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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Dromedary Camels in Africa and Middle East</title><author><name sortKey="Kandeil, Ahmed" sort="Kandeil, Ahmed" uniqKey="Kandeil A" first="Ahmed" last="Kandeil">Ahmed Kandeil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gomaa, Mokhtar" sort="Gomaa, Mokhtar" uniqKey="Gomaa M" first="Mokhtar" last="Gomaa">Mokhtar Gomaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nageh, Ahmed" sort="Nageh, Ahmed" uniqKey="Nageh A" first="Ahmed" last="Nageh">Ahmed Nageh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shehata, Mahmoud M" sort="Shehata, Mahmoud M" uniqKey="Shehata M" first="Mahmoud M." last="Shehata">Mahmoud M. Shehata</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kayed, Ahmed E" sort="Kayed, Ahmed E" uniqKey="Kayed A" first="Ahmed E." last="Kayed">Ahmed E. Kayed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabir, Jamal S M" sort="Sabir, Jamal S M" uniqKey="Sabir J" first="Jamal S. M." last="Sabir">Jamal S. M. Sabir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-11-00717">Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-11-00717">Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abiadh, Awatef" sort="Abiadh, Awatef" uniqKey="Abiadh A" first="Awatef" last="Abiadh">Awatef Abiadh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-viruses-11-00717">Nature Link, Sfax 3000, Tunisia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jrijer, Jamel" sort="Jrijer, Jamel" uniqKey="Jrijer J" first="Jamel" last="Jrijer">Jamel Jrijer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-viruses-11-00717">Nature Link, Sfax 3000, Tunisia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amr, Zuhair" sort="Amr, Zuhair" uniqKey="Amr Z" first="Zuhair" last="Amr">Zuhair Amr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-viruses-11-00717">Department of Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abi Said, Mounir" sort="Abi Said, Mounir" uniqKey="Abi Said M" first="Mounir" last="Abi Said">Mounir Abi Said</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-viruses-11-00717">Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Al Fanar 90656, Lebanon</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Byarugaba, Denis K" sort="Byarugaba, Denis K" uniqKey="Byarugaba D" first="Denis K." last="Byarugaba">Denis K. Byarugaba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-viruses-11-00717">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wabwire Mangen, Fred" sort="Wabwire Mangen, Fred" uniqKey="Wabwire Mangen F" first="Fred" last="Wabwire-Mangen">Fred Wabwire-Mangen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-viruses-11-00717">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tugume, Titus" sort="Tugume, Titus" uniqKey="Tugume T" first="Titus" last="Tugume">Titus Tugume</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-viruses-11-00717">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamed, Nadira S" sort="Mohamed, Nadira S" uniqKey="Mohamed N" first="Nadira S." last="Mohamed">Nadira S. Mohamed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8-viruses-11-00717">Department of Genebank and Genetic Sequence, Forensic DNA Research and Training Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10072, Iraq</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Attar, Roba" sort="Attar, Roba" uniqKey="Attar R" first="Roba" last="Attar">Roba Attar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9-viruses-11-00717">Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, Sabah M" sort="Hassan, Sabah M" uniqKey="Hassan S" first="Sabah M." last="Hassan">Sabah M. Hassan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9-viruses-11-00717">Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10-viruses-11-00717">Princess Doctor Najla Saud Al-Saud Distinguished Research Center for Biotechnology, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11-viruses-11-00717">Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdulaziz Linjawi, Sabah" sort="Abdulaziz Linjawi, Sabah" uniqKey="Abdulaziz Linjawi S" first="Sabah" last="Abdulaziz Linjawi">Sabah Abdulaziz Linjawi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12-viruses-11-00717">King Fahad Medical Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moatassim, Yassmin" sort="Moatassim, Yassmin" uniqKey="Moatassim Y" first="Yassmin" last="Moatassim">Yassmin Moatassim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kutkat, Omnia" sort="Kutkat, Omnia" uniqKey="Kutkat O" first="Omnia" last="Kutkat">Omnia Kutkat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmoud, Sara" sort="Mahmoud, Sara" uniqKey="Mahmoud S" first="Sara" last="Mahmoud">Sara Mahmoud</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bagato, Ola" sort="Bagato, Ola" uniqKey="Bagato O" first="Ola" last="Bagato">Ola Bagato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abo Shama, Noura M" sort="Abo Shama, Noura M" uniqKey="Abo Shama N" first="Noura M." last="Abo Shama">Noura M. Abo Shama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Shesheny, Rabeh" sort="El Shesheny, Rabeh" uniqKey="El Shesheny R" first="Rabeh" last="El-Shesheny">Rabeh El-Shesheny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-viruses-11-00717">St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mostafa, Ahmed" sort="Mostafa, Ahmed" uniqKey="Mostafa A" first="Ahmed" last="Mostafa">Ahmed Mostafa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="A P M Perera, Ranawaka" sort="A P M Perera, Ranawaka" uniqKey="A P M Perera R" first="Ranawaka" last="A. P. M. Perera">Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-viruses-11-00717">School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K