond
Auteurs : J. A. OtterSource :
- The Journal of Hospital Infection [ 0195-6701 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
This is an informal review of some of the trends in the infection prevention and control literature since the last Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) conference in late 2012. Google Trends was used to investigate how the volume of interest in various infection control topics had changed over time. Ebola trumped all the others in Google searches, reflecting a surge of publications in the literature. Aside from Ebola, other trends in the infection prevention and control literature covered in this article include Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, universal versus targeted interventions, faecal microbiota transplantation, whole genome sequencing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and some aspects of environmental science. The review ends with an attempt to predict some of the trends in the infection prevention and control literature between now and the next HIS conference in 2016.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.02.004
PubMed: 25774048
PubMed Central: 7114664
Links to Exploration step
PMC:7114664Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">What's trending in the infection prevention and control literature? From HIS 2012 to HIS 2014, and beyond</title>
<author><name sortKey="Otter, J A" sort="Otter, J A" uniqKey="Otter J" first="J. A." last="Otter">J. A. Otter</name>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">25774048</idno>
<idno type="pmc">7114664</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114664</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:7114664</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1016/j.jhin.2015.02.004</idno>
<date when="2015">2015</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001367</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001367</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">What's trending in the infection prevention and control literature? From HIS 2012 to HIS 2014, and beyond</title>
<author><name sortKey="Otter, J A" sort="Otter, J A" uniqKey="Otter J" first="J. A." last="Otter">J. A. Otter</name>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">The Journal of Hospital Infection</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0195-6701</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1532-2939</idno>
<imprint><date when="2015">2015</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title>
<p>This is an informal review of some of the trends in the infection prevention and control literature since the last Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) conference in late 2012. Google Trends was used to investigate how the volume of interest in various infection control topics had changed over time. Ebola trumped all the others in Google searches, reflecting a surge of publications in the literature. Aside from Ebola, other trends in the infection prevention and control literature covered in this article include Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, universal versus targeted interventions, faecal microbiota transplantation, whole genome sequencing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and some aspects of environmental science. The review ends with an attempt to predict some of the trends in the infection prevention and control literature between now and the next HIS conference in 2016.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Groot, R J" uniqKey="De Groot R">R.J. de Groot</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baker, S C" uniqKey="Baker S">S.C. Baker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baric, R S" uniqKey="Baric R">R.S. Baric</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zaki, A M" uniqKey="Zaki A">A.M. Zaki</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Van Boheemen, S" uniqKey="Van Boheemen S">S. van Boheemen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bestebroer, T M" uniqKey="Bestebroer T">T.M. Bestebroer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osterhaus, A D" uniqKey="Osterhaus A">A.D. Osterhaus</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fouchier, R A" uniqKey="Fouchier R">R.A. Fouchier</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hui, D S" uniqKey="Hui D">D.S. Hui</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Memish, Z A" uniqKey="Memish Z">Z.A. Memish</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zumla, A" uniqKey="Zumla A">A. Zumla</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hui, D S" uniqKey="Hui D">D.S. Hui</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Holmes, D" uniqKey="Holmes D">D. Holmes</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bischoff, W E" uniqKey="Bischoff W">W.E. Bischoff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Swett, K" uniqKey="Swett K">K. Swett</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leng, I" uniqKey="Leng I">I. Leng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peters, T R" uniqKey="Peters T">T.R. Peters</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mabey, D" uniqKey="Mabey D">D. Mabey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Flasche, S" uniqKey="Flasche S">S. Flasche</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edmunds, W J" uniqKey="Edmunds W">W.J. Edmunds</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Drazen, J M" uniqKey="Drazen J">J.M. Drazen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kanapathipillai, R" uniqKey="Kanapathipillai R">R. Kanapathipillai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campion, E W" uniqKey="Campion E">E.W. Campion</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ftika, L" uniqKey="Ftika L">L. Ftika</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maltezou, H C" uniqKey="Maltezou H">H.C. Maltezou</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, L M" uniqKey="Lee L">L.M. Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henderson, D K" uniqKey="Henderson D">D.K. Henderson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bausch, D G" uniqKey="Bausch D">D.G. Bausch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Towner, J S" uniqKey="Towner J">J.S. Towner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dowell, S F" uniqKey="Dowell S">S.F. Dowell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Forrester, J D" uniqKey="Forrester J">J.D. Forrester</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hunter, J C" uniqKey="Hunter J">J.C. Hunter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pillai, S K" uniqKey="Pillai S">S.K. Pillai</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Doremalen, N" uniqKey="Van Doremalen N">N. van Doremalen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bushmaker, T" uniqKey="Bushmaker T">T. Bushmaker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Munster, V J" uniqKey="Munster V">V.J. Munster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sagripanti, J L" uniqKey="Sagripanti J">J.L. Sagripanti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rom, A M" uniqKey="Rom A">A.M. Rom</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holland, L E" uniqKey="Holland L">L.E. Holland</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Piercy, T J" uniqKey="Piercy T">T.J. Piercy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smither, S J" uniqKey="Smither S">S.J. Smither</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Steward, J A" uniqKey="Steward J">J.A. Steward</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eastaugh, L" uniqKey="Eastaugh L">L. Eastaugh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lever, M S" uniqKey="Lever M">M.S. Lever</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yamin, D" uniqKey="Yamin D">D. Yamin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gertler, S" uniqKey="Gertler S">S. Gertler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ndeffo Mbah, M L" uniqKey="Ndeffo Mbah M">M.L. Ndeffo-Mbah</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Edmond, M B" uniqKey="Edmond M">M.B. Edmond</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diekema, D J" uniqKey="Diekema D">D.J. Diekema</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perencevich, E N" uniqKey="Perencevich E">E.N. Perencevich</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Klompas, M" uniqKey="Klompas M">M. Klompas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diekema, D J" uniqKey="Diekema D">D.J. Diekema</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fishman, N O" uniqKey="Fishman N">N.O. Fishman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yokoe, D S" uniqKey="Yokoe D">D.S. Yokoe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fischer, W A" uniqKey="Fischer W">W.A. Fischer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hynes, N A" uniqKey="Hynes N">N.A. Hynes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perl, T M" uniqKey="Perl T">T.M. Perl</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Septimus, E" uniqKey="Septimus E">E. Septimus</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weinstein, R A" uniqKey="Weinstein R">R.A. Weinstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perl, T M" uniqKey="Perl T">T.M. Perl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goldman, D A" uniqKey="Goldman D">D.A. Goldman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yokoe, D S" uniqKey="Yokoe D">D.S. Yokoe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wenzel, R P" uniqKey="Wenzel R">R.P. Wenzel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edmond, M B" uniqKey="Edmond M">M.B. Edmond</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Derde, L P" uniqKey="Derde L">L.P. Derde</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cooper, B S" uniqKey="Cooper B">B.S. Cooper</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goossens, H" uniqKey="Goossens H">H. Goossens</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Climo, M W" uniqKey="Climo M">M.W. Climo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yokoe, D S" uniqKey="Yokoe D">D.S. Yokoe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Warren, D K" uniqKey="Warren D">D.K. Warren</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Milstone, A M" uniqKey="Milstone A">A.M. Milstone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elward, A" uniqKey="Elward A">A. Elward</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Song, X" uniqKey="Song X">X. Song</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huang, S S" uniqKey="Huang S">S.S. Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Septimus, E" uniqKey="Septimus E">E. Septimus</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kleinman, K" uniqKey="Kleinman K">K. Kleinman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Jonge, E" uniqKey="De Jonge E">E. de Jonge</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schultz, M J" uniqKey="Schultz M">M.J. Schultz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spanjaard, L" uniqKey="Spanjaard L">L. Spanjaard</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Smet, A M" uniqKey="De Smet A">A.M. de Smet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kluytmans, J A" uniqKey="Kluytmans J">J.A. Kluytmans</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cooper, B S" uniqKey="Cooper B">B.S. Cooper</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oostdijk, E A" uniqKey="Oostdijk E">E.A. Oostdijk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kesecioglu, J" uniqKey="Kesecioglu J">J. Kesecioglu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schultz, M J" uniqKey="Schultz M">M.J. Schultz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Saidel Odes, L" uniqKey="Saidel Odes L">L. Saidel-Odes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Polachek, H" uniqKey="Polachek H">H. Polachek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peled, N" uniqKey="Peled N">N. Peled</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tosh, P K" uniqKey="Tosh P">P.K. Tosh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, L C" uniqKey="Mcdonald L">L.C. McDonald</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lubbert, C" uniqKey="Lubbert C">C. Lubbert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Faucheux, S" uniqKey="Faucheux S">S. Faucheux</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Becker Rux, D" uniqKey="Becker Rux D">D. Becker-Rux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buelow, E" uniqKey="Buelow E">E. Buelow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gonzalez, T B" uniqKey="Gonzalez T">T.B. Gonzalez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Versluis, D" uniqKey="Versluis D">D. Versluis</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Otter, J A" uniqKey="Otter J">J.A. Otter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Patel, A" uniqKey="Patel A">A. Patel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cliff, P R" uniqKey="Cliff P">P.R. Cliff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Halligan, E P" uniqKey="Halligan E">E.P. Halligan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tosas, O" uniqKey="Tosas O">O. Tosas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Edgeworth, J D" uniqKey="Edgeworth J">J.D. Edgeworth</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Suwantarat, N" uniqKey="Suwantarat N">N. Suwantarat</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carroll, K C" uniqKey="Carroll K">K.C. Carroll</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tekle, T" uniqKey="Tekle T">T. Tekle</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harris, A D" uniqKey="Harris A">A.D. Harris</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pineles, L" uniqKey="Pineles L">L. Pineles</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Belton, B" uniqKey="Belton B">B. Belton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dhar, S" uniqKey="Dhar S">S. Dhar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marchaim, D" uniqKey="Marchaim D">D. Marchaim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tansek, R" uniqKey="Tansek R">R. Tansek</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Loveday, H P" uniqKey="Loveday H">H.P. Loveday</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lynam, S" uniqKey="Lynam S">S. Lynam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Singleton, J" uniqKey="Singleton J">J. Singleton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, J" uniqKey="Wilson J">J. Wilson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pennington, H" uniqKey="Pennington H">H. Pennington</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Isles, C" uniqKey="Isles C">C. Isles</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Teltsch, D Y" uniqKey="Teltsch