W Chu, Daniel" sort="K W Chu, Daniel" uniqKey="K W Chu D" first="Daniel" last="K. W. Chu">Daniel K. W. Chu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-viruses-11-00717">School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, Nagla" sort="Hassan, Nagla" uniqKey="Hassan N" first="Nagla" last="Hassan">Nagla Hassan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15-viruses-11-00717">General Organizations of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Nadi Saed St. 1, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elsokary, Basma" sort="Elsokary, Basma" uniqKey="Elsokary B" first="Basma" last="Elsokary">Basma Elsokary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15-viruses-11-00717">General Organizations of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Nadi Saed St. 1, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saad, Ahmed" sort="Saad, Ahmed" uniqKey="Saad A" first="Ahmed" last="Saad">Ahmed Saad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16-viruses-11-00717">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary, Animal Diseases, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sobhy, Heba" sort="Sobhy, Heba" uniqKey="Sobhy H" first="Heba" last="Sobhy">Heba Sobhy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16-viruses-11-00717">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary, Animal Diseases, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Masry, Ihab" sort="El Masry, Ihab" uniqKey="El Masry I" first="Ihab" last="El Masry">Ihab El Masry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17-viruses-11-00717">Animal Health Services (AGAH), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Mckenzie, Pamela" sort="P Mckenzie, Pamela" uniqKey="P Mckenzie P" first="Pamela" last="P. Mckenzie">Pamela P. Mckenzie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-viruses-11-00717">St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Webby, Richard" sort="J Webby, Richard" uniqKey="J Webby R" first="Richard" last="J. Webby">Richard J. Webby</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-viruses-11-00717">St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peiris, Malik" sort="Peiris, Malik" uniqKey="Peiris M" first="Malik" last="Peiris">Malik Peiris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-viruses-11-00717">School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Makonnen, Yilma" sort="J Makonnen, Yilma" uniqKey="J Makonnen Y" first="Yilma" last="J. Makonnen">Yilma J. Makonnen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17-viruses-11-00717">Animal Health Services (AGAH), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="A Ali, Mohamed" sort="A Ali, Mohamed" uniqKey="A Ali M" first="Mohamed" last="A. Ali">Mohamed A. Ali</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-11-00717">Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-11-00717">Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kayali, Ghazi" sort="Kayali, Ghazi" uniqKey="Kayali G" first="Ghazi" last="Kayali">Ghazi Kayali</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18-viruses-11-00717">Human Link, Hazmieh 1109, Lebanon</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19-viruses-11-00717">Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31387326</idno><idno type="pmc">6723520</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6723520</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6723520</idno><idno type="doi">10.3390/v11080717</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">001221</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">001221</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Dromedary Camels in Africa and Middle East</title><author><name sortKey="Kandeil, Ahmed" sort="Kandeil, Ahmed" uniqKey="Kandeil A" first="Ahmed" last="Kandeil">Ahmed Kandeil</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gomaa, Mokhtar" sort="Gomaa, Mokhtar" uniqKey="Gomaa M" first="Mokhtar" last="Gomaa">Mokhtar Gomaa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nageh, Ahmed" sort="Nageh, Ahmed" uniqKey="Nageh A" first="Ahmed" last="Nageh">Ahmed Nageh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shehata, Mahmoud M" sort="Shehata, Mahmoud M" uniqKey="Shehata M" first="Mahmoud M." last="Shehata">Mahmoud M. Shehata</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kayed, Ahmed E" sort="Kayed, Ahmed E" uniqKey="Kayed A" first="Ahmed E." last="Kayed">Ahmed E. Kayed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sabir, Jamal S M" sort="Sabir, Jamal S M" uniqKey="Sabir J" first="Jamal S. M." last="Sabir">Jamal S. M. Sabir</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-11-00717">Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-11-00717">Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abiadh, Awatef" sort="Abiadh, Awatef" uniqKey="Abiadh A" first="Awatef" last="Abiadh">Awatef Abiadh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-viruses-11-00717">Nature Link, Sfax 3000, Tunisia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jrijer, Jamel" sort="Jrijer, Jamel" uniqKey="Jrijer J" first="Jamel" last="Jrijer">Jamel Jrijer</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-viruses-11-00717">Nature Link, Sfax 3000, Tunisia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amr, Zuhair" sort="Amr, Zuhair" uniqKey="Amr Z" first="Zuhair" last="Amr">Zuhair Amr</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af5-viruses-11-00717">Department of Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abi Said, Mounir" sort="Abi Said, Mounir" uniqKey="Abi