D">D.Y. Teltsch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hanley, J" uniqKey="Hanley J">J. Hanley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Loo, V" uniqKey="Loo V">V. Loo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goldberg, P" uniqKey="Goldberg P">P. Goldberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gursahaney, A" uniqKey="Gursahaney A">A. Gursahaney</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buckeridge, D L" uniqKey="Buckeridge D">D.L. Buckeridge</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Levin, P D" uniqKey="Levin P">P.D. Levin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Golovanevski, M" uniqKey="Golovanevski M">M. Golovanevski</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moses, A E" uniqKey="Moses A">A.E. Moses</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sprung, C L" uniqKey="Sprung C">C.L. Sprung</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Benenson, S" uniqKey="Benenson S">S. Benenson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Borg, M A" uniqKey="Borg M">M.A. Borg</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haill, C F" uniqKey="Haill C">C.F. Haill</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Newell, P" uniqKey="Newell P">P. Newell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ford, C" uniqKey="Ford C">C. Ford</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moore, G" uniqKey="Moore G">G. Moore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ali, S" uniqKey="Ali S">S. Ali</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fitzgerald, G" uniqKey="Fitzgerald G">G. FitzGerald</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barlas, D" uniqKey="Barlas D">D. Barlas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sama, A E" uniqKey="Sama A">A.E. Sama</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ward, M F" uniqKey="Ward M">M.F. Ward</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lesser, M L" uniqKey="Lesser M">M.L. Lesser</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maben, J" uniqKey="Maben J">J. Maben</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stelfox, H T" uniqKey="Stelfox H">H.T. Stelfox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bates, D W" uniqKey="Bates D">D.W. Bates</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Redelmeier, D A" uniqKey="Redelmeier D">D.A. Redelmeier</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tarzi, S" uniqKey="Tarzi S">S. Tarzi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kennedy, P" uniqKey="Kennedy P">P. Kennedy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stone, S" uniqKey="Stone S">S. Stone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Evans, M" uniqKey="Evans M">M. Evans</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Young, P" uniqKey="Young P">P. Young</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yarandipour, R" uniqKey="Yarandipour R">R. Yarandipour</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mooney, H" uniqKey="Mooney H">H. Mooney</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Nood, E" uniqKey="Van Nood E">E. van Nood</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vrieze, A" uniqKey="Vrieze A">A. Vrieze</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nieuwdorp, M" uniqKey="Nieuwdorp M">M. Nieuwdorp</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Youngster, I" uniqKey="Youngster I">I. Youngster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Russell, G H" uniqKey="Russell G">G.H. Russell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pindar, C" uniqKey="Pindar C">C. Pindar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ziv Baran, T" uniqKey="Ziv Baran T">T. Ziv-Baran</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sauk, J" uniqKey="Sauk J">J. Sauk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hohmann, E L" uniqKey="Hohmann E">E.L. Hohmann</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawley, T D" uniqKey="Lawley T">T.D. Lawley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clare, S" uniqKey="Clare S">S. Clare</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Walker, A W" uniqKey="Walker A">A.W. Walker</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Eyre, D W" uniqKey="Eyre D">D.W. Eyre</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cule, M L" uniqKey="Cule M">M.L. Cule</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, D J" uniqKey="Wilson D">D.J. Wilson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Curry, S R" uniqKey="Curry S">S.R. Curry</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Muto, C A" uniqKey="Muto C">C.A. Muto</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schlackman, J L" uniqKey="Schlackman J">J.L. Schlackman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Snitkin, E S" uniqKey="Snitkin E">E.S. Snitkin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zelazny, A M" uniqKey="Zelazny A">A.M. Zelazny</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomas, P J" uniqKey="Thomas P">P.J. Thomas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Us Centers For Disease Control And Prevention" uniqKey="Us Centers For Disease Control And Prevention">US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Public Health England" uniqKey="Public Health England">Public Health England</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network Ears Net" uniqKey="European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network Ears Net">European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net)</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monaco, M" uniqKey="Monaco M">M. Monaco</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giani, T" uniqKey="Giani T">T. Giani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raffone, M" uniqKey="Raffone M">M. Raffone</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Centers For Disease Control And Prevention" uniqKey="Centers For Disease Control And Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, M Y" uniqKey="Lin M">M.Y. Lin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lyles Banks, R D" uniqKey="Lyles Banks R">R.D. Lyles-Banks</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lolans, K" uniqKey="Lolans K">K. Lolans</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tacconelli, E" uniqKey="Tacconelli E">E. Tacconelli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cataldo, M A" uniqKey="Cataldo M">M.A. Cataldo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dancer, S J" uniqKey="Dancer S">S.J. Dancer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Otter, J A" uniqKey="Otter J">J.A. Otter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yezli, S" uniqKey="Yezli S">S. Yezli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Perl, T M" uniqKey="Perl T">T.M. Perl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Barbut, F" uniqKey="Barbut F">F. Barbut</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="French, G L" uniqKey="French G">G.L. French</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Passaretti, C L" uniqKey="Passaretti C">C.L. Passaretti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Otter, J A" uniqKey="Otter J">J.A. Otter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reich, N G" uniqKey="Reich N">N.G. Reich</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcdonald, L C" uniqKey="Mcdonald L">L.C. McDonald</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arduino, M" uniqKey="Arduino M">M. Arduino</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jinadatha, C" uniqKey="Jinadatha C">C. Jinadatha</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Quezada, R" uniqKey="Quezada R">R. Quezada</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huber, T W" uniqKey="Huber T">T.W. Huber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Williams, J B" uniqKey="Williams J">J.B. Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zeber, J E" uniqKey="Zeber J">J.E. Zeber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Copeland, L A" uniqKey="Copeland L">L.A. Copeland</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, D J" uniqKey="Anderson D">D.J. Anderson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gergen, M F" uniqKey="Gergen M">M.F. Gergen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smathers, E" uniqKey="Smathers E">E. Smathers</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Havill, N L" uniqKey="Havill N">N.L. Havill</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moore, B A" uniqKey="Moore B">B.A. Moore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyce, J M" uniqKey="Boyce J">J.M. Boyce</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mahida, N" uniqKey="Mahida N">N. Mahida</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vaughan, N" uniqKey="Vaughan N">N. Vaughan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boswell, T" uniqKey="Boswell T">T. Boswell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Levin, J" uniqKey="Levin J">J. Levin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riley, L S" uniqKey="Riley L">L.S. Riley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Parrish, C" uniqKey="Parrish C">C. Parrish</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="English, D" uniqKey="English D">D. English</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ahn, S" uniqKey="Ahn S">S. Ahn</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Otter, J A" uniqKey="Otter J">J.A. Otter</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salgado, C D" uniqKey="Salgado C">C.D. Salgado</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sepkowitz, K A" uniqKey="Sepkowitz K">K.A. Sepkowitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="John, J F" uniqKey="John J">J.F. John</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Salgado, C D" uniqKey="Salgado C">C.D. Salgado</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sepkowitz, K A" uniqKey="Sepkowitz K">K.A. Sepkowitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="John, J F" uniqKey="John J">J.F. John</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harbarth, S" uniqKey="Harbarth S">S. Harbarth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Maiwald, M" uniqKey="Maiwald M">M. Maiwald</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dancer, S J" uniqKey="Dancer S">S.J. Dancer</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barnes, S L" uniqKey="Barnes S">S.L. Barnes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morgan, D J" uniqKey="Morgan D">D.J. Morgan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harris, A D" uniqKey="Harris A">A.D. Harris</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Carling, P C" uniqKey="Carling P">P.C. Carling</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thom, K A" uniqKey="Thom K">K.A. Thom</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vickery, K" uniqKey="Vickery K">K. Vickery</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Deva, A" uniqKey="Deva A">A. Deva</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jacombs, A" uniqKey="Jacombs A">A. Jacombs</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Allan, J" uniqKey="Allan J">J. Allan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Valente, P" uniqKey="Valente P">P. Valente</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gosbell, I B" uniqKey="Gosbell I">I.B. Gosbell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Espinal, P" uniqKey="Espinal P">P. Espinal</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marti, S" uniqKey="Marti S">S. Marti</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vila, J" uniqKey="Vila J">J. Vila</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Otter, J A" uniqKey="Otter J">J.A. Otter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vickery, K" uniqKey="Vickery K">K. Vickery</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Walker, J" uniqKey="Walker J">J. Walker</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dyar, O J" uniqKey="Dyar O">O.J. Dyar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Castro Sanchez, E" uniqKey="Castro Sanchez E">E. Castro-Sanchez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Holmes, A H" uniqKey="Holmes A">A.H. Holmes</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Hosp Infect</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Hosp. Infect</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>The Journal of Hospital Infection</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0195-6701</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1532-2939</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Published by Elsevier Ltd.</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25774048</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7114664</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0195-6701(15)00073-0</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jhin.2015.02.004</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>What's trending in the infection prevention and control literature? From HIS 2012 to HIS 2014, and beyond</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au1"><name><surname>Otter</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
<email>jonathan.otter@kcl.ac.uk</email>
<xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">∗</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="aff1">Centre for Clinical Infection and Diagnostics Research (CIDR), Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, and Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 9RT, UK</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>∗</label>
Tel.: +44 (0)207 188 7188. <email>jonathan.otter@kcl.ac.uk</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>21</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day>
<month>2</month>
<year>2015</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>89</volume>
<issue>4</issue>
<fpage>229</fpage>
<lpage>236</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>4</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>11</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder></copyright-holder>
<license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="abs0010"><title>Summary</title>
<p>This is an informal review of some of the trends in the infection prevention and control literature since the last Healthcare Infection Society (HIS) conference in late 2012. Google Trends was used to investigate how the volume of interest in various infection control topics had changed over time. Ebola trumped all the others in Google searches, reflecting a surge of publications in the literature. Aside from Ebola, other trends in the infection prevention and control literature covered in this article include Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus, universal versus targeted interventions, faecal microbiota transplantation, whole genome sequencing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, and some aspects of environmental science. The review ends with an attempt to predict some of the trends in the infection prevention and control literature between now and the next HIS conference in 2016.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group id="kwrds0010"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>CRE</kwd>
<kwd>Ebola</kwd>
<kwd>Environmental science</kwd>
<kwd>Faecal microbiota transplantation</kwd>
<kwd>Infection prevention and control</kwd>
<kwd>MERS</kwd>
<kwd>Targeted interventions</kwd>
<kwd>Trends</kwd>
<kwd>Universal interventions</kwd>
<kwd>Whole genome sequencing</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body><sec id="sec1"><title>Introduction</title>
<p id="p0010">To track some of the trends in the infection prevention and control literature since the last HIS conference in late 2012, I plugged some search terms into Google Trends (a facility that compares the variation in volume of searches for selected terms over time). One infection control trend trumped all others: Ebola (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Figure 1</xref>
, <xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">Figure 2</xref>
). Whereas trends in Google searches may not necessarily correlate with trends in the infection prevention and control literature, in this case it is true that the outbreak of Ebola in West Africa has prompted a lot of publications in the literature – as well as consuming an awful lot of professional time for all who are connected with hospital infection prevention and control! Aside from Ebola, other trends in the infection prevention and control literature covered in this article include Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), universal versus targeted interventions, faecal microbiota transplantation, whole genome sequencing, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), and some aspects of environmental science. Finally, I attempt to predict some of the trends in the infection prevention and control literature between now and the next HIS conference in 2016.<fig id="fig1"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><p>Google trends for all search terms (excluding viruses) (2004 to present). Logos and arrows represent the time of the HIS 2012 and HIS 2014 conferences. Search terms: hospital cleaning, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, whole genome sequencing, fecal microbiota transplantation. Google Trends does not return the number of searches <italic>per se</italic>
, but gives a relative number of results per unit time on a 0‒100 scale.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr1_lrg"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="fig2"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><p>Google trends for all search terms (2004 to present). Logos and arrows represent the time of the HIS 2012 and HIS 2014 conferences. The first peak corresponds to when Ebola was declared a global public health emergency by the World Health Organization, and the second peak corresponds to the first case of Ebola diagnosed in the USA. Search terms: hospital cleaning, carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae, whole genome sequencing, fecal microbiota transplantation, Ebola. Google Trends does not return the number of searches <italic>per se</italic>
, but gives a relative number of results per unit time on a 0–100 scale.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr2_lrg"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec2"><title>Ebola, MERS, influenza</title>
<p id="p0015">A few weeks before HIS 2012, a novel coronavirus was reported in Saudi Arabia that was subsequently named Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
, <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
Much like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus before it, MERS-CoV is associated with unnervingly high mortality (∼30%), and its potential for airborne dissemination, gastrointestinal shedding, and asymptomatic carriage present infection prevention and control challenges.<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
Most of the 600 cases reported to date have occurred in the Middle East (mainly Saudi Arabia) but a few cases have occurred elsewhere, including the UK and USA.<xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr"><sup>4</sup>
</xref>
The management of MERS in Saudi Arabia has been shrouded in controversy, with ‘missing’ cases reported months after they occurred.<xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr"><sup>5</sup>
</xref>
How to safely manage MERS-CoV in developed healthcare systems has also been controversial, with questions over whether airborne or droplet precautions are necessary to contain the virus. Recent data indicate that small droplet nuclei may be emitted most of the time by influenza-infected patients, which argues for airborne precautions for MERS-CoV.<xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr"><sup>6</sup>
</xref>
A hospital outbreak in Jeddah in Saudi Arabia put the world on red alert in preparation for a pandemic, but that outbreak was contained and few cases are being reported currently.</p>
<p id="p0020">By contrast, the outbreak of Ebola infection continues unabated in West Africa. There have been more than 10,000 cases in the current outbreak, around five times more cases of Ebola than had ever been reported prior to this outbreak. Furthermore, the three secondary transmissions that have occurred from the 13 cases cared for outside of West Africa to date (two in the USA and one in Spain) have pushed the Ebola crisis to the top of the agenda of many hospitals around the world. This has led to a degree of politicization, where regional and national decisions are made for political reasons rather than based on evidence, resulting in measures such as mandatory quarantine, airport screening, and immigration bans.<xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
, <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
</p>
<p id="p0025">Politicization aside, research performed during the current outbreak has provided some new insight into the epidemiology of Ebola. It is most usually transmitted through direct contact with blood or body fluids including droplet sprays (through broken skin or mucous membranes).<xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
, <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
However, transmission can also occur though indirect contact with contaminated environments.<xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
, <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
, <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
, <xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
Indeed, one outbreak report from Sierra Leone identified incorrect personal protective equipment (PPE) for cleaning staff as a likely contributor to transmission.<xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr"><sup>12</sup>
</xref>
Furthermore, despite being enveloped viruses, Ebola (and indeed MERS-CoV) has the capacity to survive on dry surfaces for days, not hours.<xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
, <xref rid="bib14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
, <xref rid="bib15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
One study even suggests an Ebola survival time measured in weeks, but this study was done at 4°C, so does not represent field conditions.<xref rid="bib15" ref-type="bibr"><sup>15</sup>
</xref>
These in-vitro survival times combined with the potential for blood and body fluid contamination argue for careful attention to cleaning and disinfection when caring for patients with Ebola virus disease.</p>
<p id="p0030">Several studies have evaluated the basic reproductive number (<italic>R</italic>
<sub>0</sub>
) for Ebola infection in field settings, which seems to be ∼2. One study found that <italic>R</italic>
<sub>0</sub>
is significantly higher in non-survivors (2.36) than in survivors (0.66), reinforcing the suggestion that contact with patients in the latter stages of disease is the most important risk factor for acquiring Ebola virus.<xref rid="bib16" ref-type="bibr"><sup>16</sup>
</xref>
</p>
<p id="p0035">Another area of controversy has been the appropriate type of PPE when dealing with Ebola. Earlier US recommendations were upgraded following the transmissions in Dallas, and now recommend a ‘no skin in the game’ approach, where all skin is covered.<xref rid="bib17" ref-type="bibr"><sup>17</sup>
</xref>
However, having the right PPE policy is only part of the solution – you also need to ensure PPE supply and that staff know how to don and doff it safely.<xref rid="bib18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>
, <xref rid="bib19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec3"><title>Universal versus targeted interventions</title>
<p id="p0040">Several high-profile studies have suggested that we should move away from ‘targeted’ interventions, particularly screening and decolonization, towards ‘universal’ interventions such as chlorhexidine daily bathing for all intensive care unit (ICU) patients.<xref rid="bib20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>
, <xref rid="bib21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>
The most persuasive evidence for a universal approach involves the use of chlorhexidine for daily bathing for all ICU patients. It is worth noting, in passing, that this is not a truly universal approach since it is applied to a targeted population! The studies are impressive, especially in terms of design and to a lesser degree in terms of impact (<xref rid="tbl1" ref-type="table">Table I</xref>
).<xref rid="bib22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>
, <xref rid="bib23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>
, <xref rid="bib24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>
, <xref rid="bib25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>
Similarly, the use of antibiotics for selective digestive decontamination (SDD) or selective oral decontamination (SOD) has been advocated for all ICU patients. Again, the study design and impact are impressive, with reduced transmission and reduced mortality (<xref rid="tbl2" ref-type="table">Table II</xref>
).<xref rid="bib26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>
, <xref rid="bib27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>
, <xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
, <xref rid="bib29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>
However, indiscriminate use of biocides (such as chlorhexidine) and especially antibiotics is not without ‘collateral damage’.<xref rid="bib30" ref-type="bibr"><sup>30</sup>
</xref>
Several studies have reported increased antibiotic resistance associated with SOD and SDD, and other studies have reported reduced bacterial susceptibility associated with universal use of chlorhexidine.<xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>
, <xref rid="bib31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>
, <xref rid="bib32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>
, <xref rid="bib33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>
, <xref rid="bib34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>
So we need to consider carefully the downside before wholeheartedly adopting universal decolonization.<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl1"><label>Table I</label>
<caption><p>Studies of ‘universal’ chlorhexidine daily bathing, with or without other interventions</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Study</th>
<th>Setting</th>
<th>Design</th>
<th>Intervention</th>
<th>Results</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td>Derde <italic>et al.</italic>
<xref rid="bib22" ref-type="bibr"><sup>22</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td>ICU</td>
<td>Time-series analysis</td>
<td>Universal CHG plus hand hygiene</td>
<td>Reduction in all MDROs and MRSA (but not VRE or ESBLs)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Climo <italic>et al.</italic>
<xref rid="bib23" ref-type="bibr"><sup>23</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td>ICU</td>
<td>Cluster RCT</td>
<td>Universal CHG</td>
<td>Reductions in MRSA/VRE acquisition and all BSI; BSI mainly CoNS</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Milstone <italic>et al.</italic>
<xref rid="bib24" ref-type="bibr"><sup>24</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td>Paediatric ICU</td>
<td>Cluster RCT</td>
<td>Universal CHG</td>
<td>BSI reduced; mainly CoNS</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Huang <italic>et al.</italic>
<xref rid="bib25" ref-type="bibr"><sup>25</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td>ICU</td>
<td>Cluster RCT</td>
<td>Universal CHG + mupirocin</td>
<td>Reduction in MRSA clinical isolates and all BSI; MRSA BSI not reduced</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ICU, intensive care unit; CHG, chlorhexidine gluconate; MDROs, multidrug-resistant organisms; MRSA, meticillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
; VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producer; RCT, randomized controlled trial; BSI, bloodstream infection; CoNS, coagulase-negative staphylococci.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl2"><label>Table II</label>
<caption><p>Studies of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) or selective oral decontamination (SOD)</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Study</th>
<th>Setting</th>
<th>Design</th>
<th>Intervention</th>
<th>Results</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td>de Jong <italic>et al.</italic>
<xref rid="bib26" ref-type="bibr"><sup>26</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td>ICU</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>SDD</td>
<td>Mortality and acquisition of MDR-GNB reduced</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>de Smet <italic>et al.</italic>
<xref rid="bib27" ref-type="bibr"><sup>27</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td>ICU</td>
<td>Cluster RCT</td>
<td>SDD or SOD</td>
<td>Both SOD and SDD reduced mortality</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Oostdijk <italic>et al.</italic>
<xref rid="bib28" ref-type="bibr"><sup>28</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td>ICU</td>
<td>Cluster RCT</td>
<td>SDD vs SOD</td>
<td>No significant difference in mortality, but SDD → more antibiotic resistance</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Saidel-Odes <italic>et al.</italic>
<xref rid="bib29" ref-type="bibr"><sup>29</sup>
</xref>
</td>
<td>Adults</td>
<td>RCT</td>
<td>SDD</td>