Said M" first="Mounir" last="Abi Said">Mounir Abi Said</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af6-viruses-11-00717">Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Al Fanar 90656, Lebanon</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Byarugaba, Denis K" sort="Byarugaba, Denis K" uniqKey="Byarugaba D" first="Denis K." last="Byarugaba">Denis K. Byarugaba</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-viruses-11-00717">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wabwire Mangen, Fred" sort="Wabwire Mangen, Fred" uniqKey="Wabwire Mangen F" first="Fred" last="Wabwire-Mangen">Fred Wabwire-Mangen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-viruses-11-00717">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tugume, Titus" sort="Tugume, Titus" uniqKey="Tugume T" first="Titus" last="Tugume">Titus Tugume</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af7-viruses-11-00717">Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mohamed, Nadira S" sort="Mohamed, Nadira S" uniqKey="Mohamed N" first="Nadira S." last="Mohamed">Nadira S. Mohamed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af8-viruses-11-00717">Department of Genebank and Genetic Sequence, Forensic DNA Research and Training Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10072, Iraq</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Attar, Roba" sort="Attar, Roba" uniqKey="Attar R" first="Roba" last="Attar">Roba Attar</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9-viruses-11-00717">Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, Sabah M" sort="Hassan, Sabah M" uniqKey="Hassan S" first="Sabah M." last="Hassan">Sabah M. Hassan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af9-viruses-11-00717">Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af10-viruses-11-00717">Princess Doctor Najla Saud Al-Saud Distinguished Research Center for Biotechnology, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af11-viruses-11-00717">Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abdulaziz Linjawi, Sabah" sort="Abdulaziz Linjawi, Sabah" uniqKey="Abdulaziz Linjawi S" first="Sabah" last="Abdulaziz Linjawi">Sabah Abdulaziz Linjawi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af12-viruses-11-00717">King Fahad Medical Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moatassim, Yassmin" sort="Moatassim, Yassmin" uniqKey="Moatassim Y" first="Yassmin" last="Moatassim">Yassmin Moatassim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kutkat, Omnia" sort="Kutkat, Omnia" uniqKey="Kutkat O" first="Omnia" last="Kutkat">Omnia Kutkat</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mahmoud, Sara" sort="Mahmoud, Sara" uniqKey="Mahmoud S" first="Sara" last="Mahmoud">Sara Mahmoud</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bagato, Ola" sort="Bagato, Ola" uniqKey="Bagato O" first="Ola" last="Bagato">Ola Bagato</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abo Shama, Noura M" sort="Abo Shama, Noura M" uniqKey="Abo Shama N" first="Noura M." last="Abo Shama">Noura M. Abo Shama</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Shesheny, Rabeh" sort="El Shesheny, Rabeh" uniqKey="El Shesheny R" first="Rabeh" last="El-Shesheny">Rabeh El-Shesheny</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-viruses-11-00717">St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mostafa, Ahmed" sort="Mostafa, Ahmed" uniqKey="Mostafa A" first="Ahmed" last="Mostafa">Ahmed Mostafa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="A P M Perera, Ranawaka" sort="A P M Perera, Ranawaka" uniqKey="A P M Perera R" first="Ranawaka" last="A. P. M. Perera">Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-viruses-11-00717">School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="K W Chu, Daniel" sort="K W Chu, Daniel" uniqKey="K W Chu D" first="Daniel" last="K. W. Chu">Daniel K. W. Chu</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-viruses-11-00717">School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, Nagla" sort="Hassan, Nagla" uniqKey="Hassan N" first="Nagla" last="Hassan">Nagla Hassan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15-viruses-11-00717">General Organizations of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Nadi Saed St. 1, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Elsokary, Basma" sort="Elsokary, Basma" uniqKey="Elsokary B" first="Basma" last="Elsokary">Basma Elsokary</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af15-viruses-11-00717">General Organizations of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Nadi Saed St. 1, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Saad, Ahmed" sort="Saad, Ahmed" uniqKey="Saad A" first="Ahmed" last="Saad">Ahmed Saad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16-viruses-11-00717">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary, Animal Diseases, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sobhy, Heba" sort="Sobhy, Heba" uniqKey="Sobhy H" first="Heba" last="Sobhy">Heba Sobhy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af16-viruses-11-00717">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary, Animal Diseases, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Masry, Ihab" sort="El Masry, Ihab" uniqKey="El Masry I" first="Ihab" last="El Masry">Ihab El Masry</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17-viruses-11-00717">Animal Health Services (AGAH), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="P Mckenzie, Pamela" sort="P Mckenzie, Pamela" uniqKey="P Mckenzie P" first="Pamela" last="P. Mckenzie">Pamela