<td>Reduced, but did not eliminate, CRE colonization</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn><p>ICU, intensive care unit; RCT, randomized controlled trial; MDR-GNB, multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli; CRE, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p id="p0045">Another universal strategy that has been evaluated recently is the universal use of gloves and gowns for the care of ICU patients.<xref rid="bib35" ref-type="bibr"><sup>35</sup>
</xref>
This impressive cluster-randomized controlled trial failed to meet the primary endpoint [a reduction in a composite measure of MRSA and vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)], although MRSA was reduced. Furthermore, compliance with glove and gowning was high in the study (85%) whereas another study monitoring glove and gown use in the real world recorded much lower compliance (29%).<xref rid="bib36" ref-type="bibr"><sup>36</sup>
</xref>
Compliance with correct use of gloves and gowns fell as the proportion of patients on contact precautions increased.<xref rid="bib36" ref-type="bibr"><sup>36</sup>
</xref>
Also, the ‘over-use’ of gloves can result in unexpected risks, for example, wearing the same pair of gloves for too long.<xref rid="bib37" ref-type="bibr"><sup>37</sup>
</xref>
So there is unlikely to be a rush of hospitals implementing universal glove and gown policies.</p>
<p id="p0050">The question of whether all patients should be given a single room was the subject of a recent <italic>BMJ</italic>
debate.<xref rid="bib38" ref-type="bibr"><sup>38</sup>
</xref>
Single rooms are associated with lower rates of healthcare-associated infection, some patients report high levels of satisfaction, and the reduction in interruptions during patient contact leads to fewer ‘mix-up’ errors.<xref rid="bib39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>
, <xref rid="bib40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>
, <xref rid="bib41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>
, <xref rid="bib42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>
, <xref rid="bib43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>
, <xref rid="bib44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>
, <xref rid="bib45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
On the other hand, caring for patients in multi-occupancy bays is associated with a reduced risk of adverse events, patients in single rooms often report less social contact and feelings of isolation, and bays require a lower staffing ratio.<xref rid="bib45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>
, <xref rid="bib46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>
, <xref rid="bib47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>
, <xref rid="bib48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>
, <xref rid="bib49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>
So, should hospitals provide all patients with single rooms? The jury is out.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec4"><title>Faecal microbiota transplantation</title>
<p id="p0055">A stunning study published in the <italic>New England Journal of Medicine</italic>
evaluated the impact of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for the treatment of recurrent <italic>C. difficile</italic>
infection (CDI) (<xref rid="fig3" ref-type="fig">Figure 3</xref>
).<xref rid="bib50" ref-type="bibr"><sup>50</sup>
</xref>
Patients were randomized to receive either FMT or standard vancomycin treatment. The cure rate with FMT was >90% compared with ∼30% for vancomycin. The difference was so stark that the trial was stopped early. It therefore seems that FMT will soon become the standard of care for recurrent CDI. However, FMT as it stands is currently crude, in every sense, involving an infusion of donor stool. Another option is an oral dose of donor stool in carefully developed capsules, known colloquially as ‘crapsules’, which is as effective as a duodenal infusion.<xref rid="bib51" ref-type="bibr"><sup>51</sup>
</xref>
Finally, we are moving ever closer to a ‘synthetic’ FMT, using a carefully configured live bacterial cocktail.<xref rid="bib52" ref-type="bibr"><sup>52</sup>
</xref>
<fig id="fig3"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><p>Faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) for recurrent <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>
infection (CDI). Patients with recurrent CDI randomized to FMT (<italic>n</italic>
= 16), vancomycin (<italic>n</italic>
= 12) or vancomycin plus bowel lavage (<italic>n</italic>
= 13).<xref rid="bib50" ref-type="bibr"><sup>50</sup>
</xref>
</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr3_lrg"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
<p id="p0060">However, recurrent CDI is just the first of many potential applications for FMT. As well as aiming to develop microbiome-sparing therapy, we should be advancing techniques to maintain and restore indigenous microbiota.<xref rid="bib30" ref-type="bibr"><sup>30</sup>
</xref>
This could be applied not only for the treatment of disease, but also for decolonization of people carrying pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract, without the use of antibiotics.<xref rid="bib53" ref-type="bibr"><sup>53</sup>
</xref>
In the wider field of medicine, the importance of a healthy gut microbiome is becoming apparent, and may be key in new understanding of inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, diabetes, neurologic disorders, and so on.<xref rid="bib30" ref-type="bibr"><sup>30</sup>
</xref>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec5"><title>Whole genome sequencing</title>
<p id="p0065">A landmark study published in the <italic>New England Journal of Medicine</italic>
has challenged the status quo of our understanding of the epidemiology of CDI.<xref rid="bib54" ref-type="bibr"><sup>54</sup>
</xref>
The researchers used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to type <italic>C. difficile</italic>
from each of their 1250 CDI cases over five years. Only around a third of the cases were closely related genetically, suggesting that transmission from other symptomatic cases occurs much less frequently than previously thought. However, another recent study used multi-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) to type <italic>C. difficile</italic>
from each of their hospital-acquired CDI cases, and from other sources, and found that around a third of CDI cases were genetically related to symptomatic cases (as with the Oxford study<xref rid="bib54" ref-type="bibr"><sup>54</sup>
</xref>
) but an additional third of cases were genetically related to asymptomatic carriers of <italic>C. difficile</italic>
(<xref rid="fig4" ref-type="fig">Figure 4</xref>
).<xref rid="bib55" ref-type="bibr"><sup>55</sup>
</xref>
So is it time to start screening and isolating asymptomatic carriers of toxigenic <italic>C. difficile</italic>
?<fig id="fig4"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><p>Genetic relatedness of hospital-acquired <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>
(HA-CDI) isolates. Relatedness of 56 hospital-acquired <italic>C. difficile</italic>
infection (CDI) cases to other CDI cases using multi-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis.<xref rid="bib55" ref-type="bibr"><sup>55</sup>
</xref>
</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr4_lrg"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
<p id="p0070">Another application of WGS that has emerged in recent years is to dissect outbreak epidemiology with unprecedented detail. For example, during an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, a US team was able to turn a ‘plate of spaghetti’ map of epidemiologically related contacts into a clear transmission map by laying WGS data over epidemiological contacts.<xref rid="bib56" ref-type="bibr"><sup>56</sup>
</xref>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec6"><title>Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae</title>
<p id="p0075">Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) have prompted an enormous amount of interest in the last few years. CRE more than any other organism have led to dire warning from world leaders on the impending post-antibiotic era. Both the UK and US governments have published CRE toolkits so that hospitals can prepare and manage problems due to CRE effectively.<xref rid="bib57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>
, <xref rid="bib58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>
The prevalence of CRE in the UK seems to be low at present, judging by the prevalence of carbapenem resistance in invasive <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>
isolates reported to the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net) (<1%).<xref rid="bib59" ref-type="bibr"><sup>59</sup>
</xref>
However, the number of referrals to Public Health England is increasing, and there are parts of the UK with more established problems.<xref rid="bib58" ref-type="bibr"><sup>58</sup>
</xref>
The picture from elsewhere is more disturbing. For example, there has been a sharp increase in CRE in Italy since 2009, and one recent study reported a high level of colistin resistance (43% of 191 CRE isolates from 21 laboratories across Italy).<xref rid="bib60" ref-type="bibr"><sup>60</sup>
</xref>
There has been a progressive increase in CRE in the USA, with the rate of carbapenem resistance in <italic>Klebsiella</italic>
species increasing from <2% in 2001 to >10% in 2011 (<xref rid="fig5" ref-type="fig">Figure 5</xref>
).<xref rid="bib61" ref-type="bibr"><sup>61</sup>
</xref>
Furthermore, there have been some shocking reports from some US regions. For example, ∼30% of patients in Chicago long-term acute care hospitals carried CRE in a point prevalence survey, and the rate in individual facilities ranged from ∼10% to almost 60%.<xref rid="bib62" ref-type="bibr"><sup>62</sup>
</xref>
<fig id="fig5"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><p>US national survey of resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in 2001 (<italic>n</italic>
= 2631) and 2011 (<italic>n</italic>
= 6573).<xref rid="bib61" ref-type="bibr"><sup>61</sup>
</xref>
Black line: <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>
/<italic>oxytoca</italic>
; grey line: all Enterobacteriaceae. CRE, carbapenemase-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr5_lrg"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
<p id="p0080">What should we do to prevent and control the spread of CRE and other multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms? The European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) has published comprehensive guidelines outlining the core principles of prevention and control, including active surveillance, contact precautions, antibiotic stewardship, hand hygiene, and cleaning and disinfection.<xref rid="bib63" ref-type="bibr"><sup>63</sup>
</xref>
However, we still do not really know what is effective in controlling multidrug-resistant Gram-negatives in general, and CRE in particular. Some interesting analysis of Gram-negative outbreak reports found that bundled interventions were less likely to fail than single interventions.<xref rid="bib64" ref-type="bibr"><sup>64</sup>
</xref>
Put another way, when in doubt, throw in the kitchen sink!</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec7"><title>Environmental science</title>
<p id="p0085">A key question for some time has been whether automated room disinfection systems are able to reduce the rate of transmission compared with conventional cleaning and disinfection.<xref rid="bib65" ref-type="bibr"><sup>65</sup>
</xref>
A US study found that patients admitted to rooms decontaminated using hydrogen peroxide vapour (HPV) were 64% less likely to acquire multidrug-resistant organisms than patients admitted to rooms disinfected using standard methods.<xref rid="bib66" ref-type="bibr"><sup>66</sup>
</xref>
Although this study is not without its problems, as outlined in accompanying editorial, it does reinforce the need to do a better job of cleaning and disinfection, particularly at the time of patient discharge.<xref rid="bib67" ref-type="bibr"><sup>67</sup>
</xref>
</p>
<p id="p0090">There has been an explosion of interest in the potential use of ultraviolet (UV)-based systems for automated room disinfection.<xref rid="bib65" ref-type="bibr"><sup>65</sup>
</xref>
Our understanding of these systems is evolving rapidly, and the following now seem clear. UV-C is fundamentally different to pulsed-xenon UV (PX-UV).<xref rid="bib65" ref-type="bibr"><sup>65</sup>
</xref>
UV systems are more effective than conventional cleaning and disinfection.<xref rid="bib68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>
, <xref rid="bib69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>
UV systems are faster and easier, but less effective than HPV.<xref rid="bib70" ref-type="bibr"><sup>70</sup>
</xref>
UV systems are less effective out of direct line of sight; using multiple locations in the room helps to mitigate this.<xref rid="bib70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>
, <xref rid="bib71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>
Some evidence is emerging that UV room disinfection reduces transmission.<xref rid="bib72" ref-type="bibr"><sup>72</sup>
</xref>
The results of a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-funded study in progress into the clinical impact of UV for terminal room disinfection are eagerly awaited.</p>
<p id="p0095">There has been much interest in the potential for antimicrobial surfaces to provide a continuous reduction in the level of microbes on hospital surfaces.<xref rid="bib73" ref-type="bibr"><sup>73</sup>
</xref>
A US study evaluated the impact of introducing copper hand-touch surfaces into ICU rooms.<xref rid="bib74" ref-type="bibr"><sup>74</sup>
</xref>
The randomized study of 614 patients in three ICUs found that patients admitted to ‘copperized’ rooms had significantly less healthcare-associated infection or colonization. The study has come under fire for some aspects of its design and reporting, but it does provide compelling data that antimicrobial surfaces should be evaluated further.<xref rid="bib75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>
, <xref rid="bib76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>
</p>
<p id="p0100">An age-old question is whether contaminated hands or surfaces are more important in the transmission of healthcare-associated infection. A model provides new insight into this question.<xref rid="bib77" ref-type="bibr"><sup>77</sup>
</xref>
The model simulates patient-to-patient transmission in a 20-bed ICU; 100 simulations were run for each pathogen of interest, evaluating the impact of stepwise changes in hand hygiene or terminal cleaning compliance. The key finding is that improvements in hand hygiene compliance are more or less twice as effective in preventing the transmission of MDR <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic>
, MRSA or VRE, i.e. a 20% improvement in terminal cleaning is required to ‘match’ a 10% improvement in hand hygiene compliance. However, although this may be overstretching the model, it appears that improving terminal cleaning may make more impact than improving hand hygiene at higher levels of compliance (<xref rid="fig6" ref-type="fig">Figure 6</xref>
).<xref rid="bib77" ref-type="bibr"><sup>77</sup>
</xref>
<fig id="fig6"><label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><p>Model simulating the impact of improvements in hand or environmental hygiene on patient-to-patient transmission in a 20-bed intensive care unit.<xref rid="bib77" ref-type="bibr"><sup>77</sup>
</xref>
Black line: hand hygiene; grey line: terminal cleaning. MDRO, multidrug-resistant organism. Dashed line represents my approximate extrapolation from visual inspection of the data.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="gr6_lrg"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
<p id="p0105">A recent Australian study discovered biofilms, some containing viable MRSA, on dry hospital surfaces.<xref rid="bib78" ref-type="bibr"><sup>78</sup>
</xref>
There are important implications if the presence of biofilms on dry hospital surfaces turns out to be a widespread occurrence. Biofilms could explain why vegetative bacteria can survive on dry hospital surfaces for so long, be part of the reason why they are so difficult to remove or inactivate using disinfectants, and explain, to some degree, the difficulty in recovering environmental pathogens by surface sampling.<xref rid="bib79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>
, <xref rid="bib80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>
Further work is required to explore the prevalence and composition of biofilms on dry hospital surfaces.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec8"><title>What will be trending at HIS 2016?</title>
<p id="p0110">Looking into my crystal ball for HIS in 2016, it seems unlikely that the Ebola outbreak will be ongoing in West Africa, and I hope that we will have seen the last of MERS-CoV. However, pandemic influenza will be around for at least as long as mankind! It does seem likely that there will be a move towards universal interventions. The impressive data on FMT is likely to continue; it will quickly become the standard of care for recurrent CDI, and other applications will come through. WGS is unlikely to be so topical, only because it will increasingly become a standard tool used for day-to-day hospital epidemiology. I am sure that environmental science will continue to grow, and the global CRE epidemic curve will only go one way: upwards. Finally, as financial constraints continue to squeeze us, studies of cost-effectiveness and healthcare economics will become increasingly important to direct our precious resources.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec9"><title>And finally …</title>
<p id="p0115">A team from Imperial College, London, evaluated Twitter trends relating to antibiotics, finding that peak Twitter activity correlated neatly with various antibiotic-related national and international announcements.<xref rid="bib81" ref-type="bibr"><sup>81</sup>
</xref>
Regardless of how you feel about social media, it is good to see that the issue of antibiotic resistance is receiving considerable public attention.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec10"><title>Conflict of interest statement</title>
<p id="p0120">The author is employed part-time by Bioquell.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="sec11"><title>Funding sources</title>
<p id="p0125">None.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back><ref-list id="cebib0010"><title>References</title>
<ref id="bib1"><label>1</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref1"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Groot</surname>
<given-names>R.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Baker</surname>
<given-names>S.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Baric</surname>
<given-names>R.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV); announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group</article-title>
<source>J Virol</source>
<volume>87</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>7790</fpage>
<lpage>7792</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23678167</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib2"><label>2</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref2"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zaki</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>van Boheemen</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bestebroer</surname>
<given-names>T.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Osterhaus</surname>
<given-names>A.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fouchier</surname>
<given-names>R.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<volume>367</volume>
<year>2012</year>
<fpage>1814</fpage>
<lpage>1820</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23075143</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib3"><label>3</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref3"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Hui</surname>
<given-names>D.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Memish</surname>
<given-names>Z.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zumla</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Severe acute respiratory syndrome vs. the Middle East respiratory syndrome</article-title>
<source>Curr Opin Pulm Med</source>
<volume>20</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>233</fpage>
<lpage>241</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24626235</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib4"><label>4</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref4"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zumla</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hui</surname>
<given-names>D.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Infection control and MERS-CoV in health-care workers</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<volume>31</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>1869</fpage>
<lpage>1871</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib5"><label>5</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref5"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Holmes</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>MERS-CoV enigma deepens as reported cases surge</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<volume>383</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>1793</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24868566</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib6"><label>6</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref6"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bischoff</surname>
<given-names>W.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Swett</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Leng</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Peters</surname>
<given-names>T.R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Exposure to influenza virus aerosols during routine patient care</article-title>
<source>J Infect Dis</source>
<volume>207</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>1037</fpage>
<lpage>1046</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23372182</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib7"><label>7</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref7"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mabey</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Flasche</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Edmunds</surname>
<given-names>W.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Airport screening for Ebola</article-title>
<source>BMJ</source>
<volume>349</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>g6202</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25316030</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib8"><label>8</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref8"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Drazen</surname>
<given-names>J.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kanapathipillai</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Campion</surname>
<given-names>E.W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Ebola and quarantine</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<volume>371</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>2029</fpage>
<lpage>2030</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25347231</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib9"><label>9</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref9"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ftika</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Maltezou</surname>
<given-names>H.C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Viral haemorrhagic fevers in healthcare settings</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>83</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>185</fpage>
<lpage>192</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23333147</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib10"><label>10</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref10"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>L.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Henderson</surname>
<given-names>D.K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Emerging viral infections</article-title>
<source>Curr Opin Infect Dis</source>
<volume>14</volume>
<year>2001</year>
<fpage>467</fpage>
<lpage>480</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11964867</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib11"><label>11</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref11"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Bausch</surname>
<given-names>D.G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Towner</surname>
<given-names>J.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dowell</surname>
<given-names>S.F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Assessment of the risk of Ebola virus transmission from bodily fluids and fomites</article-title>
<source>J Infect Dis</source>
<volume>196</volume>
<issue>Suppl. 2</issue>
<year>2007</year>
<fpage>S142</fpage>
<lpage>S147</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17940942</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib12"><label>12</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref12"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Forrester</surname>
<given-names>J.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hunter</surname>
<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pillai</surname>
<given-names>S.K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Cluster of Ebola cases among Liberian and US health care workers in an Ebola treatment unit and adjacent hospital ‒ Liberia, 2014</article-title>
<source>Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</source>
<volume>63</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>925</fpage>
<lpage>929</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib13"><label>13</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref13"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Doremalen</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bushmaker</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Munster</surname>
<given-names>V.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Stability of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) under different environmental conditions</article-title>
<source>Euro Surveill</source>
<volume>18</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<comment>pii:20590</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib14"><label>14</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref14"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Sagripanti</surname>
<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Rom</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Holland</surname>
<given-names>L.E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Persistence in darkness of virulent alphaviruses, Ebola virus, and Lassa virus deposited on solid surfaces</article-title>
<source>Arch Virol</source>
<volume>155</volume>
<year>2010</year>
<fpage>2035</fpage>
<lpage>2039</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20842393</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib15"><label>15</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref15"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Piercy</surname>
<given-names>T.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Smither</surname>
<given-names>S.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Steward</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Eastaugh</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lever</surname>
<given-names>M.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The survival of filoviruses in liquids, on solid substrates and in a dynamic aerosol</article-title>
<source>J Appl Microbiol</source>
<volume>109</volume>
<year>2010</year>
<fpage>1531</fpage>
<lpage>1539</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20553340</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib16"><label>16</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref16"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Yamin</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gertler</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ndeffo-Mbah</surname>
<given-names>M.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of Ebola progression on transmission and control in Liberia</article-title>
<source>Ann Intern Med</source>
<volume>162</volume>
<year>2015</year>
<fpage>11</fpage>
<lpage>17</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25347321</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib17"><label>17</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref17"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Edmond</surname>
<given-names>M.B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Diekema</surname>
<given-names>D.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Perencevich</surname>
<given-names>E.N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Ebola virus disease and the need for new personal protective equipment</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<volume>312</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>2495</fpage>