P. Mckenzie</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-viruses-11-00717">St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Webby, Richard" sort="J Webby, Richard" uniqKey="J Webby R" first="Richard" last="J. Webby">Richard J. Webby</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af13-viruses-11-00717">St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Peiris, Malik" sort="Peiris, Malik" uniqKey="Peiris M" first="Malik" last="Peiris">Malik Peiris</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af14-viruses-11-00717">School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="J Makonnen, Yilma" sort="J Makonnen, Yilma" uniqKey="J Makonnen Y" first="Yilma" last="J. Makonnen">Yilma J. Makonnen</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af17-viruses-11-00717">Animal Health Services (AGAH), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="A Ali, Mohamed" sort="A Ali, Mohamed" uniqKey="A Ali M" first="Mohamed" last="A. Ali">Mohamed A. Ali</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717">Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af2-viruses-11-00717">Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-viruses-11-00717">Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kayali, Ghazi" sort="Kayali, Ghazi" uniqKey="Kayali G" first="Ghazi" last="Kayali">Ghazi Kayali</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af18-viruses-11-00717">Human Link, Hazmieh 1109, Lebanon</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af19-viruses-11-00717">Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Viruses</title><idno type="eISSN">1999-4915</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Dromedary camels are the natural reservoirs of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Camels are mostly bred in East African countries then exported into Africa and Middle East for consumption. To understand the distribution of MERS-CoV among camels in North Africa and the Middle East, we conducted surveillance in Egypt, Senegal, Tunisia, Uganda, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. We also performed longitudinal studies of three camel herds in Egypt and Jordan to elucidate MERS-CoV infection and transmission. Between 2016 and 2018, a total of 4027 nasal swabs and 3267 serum samples were collected from all countries. Real- time PCR revealed that MERS-CoV RNA was detected in nasal swab samples from Egypt, Senegal, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia. Microneutralization assay showed that antibodies were detected in all countries. Positive PCR samples were partially sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was built. The tree suggested that all sequences are of clade C and sequences from camels in Egypt formed a separate group from previously published sequences. Longitudinal studies showed high seroprevalence in adult camels. These results indicate the widespread distribution of the virus in camels. A systematic active surveillance and longitudinal studies for MERS-CoV are needed to understand the epidemiology of the disease and dynamics of viral infection.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zaki, A M" uniqKey="Zaki A">A.M. Zaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Boheemen, S" uniqKey="Van Boheemen S">S. van Boheemen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bestebroer, T M" uniqKey="Bestebroer T">T.M. Bestebroer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osterhaus, A D" uniqKey="Osterhaus A">A.D. Osterhaus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fouchier, R A" uniqKey="Fouchier R">R.A. Fouchier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alagaili, A N" uniqKey="Alagaili A">A.N. 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McKenzie</surname><given-names>Pamela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af13-viruses-11-00717">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>J. Webby</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af13-viruses-11-00717">13</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Peiris</surname><given-names>Malik</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af14-viruses-11-00717">14</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>J. Makonnen</surname><given-names>Yilma</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af17-viruses-11-00717">17</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5615-3212</contrib-id><name><surname>A. Ali</surname><given-names>Mohamed</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-viruses-11-00717">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-viruses-11-00717">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-viruses-11-00717">3</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kayali</surname><given-names>Ghazi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af18-viruses-11-00717">18</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af19-viruses-11-00717">19</xref><xref rid="c1-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-viruses-11-00717"><label>1</label>Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Virus, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt</aff><aff id="af2-viruses-11-00717"><label>2</label>Center of excellence in Bionanoscience Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="af3-viruses-11-00717"><label>3</label>Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="af4-viruses-11-00717"><label>4</label>Nature Link, Sfax 3000, Tunisia</aff><aff id="af5-viruses-11-00717"><label>5</label>Department of Biology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan</aff><aff id="af6-viruses-11-00717"><label>6</label>Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences II, Lebanese University, Al