<lpage>2496</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25350321</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib18"><label>18</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref18"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Klompas</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Diekema</surname>
<given-names>D.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Fishman</surname>
<given-names>N.O.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yokoe</surname>
<given-names>D.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Ebola fever: reconciling Ebola planning with Ebola risk in U.S. hospitals</article-title>
<source>Ann Intern Med</source>
<volume>161</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>751</fpage>
<lpage>752</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25141883</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib19"><label>19</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref19"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Fischer</surname>
<given-names>W.A.</given-names>
<suffix>II</suffix>
</name>
<name><surname>Hynes</surname>
<given-names>N.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Perl</surname>
<given-names>T.M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Protecting health care workers from Ebola: personal protective equipment is critical but is not enough</article-title>
<source>Ann Intern Med</source>
<volume>161</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>753</fpage>
<lpage>754</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25155746</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib20"><label>20</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref20"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Septimus</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Weinstein</surname>
<given-names>R.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Perl</surname>
<given-names>T.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Goldman</surname>
<given-names>D.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yokoe</surname>
<given-names>D.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Approaches for preventing healthcare-associated infections: go long or go wide?</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>35</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>797</fpage>
<lpage>801</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24915206</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib21"><label>21</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref21"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wenzel</surname>
<given-names>R.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Edmond</surname>
<given-names>M.B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Infection control: the case for horizontal rather than vertical interventional programs</article-title>
<source>Int J Infect Dis</source>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>Suppl. 4</issue>
<year>2010</year>
<fpage>S3</fpage>
<lpage>S5</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20851010</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib22"><label>22</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref22"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Derde</surname>
<given-names>L.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cooper</surname>
<given-names>B.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Goossens</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Interventions to reduce colonisation and transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in intensive care units: an interrupted time series study and cluster randomised trial</article-title>
<source>Lancet Infect Dis</source>
<volume>14</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>31</fpage>
<lpage>39</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24161233</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib23"><label>23</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref23"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Climo</surname>
<given-names>M.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yokoe</surname>
<given-names>D.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Warren</surname>
<given-names>D.K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infection</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<volume>368</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>533</fpage>
<lpage>542</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23388005</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib24"><label>24</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref24"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Milstone</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Elward</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Song</surname>
<given-names>X.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Daily chlorhexidine bathing to reduce bacteraemia in critically ill children: a multicentre, cluster-randomised, crossover trial</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<volume>381</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>1099</fpage>
<lpage>1106</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23363666</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib25"><label>25</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref25"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Huang</surname>
<given-names>S.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Septimus</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kleinman</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ICU infection</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<volume>368</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>2255</fpage>
<lpage>2265</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23718152</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib26"><label>26</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref26"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Jonge</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Schultz</surname>
<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Spanjaard</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of selective decontamination of digestive tract on mortality and acquisition of resistant bacteria in intensive care: a randomised controlled trial</article-title>
<source>Lancet</source>
<volume>362</volume>
<year>2003</year>
<fpage>1011</fpage>
<lpage>1016</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14522530</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib27"><label>27</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref27"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Smet</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kluytmans</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cooper</surname>
<given-names>B.S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Decontamination of the digestive tract and oropharynx in ICU patients</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<volume>360</volume>
<year>2009</year>
<fpage>20</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19118302</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib28"><label>28</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref28"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Oostdijk</surname>
<given-names>E.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kesecioglu</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Schultz</surname>
<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of decontamination of the oropharynx and intestinal tract on antibiotic resistance in ICUs: a randomized clinical trial</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<volume>312</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>1429</fpage>
<lpage>1437</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25271544</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib29"><label>29</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref29"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Saidel-Odes</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Polachek</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Peled</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of selective digestive decontamination using oral gentamicin and oral polymyxin E for eradication of carbapenem-resistant <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>
carriage</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>33</volume>
<year>2012</year>
<fpage>14</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22173517</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib30"><label>30</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref30"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tosh</surname>
<given-names>P.K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>McDonald</surname>
<given-names>L.C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Infection control in the multidrug-resistant era: tending the human microbiome</article-title>
<source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
<volume>54</volume>
<year>2012</year>
<fpage>707</fpage>
<lpage>713</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22157322</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib31"><label>31</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref31"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lubbert</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Faucheux</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Becker-Rux</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Rapid emergence of secondary resistance to gentamicin and colistin following selective digestive decontamination in patients with KPC-2-producing <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>
: a single-centre experience</article-title>
<source>Int J Antimicrob Agents</source>
<volume>42</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>565</fpage>
<lpage>570</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24100228</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib32"><label>32</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref32"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Buelow</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gonzalez</surname>
<given-names>T.B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Versluis</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effects of selective digestive decontamination (SDD) on the gut resistome</article-title>
<source>J Antimicrob Chemother</source>
<volume>69</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>2215</fpage>
<lpage>2223</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24710024</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib33"><label>33</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref33"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Otter</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Patel</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cliff</surname>
<given-names>P.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Halligan</surname>
<given-names>E.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tosas</surname>
<given-names>O.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Edgeworth</surname>
<given-names>J.D.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Selection for <italic>qacA</italic>
carriage in CC22 but not CC30 MRSA bloodstream infection isolates during a successful institutional infection control programme</article-title>
<source>J Antimicrob Chemother</source>
<volume>68</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>992</fpage>
<lpage>999</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23288405</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib34"><label>34</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref34"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Suwantarat</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Carroll</surname>
<given-names>K.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tekle</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>High prevalence of reduced chlorhexidine susceptibility in organisms causing central line-associated bloodstream infections</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>35</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>1183</fpage>
<lpage>1186</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25111928</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib35"><label>35</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref35"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harris</surname>
<given-names>A.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pineles</surname>
<given-names>L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Belton</surname>
<given-names>B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Universal glove and gown use and acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the ICU: a randomized trial</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<volume>310</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>1571</fpage>
<lpage>1580</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24097234</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib36"><label>36</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref36"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dhar</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Marchaim</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Tansek</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Contact precautions: more is not necessarily better</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>35</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>213</fpage>
<lpage>221</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24521583</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib37"><label>37</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref37"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Loveday</surname>
<given-names>H.P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lynam</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Singleton</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wilson</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Clinical glove use: healthcare workers' actions and perceptions</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>86</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>110</fpage>
<lpage>116</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24412643</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib38"><label>38</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref38"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Pennington</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Isles</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Should hospitals provide all patients with single rooms?</article-title>
<source>BMJ</source>
<volume>347</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>f5695</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24065553</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib39"><label>39</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref39"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Teltsch</surname>
<given-names>D.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hanley</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Loo</surname>
<given-names>V.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Goldberg</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gursahaney</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Buckeridge</surname>
<given-names>D.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Infection acquisition following intensive care unit room privatization</article-title>
<source>Archs Intern Med</source>
<volume>171</volume>
<year>2011</year>
<fpage>32</fpage>
<lpage>38</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib40"><label>40</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref40"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Levin</surname>
<given-names>P.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Golovanevski</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Moses</surname>
<given-names>A.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sprung</surname>
<given-names>C.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Benenson</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Improved ICU design reduces acquisition of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: a quasi-experimental observational study</article-title>
<source>Crit Care</source>
<volume>15</volume>
<year>2011</year>
<fpage>R211</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21914222</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib41"><label>41</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref41"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Borg</surname>
<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Bed occupancy and overcrowding as determinant factors in the incidence of MRSA infections within general ward settings</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>54</volume>
<year>2003</year>
<fpage>316</fpage>
<lpage>318</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12919764</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib42"><label>42</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref42"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Haill</surname>
<given-names>C.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Newell</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ford</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Compartmentalization of wards to cohort symptomatic patients at the beginning and end of norovirus outbreaks</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>82</volume>
<year>2012</year>
<fpage>30</fpage>
<lpage>35</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22770470</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib43"><label>43</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref43"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ali</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>FitzGerald</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Ward assessment of SmartIdeas Project: bringing source isolation to the patient</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>76</volume>
<year>2010</year>
<fpage>103</fpage>
<lpage>107</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20561713</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib44"><label>44</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref44"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barlas</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sama</surname>
<given-names>A.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ward</surname>
<given-names>M.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lesser</surname>
<given-names>M.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Comparison of the auditory and visual privacy of emergency department treatment areas with curtains versus those with solid walls</article-title>
<source>Ann Emerg Med</source>
<volume>38</volume>
<year>2001</year>
<fpage>135</fpage>
<lpage>139</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11468607</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib45"><label>45</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref45"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Maben</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Splendid isolation? The pros and cons of single rooms for the NHS</article-title>
<source>Nurs Manag</source>
<volume>16</volume>
<year>2009</year>
<fpage>18</fpage>
<lpage>19</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib46"><label>46</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref46"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Stelfox</surname>
<given-names>H.T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Bates</surname>
<given-names>D.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Redelmeier</surname>
<given-names>D.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Safety of patients isolated for infection control</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<volume>290</volume>
<year>2003</year>
<fpage>1899</fpage>
<lpage>1905</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14532319</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib47"><label>47</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref47"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tarzi</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Kennedy</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Stone</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Evans</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
: psychological impact of hospitalization and isolation in an older adult population</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>49</volume>
<year>2001</year>
<fpage>250</fpage>
<lpage>254</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11740872</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib48"><label>48</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref48"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Young</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yarandipour</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Examining the case for single rooms</article-title>
<source>Health Estate</source>
<volume>61</volume>
<year>2007</year>
<fpage>85</fpage>
<lpage>86</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17892064</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib49"><label>49</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref49"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mooney</surname>
<given-names>H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Single rooms: a blueprint for better care?</article-title>
<source>Nursing Times</source>
<volume>104</volume>
<year>2008</year>
<fpage>14</fpage>
<lpage>16</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib50"><label>50</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref50"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>van Nood</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vrieze</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Nieuwdorp</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>
</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<volume>368</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>407</fpage>
<lpage>415</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23323867</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib51"><label>51</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref51"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Youngster</surname>
<given-names>I.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Russell</surname>
<given-names>G.H.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Pindar</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ziv-Baran</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sauk</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Hohmann</surname>
<given-names>E.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Oral, capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>
infection</article-title>
<source>JAMA</source>
<volume>312</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>1772</fpage>
<lpage>1778</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25322359</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib52"><label>52</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref52"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lawley</surname>
<given-names>T.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Clare</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Walker</surname>
<given-names>A.W.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Targeted restoration of the intestinal microbiota with a simple, defined bacteriotherapy resolves relapsing <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>
disease in mice</article-title>
<source>PLoS Pathog</source>
<volume>8</volume>
<year>2012</year>
<fpage>e1002995</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23133377</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib53"><label>53</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="oref1">Freedman A, Eppes S. Use of stool transplant to clear fecal colonization with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE): proof of concept. Abstract #1805. <italic>ID Week</italic>
2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib54"><label>54</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref53"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Eyre</surname>
<given-names>D.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cule</surname>
<given-names>M.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Wilson</surname>
<given-names>D.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Diverse sources of <italic>C. difficile</italic>
infection identified on whole-genome sequencing</article-title>
<source>N Engl J Med</source>
<volume>369</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>1195</fpage>
<lpage>1205</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24066741</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib55"><label>55</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref54"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Curry</surname>
<given-names>S.R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Muto</surname>
<given-names>C.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Schlackman</surname>
<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Use of multilocus variable number of tandem repeats analysis genotyping to determine the role of asymptomatic carriers in <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>
transmission</article-title>
<source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
<volume>57</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>1094</fpage>
<lpage>1102</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23881150</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib56"><label>56</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref55"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Snitkin</surname>
<given-names>E.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zelazny</surname>
<given-names>A.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Thomas</surname>
<given-names>P.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Tracking a hospital outbreak of carbapenem-resistant <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>
with whole-genome sequencing</article-title>
<source>Sci Transl Med</source>
<volume>4</volume>
<year>2012</year>
<comment>148ra116</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib57"><label>57</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref56"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<chapter-title>CRE Toolkit ‒ Guidance for control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)</chapter-title>
<year>2012</year>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib58"><label>58</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref57"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Public Health England</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<chapter-title>Acute trust toolkit for the early detection, management and control of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae</chapter-title>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-name>PHE</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib59"><label>59</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref58"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net)</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<chapter-title>Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2012</chapter-title>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-name>European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Stockholm</publisher-loc>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib60"><label>60</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref59"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Monaco</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Giani</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Raffone</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Colistin resistance superimposed to endemic carbapenem-resistant <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>
: a rapidly evolving problem in Italy, November 2013 to April 2014</article-title>
<source>Euro Surveill</source>
<volume>19</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<comment>pii: 20939</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib61"><label>61</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref60"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</surname>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Vital signs: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae</article-title>
<source>Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</source>
<volume>62</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>165</fpage>
<lpage>170</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib62"><label>62</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref61"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Lin</surname>
<given-names>M.Y.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lyles-Banks</surname>
<given-names>R.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Lolans</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The importance of long-term acute care hospitals in the regional epidemiology of <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>
carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae</article-title>
<source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