Fanar 90656, Lebanon</aff><aff id="af7-viruses-11-00717"><label>7</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda</aff><aff id="af8-viruses-11-00717"><label>8</label>Department of Genebank and Genetic Sequence, Forensic DNA Research and Training Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 10072, Iraq</aff><aff id="af9-viruses-11-00717"><label>9</label>Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="af10-viruses-11-00717"><label>10</label>Princess Doctor Najla Saud Al-Saud Distinguished Research Center for Biotechnology, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="af11-viruses-11-00717"><label>11</label>Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt</aff><aff id="af12-viruses-11-00717"><label>12</label>King Fahad Medical Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80203, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="af13-viruses-11-00717"><label>13</label>St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA</aff><aff id="af14-viruses-11-00717"><label>14</label>School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, 7 Sassoon Rd, Hong Kong, China</aff><aff id="af15-viruses-11-00717"><label>15</label>General Organizations of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Nadi Saed St. 1, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt</aff><aff id="af16-viruses-11-00717"><label>16</label>Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Emergency Center for Transboundary, Animal Diseases, Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</aff><aff id="af17-viruses-11-00717"><label>17</label>Animal Health Services (AGAH), Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD), Dokki, Giza 12611, Egypt</aff><aff id="af18-viruses-11-00717"><label>18</label>Human Link, Hazmieh 1109, Lebanon</aff><aff id="af19-viruses-11-00717"><label>19</label>Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-viruses-11-00717"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>mohamedahmedali2004@yahoo.com</email> (M.A.A.); <email>ghazi@human-link.org</email> (G.K.)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>8</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>8</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>8</issue><elocation-id>717</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>09</day><month>7</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>02</day><month>8</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2019 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Dromedary camels are the natural reservoirs of the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Camels are mostly bred in East African countries then exported into Africa and Middle East for consumption. To understand the distribution of MERS-CoV among camels in North Africa and the Middle East, we conducted surveillance in Egypt, Senegal, Tunisia, Uganda, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. We also performed longitudinal studies of three camel herds in Egypt and Jordan to elucidate MERS-CoV infection and transmission. Between 2016 and 2018, a total of 4027 nasal swabs and 3267 serum samples were collected from all countries. Real- time PCR revealed that MERS-CoV RNA was detected in nasal swab samples from Egypt, Senegal, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia. Microneutralization assay showed that antibodies were detected in all countries. Positive PCR samples were partially sequenced, and a phylogenetic tree was built. The tree suggested that all sequences are of clade C and sequences from camels in Egypt formed a separate group from previously published sequences. Longitudinal studies showed high seroprevalence in adult camels. These results indicate the widespread distribution of the virus in camels. A systematic active surveillance and longitudinal studies for MERS-CoV are needed to understand the epidemiology of the disease and dynamics of viral infection.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>MERS coronavirus</kwd><kwd>surveillance</kwd><kwd>virus infection</kwd><kwd>epidemiology</kwd><kwd>virus transmission</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="sec1-viruses-11-00717"><title>1. Introduction</title><p>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was first discovered in a patient suffering from acute pneumonia and renal failure on June 13, 2012 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) [<xref rid="B1-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. Among 2434 MERS-CoV human infection cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) from 27 countries as of 22 May, 2019, 876 deaths have been reported with case fatality rate of 35.9% [<xref rid="B2-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Serological and molecular studies suggested that the main zoonotic source for MERS-CoV is dromedary camels, but the main origin of the virus is still unclear [<xref rid="B3-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="B4-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="B5-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Epidemiological and viral sequence data suggest that camels are the main source for virus transmission to humans [<xref rid="B6-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="B7-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. Human to human transmission was recorded in clusters and outbreaks from the Arabian Peninsula and South Korea [<xref rid="B8-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>,<xref rid="B9-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="B10-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. </p><p>Dromedary camels are part of the