<volume>57</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>1246</fpage>
<lpage>1252</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23946222</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib63"><label>63</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref62"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Tacconelli</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Cataldo</surname>
<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dancer</surname>
<given-names>S.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>ESCMID guidelines for the management of the infection control measures to reduce transmission of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in hospitalized patients</article-title>
<source>Clin Microbiol Infect</source>
<volume>20</volume>
<issue>Suppl. 1</issue>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>55</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib64"><label>64</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="oref2">Cataldo MA, Foschi F, De Angelis G, <italic>et al</italic>
. Main failings of intervention aimed at minimising the hospital spread of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Abstract #O125. ECCMID 2014.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib65"><label>65</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref63"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Otter</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Yezli</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Perl</surname>
<given-names>T.M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Barbut</surname>
<given-names>F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>French</surname>
<given-names>G.L.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Is there a role for “no-touch” automated room disinfection systems in infection prevention and control?</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>83</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>13</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23195691</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib66"><label>66</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref64"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Passaretti</surname>
<given-names>C.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Otter</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Reich</surname>
<given-names>N.G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>An evaluation of environmental decontamination with hydrogen peroxide vapor for reducing the risk of patient acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms</article-title>
<source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
<volume>56</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>27</fpage>
<lpage>35</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23042972</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib67"><label>67</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref65"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>McDonald</surname>
<given-names>L.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Arduino</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Climbing the evidentiary hierarchy for environmental infection control</article-title>
<source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
<volume>56</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>36</fpage>
<lpage>39</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23042965</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib68"><label>68</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref66"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jinadatha</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Quezada</surname>
<given-names>R.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Huber</surname>
<given-names>T.W.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Williams</surname>
<given-names>J.B.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Zeber</surname>
<given-names>J.E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Copeland</surname>
<given-names>L.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Evaluation of a pulsed-xenon ultraviolet room disinfection device for impact on contamination levels of methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>
</article-title>
<source>BMC Infect Dis</source>
<volume>14</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>187</fpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24708734</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib69"><label>69</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref67"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson</surname>
<given-names>D.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gergen</surname>
<given-names>M.F.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Smathers</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Decontamination of targeted pathogens from patient rooms using an automated ultraviolet-C-emitting device</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>34</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>466</fpage>
<lpage>471</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23571362</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib70"><label>70</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref68"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Havill</surname>
<given-names>N.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>B.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Boyce</surname>
<given-names>J.M.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Comparison of the microbiological efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapor and ultraviolet light processes for room decontamination</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>33</volume>
<year>2012</year>
<fpage>507</fpage>
<lpage>512</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22476278</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib71"><label>71</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref69"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mahida</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vaughan</surname>
<given-names>N.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Boswell</surname>
<given-names>T.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>First UK evaluation of an automated ultraviolet-C room decontamination device (Tru-D)</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>44</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>332</fpage>
<lpage>335</lpage>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib72"><label>72</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref70"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Levin</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Riley</surname>
<given-names>L.S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Parrish</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>English</surname>
<given-names>D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Ahn</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The effect of portable pulsed xenon ultraviolet light after terminal cleaning on hospital-associated <italic>Clostridium difficile</italic>
infection in a community hospital</article-title>
<source>Am J Infect Control</source>
<volume>41</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>746</fpage>
<lpage>748</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23685092</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib73"><label>73</label>
<element-citation publication-type="book" id="sref71"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Otter</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<chapter-title>An overview of options for antimicrobial hard surfaces in hospitals</chapter-title>
<person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Borkow</surname>
<given-names>G.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source>Use of biocidal surfaces for reduction of healthcare acquired infections</source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Berlin</publisher-loc>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib74"><label>74</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref72"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salgado</surname>
<given-names>C.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sepkowitz</surname>
<given-names>K.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>John</surname>
<given-names>J.F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Copper surfaces reduce the rate of healthcare-acquired infections in the intensive care unit</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>34</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>479</fpage>
<lpage>486</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23571364</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib75"><label>75</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref73"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Salgado</surname>
<given-names>C.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Sepkowitz</surname>
<given-names>K.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>John</surname>
<given-names>J.F.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Reply to Harbarth, et al</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>34</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>997</fpage>
<lpage>999</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23917920</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib76"><label>76</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref74"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Harbarth</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Maiwald</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Dancer</surname>
<given-names>S.J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>The environment and healthcare-acquired infections: why accurate reporting and evaluation of biological plausibility are important</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>34</volume>
<year>2013</year>
<fpage>996</fpage>
<lpage>997</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23917919</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib77"><label>77</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref75"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Barnes</surname>
<given-names>S.L.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Morgan</surname>
<given-names>D.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Harris</surname>
<given-names>A.D.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Carling</surname>
<given-names>P.C.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Thom</surname>
<given-names>K.A.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Preventing the transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms: modeling the relative importance of hand hygiene and environmental cleaning interventions</article-title>
<source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
<volume>35</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>1156</fpage>
<lpage>1162</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25111924</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib78"><label>78</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref76"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Vickery</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Deva</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Jacombs</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Allan</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Valente</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Gosbell</surname>
<given-names>I.B.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Presence of biofilm containing viable multiresistant organisms despite terminal cleaning on clinical surfaces in an intensive care unit</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>80</volume>
<year>2012</year>
<fpage>52</fpage>
<lpage>55</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21899921</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib79"><label>79</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref77"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Espinal</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Marti</surname>
<given-names>S.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vila</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Effect of biofilm formation on the survival of <italic>Acinetobacter baumannii</italic>
on dry surfaces</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>80</volume>
<year>2012</year>
<fpage>56</fpage>
<lpage>60</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21975219</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib80"><label>80</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref78"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Otter</surname>
<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Vickery</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Walker</surname>
<given-names>J.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>Surface-attached cells, biofilms and biocide susceptibility: implications for hospital cleaning and disinfection</article-title>
<source>J Hosp Infect</source>
<volume>89</volume>
<year>2015</year>
<fpage>16</fpage>
<lpage>27</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25447198</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="bib81"><label>81</label>
<element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sref79"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Dyar</surname>
<given-names>O.J.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Castro-Sanchez</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<name><surname>Holmes</surname>
<given-names>A.H.</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>What makes people talk about antibiotics on social media? A retrospective analysis of Twitter use</article-title>
<source>J Antimicrob Chemother</source>
<volume>69</volume>
<year>2014</year>
<fpage>2568</fpage>
<lpage>2572</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24862092</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</pmc>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Sante/explor/MersV1/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 001367 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 001367 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Sante |area= MersV1 |flux= Pmc |étape= Corpus |type= RBID |clé= PMC:7114664 |texte= What's trending in the infection prevention and control literature? From HIS 2012 to HIS 2014, and beyond }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:25774048" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a MersV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.33. | ![]() |