heritage of millions of people in Egypt and other Middle Eastern and African countries. Camel meat is an important source of nutrition for several communities. Most dromedary camels traded in the Middle East are bred in Eastern African countries, primarily in Ethiopia, Sudan, Somalia, and Kenya [<xref rid="B11-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. Dromedaries from African countries (Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Sudan, and Tunisia) and Arabian Peninsula (Jordan, Oman, Qatar, KSA, and United Arab Emirates) have high seropositive rates of MERS-CoV [<xref rid="B12-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>,<xref rid="B13-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="B14-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="B15-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. A retrospective serological study conducted on archived sera (1983 to 1997) unveiled the presence of neutralizing antibodies in camels [<xref rid="B17-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] suggesting long-term circulation of MERS-CoV among camels, but lack of surveillance and absence of knowledge of the virus delayed its detection.</p><p>There is no zoonotic MERS disease reported in Africa. This may be due to limited epidemiological surveillance for MERS-CoV in Africa, differences in genetic characteristics of circulating MERS-CoV in sub-Saharan Africa and Middle Eastern countries, or other human host factors. Viral genetic differences in detected viruses from different origin may be the main well-known relevant factor of zoonotic potential.</p><p>The current recommended control strategies for MERS-CoV infection in camels are regular active surveillance, control of camel movement in the infected areas, use of personal protective equipment during handling of camels, increasing awareness about the virus and the risks of exposure to unpasteurized camel milk, raw meat, viscera, and urine [<xref rid="B18-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>].</p><p>This paucity of data and absence of prospective surveillance in animals contribute to our imperfect understanding of the epidemiology and risk factors associated with zoonotic MERS. There is limited data on the prevalence of MERS-CoV in different countries. We designed an active surveillance program to study MERS-CoV circulation among dromedaries in Egypt, Senegal, Tunisia, Uganda, Jordan, KSA, and Iraq. We also carried out a longitudinal study of three camel herds in Egypt and Jordan to elucidate MERS-CoV infection and transmission.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-viruses-11-00717"><title>2. Materials and Methods</title><sec id="sec2dot1-viruses-11-00717"><title>2.1. Sampling and Locations</title><p>Samples were collected from dromedary camels from Egypt, Senegal, Uganda, Jordan, Iraq, Tunisia, and KSA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f001">Figure 1</xref>). A total of 2230 nasal swabs and 2033 serum samples were collected from camels in Egypt between April 2016 and March 2018 from eight governorates including different sampling sites (164 from quarantines, 286 from live animal markets, 649 from slaughterhouses, 187 from free-roaming herds, and 944 from farms). The majority of camels were imported from Sudan and sampled within no more than 10 days of importation. Two local farms breeding herds in Esna (South of Egypt, 49 camels) and Matrouh (Northwest coastal region, 65 camels) were longitudinally sampled. The same animals were resampled when possible. In Senegal, a total of 127 nasal swabs and 198 serum samples of camels were collected from seven areas (Gandon, Ndaye, Gantour, Ndoye, Rao, Tongon, and Toug) in the Saint-Louis region located in the northwest of the country during August and September 2017. All camels were pastoralist domestic. In Tunisia, a total of 1170 nasal swabs and 782 serum samples were collected from adult camels at seven markets (Douz, Ghlissia, Gollaa, Zaafrana, Ksar Ghilane, Ghidma, and Jamnah) during December 2015 to January 2018. In Uganda, 250 dromedary pastoralist domestic camels were sampled from February to March 2017, nasal and serum sample were obtained from each camel. Camels were collected from Moroto and Amudat districts located at Northern East Uganda. In Iraq, we collected 32 serum samples, and 26 nasal swabs during January 2017 from local camels at Wasit and Muthana governorates. Furthermore, 224 nasal swabs and 222 blood samples were collected from farm camels in the Western region of KSA. A herd of farm dromedary camels in Jordan was longitudinally sampled for nasal and serum samples between November 2015 and October 2016.</p></sec><sec id="sec2dot2-viruses-11-00717"><title>2.2. Serological Testing</title><p>Serum micro-neutralization assay was conducted as described by Perera et al. (2013) [<xref rid="B13-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>], using Vero-E6 cell monolayers. Briefly, serial two-fold dilutions of 200 µL heat-inactivated sera (56 °C for 30 min) were made, starting with a dilution of 1:10. The serum dilutions were mixed with equal volumes of 200 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID<sub>50</sub>) of dromedary MERS-CoV Egypt NRCE-HKU270. After 1h of incubation at 37 °C, 35 µL of the virus–serum mixture was added in quadruplicate to Vero-E6 cell monolayers in 96-well microtiter plates. After 1 h of adsorption, an additional 150 µL of culture medium was added to each well. The plates were then incubated for three more days at 37 °C in 5% CO<sub>2</sub> in a humidified incubator. A virus back-titration was performed without immune serum to assess input virus dose. Cytopathic effect (CPE) was read at three days post infection. The highest serum dilution that completely protected the cells from CPE in at least half of the wells was considered as the neutralizing antibody titer and was estimated using the Reed–Muench method. Positive cut off points were set at values greater or equal to 1:20 serum dilution points.</p></sec><sec id="sec2dot3-viruses-11-00717"><title>2.3. Molecular Testing</title><p>Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtRT-PCR) targeting upstream of E gene of MERS-CoV was used for screening [<xref rid="B19-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]. Confirmation was made using assays targeting the Open Reading Frame (ORF) 1a or N gene based on WHO recommendations for MERS-CoV diagnosis [<xref rid="B20-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. A partial 701 bp fragment of the spike gene containing the RBD was amplified using pre-RBD-MERS-F (GAATCTGGAGTTTATTCAGTTTCGT) and pre-RBD-MERS-R (ACGGCCCGA AACACCATAG) primers in the first round using one step RT-PCR kit (QIAGEN, Germany). The PCR products were then subjected to a second PCR round with RBD-MERS-F: (CGAAGCAAAACCTTCTGGCT) and RBD-MERS-R: (ATATTCCACGCA ATTGCCTA) primers and using Phusion High Fidelity PCR Master Mix Kit (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The final PCR product was gel purified then sequenced with the same primers at the Macrogen sequencing facility (Macrogen, Seoul, South Korea). The phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA6 program by applying the neighbor-joining method with Kimura’s two-parameter distance model and 1000 bootstrap replicates.</p></sec><sec id="sec2dot4-viruses-11-00717"><title>2.4. Statistical Analysis</title><p>All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 16 for windows. The association between MERS-CoV prevalence in camels and the study variables (sampling site, origin, age, and sex) were analyzed by Pearson Chi-square test of independence. Statistical significance was considered at <italic>p</italic>-value less than 0.05.</p></sec><sec id="sec2dot5-viruses-11-00717"><title>2.5. Ethics Approval</title><p>This study was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Animal Welfare Act of the United States of America. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. Also, the ethics committee of the National Research Centre, Egypt, approved the animal sampling protocol (Approval code: 17-070).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="sec3-viruses-11-00717"><title>3. Results</title><p>The overall seroprevalence of MERS-CoV antibodies in all collected sera (3821 samples) from the seven countries (Egypt, Uganda, Senegal, Tunisia, Jordan, KSA, and Iraq) as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f001">Figure 1</xref> was 73.7% with seroprevalence of 30.3% in juvenile (<2 years old) and 82.6% in adult camels (>2 years old) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f002">Figure 2</xref>). The prevalence rate of MERS-CoV RNA in 4331 nasal swabs collected from the seven countries was 4.7%, with virus detection rates of 5.5% and 1.4% in adult and juvenile, respectively. Male camels had a significantly higher detection rate of MERS-CoV than female camels (8% and 1.2%, respectively, <italic>p</italic>-value < 0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f002">Figure 2</xref>). No significant difference in the seroprevalence of MERS-CoV antibodies in male and female camels was detected (76.5% and 71.5%, respectively).</p><sec id="sec3dot1-viruses-11-00717"><title>3.1. Egypt</title><p>Of the 2033 serum samples tested, 1401 (68.9%) were positive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f001">Figure 1</xref>). Seroprevalence rates differed significantly by sampling collection site, governorate, sex, age, and origin of animals (<italic>p</italic>-value < 0.0001) (<xref rid="viruses-11-00717-t001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). Camels sampled at slaughterhouse had the highest seroprevalence (89.3%), while camels from farms had the lowest seroprevalence (51.2%, <italic>p</italic>-value < 0.0001).</p><p>Among eight governorates of Egypt, Qalubiya showed the highest seroprevalence rate (93.5%), followed by Giza and Aswan (88.2%). Juvenile camels had a significantly lower seroprevalence than adult camels (16.1% and 84% respectively, <italic>p</italic>-value < 0.0001). Males tended to have a higher seropositivity rate than females (75.4% and 55% respectively, <italic>p</italic>-value < 0.0001). Imported camels had a higher seropositivity rate than local camels (86.5% and 54.2% respectively, <italic>p</italic>-value < 0.0001).</p><p>MERS-CoV RNA detection rate from nasal swabs of camels in Egypt was 8.2% overall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f001">Figure 1</xref>) (183 positive samples out of 2230 tested; <xref rid="viruses-11-00717-t001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). The virus’ RNA was detected in all sampling sites with the highest virus detection rate in slaughterhouse (20%) followed by live animal markets (4.1%), farms (3.4%), free herds (1.6%), and quarantines (1.2%). The highest detection rate of virus RNA (21.5%) was in Cairo followed by Giza (17.2%) and Qalubiya (13.5%). However, adult camels tested positive more than juveniles (<italic>p</italic>-value < 0.0001). MERS-CoV was detected more in imported camels than local ones (13.3% and 3.1% respectively, <italic>p</italic>-value < 0.0001).</p></sec><sec id="sec3dot2-viruses-11-00717"><title>3.2. Senegal</title><p>The seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in 198 serum samples collected from camels in Senegal was 65.1% while virus detection rate was 5.5%. Seroprevalence rates differed significantly by sampling site and age. Adult camels had a higher seropositivity rate (68%) than juvenile (29.4%) (<italic>p</italic>-value < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in seroprevalence between female and male in camels of Senegal (<italic>p</italic>-value > 0.05).</p><p>The virus’ RNA was detected in four villages (Gandon, Ndaye, Gantour, and Rao). There was no significant difference in the detection rate of MERS-CoV in camels of Senegal based on age or sex (<italic>p</italic>-value > 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="sec3dot3-viruses-11-00717"><title>3.3. Uganda</title><p>Camels from both Morto and Amudat at the Northern East region had comparable (<italic>p</italic>-value > 0.05) levels of seroprevalence (66.3% and 64.9%, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in seroprevalence between adult and juvenile camels of Uganda. The seroprevalence was significantly higher in male (78%) than in female camels (61.3%) (<xref rid="viruses-11-00717-t001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) (<italic>p</italic>-value < 0.05). No virus was detected in any nasal swab from camels in Uganda.</p></sec><sec id="sec3dot4-viruses-11-00717"><title>3.4. Tunisia</title><p>Of the 782 serum samples from camels, 683 (87.3%) were seropositive for MERS-CoV. Juvenile camels had significantly higher seroprevalence (100%) than adult camels (86.8%) (<italic>p</italic>-value < 0.02). Of the 1170 nasal samples from camels, nine (0.76%) were positive for MERS-CoV. Of the nine positive camels, one was located at Ghlissia, and eight at Ksar Ghilane (<xref rid="viruses-11-00717-t001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). The number of confirmed PCR-positive MERS-CoV cases was significantly higher in male than female camels (<italic>p</italic>-value < 0.001). There was no statistical difference in the detected MERS-CoV between adult and juvenile camels in Tunisia (<italic>p</italic>-value > 0.05).</p></sec><sec id="sec3dot5-viruses-11-00717"><title>3.5. KSA</title><p>Of the 222 serum samples from camels, 181 (81.5%) were seropositive. There was no statistical difference by age, sex, or sampling location of serum samples (<italic>p</italic>-value > 0.05). Of the 224 nasal swabs, MERS-CoV RNA was detected in seven samples (3.1%). There was no statistical difference in the detected MERS-CoV by age or sex (<italic>p</italic>-value > 0.05). Among nine regions where camels were sampled, the virus was detected in Alkhomra, Dahban, and Alad.</p></sec><sec id="sec3dot6-viruses-11-00717"><title>3.6. Jordan</title><p>The virus was not detected in a total of 304 nasal swabs collected from camels in Jordan. The seroprevalence rate of MERS-CoV in 304 serum samples was 81%. The seroprevalence was significantly higher in female (82.1%) than in male camels (28.5%) (<xref rid="viruses-11-00717-t001" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>) (<italic>p</italic>-value < 0.003). Adult camels had significantly higher seroprevalence (92.3%) than young camels (50%) (<italic>p</italic>-value < 0.0001).</p></sec><sec id="sec3dot7-viruses-11-00717"><title>3.7. Iraq</title><p>The virus was not detected in a total of 26 nasal swabs collected from camels in Iraq. The seroprevalence rate in 32 serum samples was 43.7%. There was no statistical difference by age, sex, or sampling location of sera and nasal swabs collected from Iraq.</p></sec><sec id="sec3dot8-viruses-11-00717"><title>3.8. Sequence Analysis</title><p>A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on 11 partial spike nucleotide sequences of RBD obtained from strongly positive samples (two from KSA, three from Senegal, and six from Egypt) and representative published sequences from different countries. The generated phylogenetic tree for partial spike nucleotide sequences of RBD had a topology similar to that of whole genome virus. The tree suggested that sequences from camels in Egypt formed a separate group from previously published sequences of MERS-CoV. The new Egyptian sequences clustered together with African MERS-CoV detected in Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Morocco, and Nigeria in clade C. In addition, two sequences obtained from camels in KSA were distinct from previously detected viruses in Saudi Arabia and closely related to clade C. The three sequences obtained from Senegal were closely related to cluster B circulating in Asia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f003">Figure 3</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec3dot9-viruses-11-00717"><title>3.9. Longitudinal Studies</title><p>Camels from a herd of 65 camels (18 male and 47 female) including 31 adult and 34 juveniles residing on a breeding farm at Matrouh governorate in Egypt were sampled monthly from May 2016 to February 2017 (except October). The seroprevalence rate of MERS-CoV in camels ranged from 29% to 46% as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f004">Figure 4</xref>A. MERS-CoV antibody was not detected in juvenile camels. The overall geometric mean titer of MERS-CoV antibodies within the herd was 5.3 log<sub>2</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f004">Figure 4</xref>B).</p><p>MERS-CoV RNA was detected in nasal swabs from five dromedaries in May 2016 (7.69%). At the time of sampling, of the five infected camels (two males and three females), two camels were seronegative while the three remaining camels had antibody titers ranging from 160 to 320. MERS-CoV RNA was detected only in one nasal swab collected in June 2016 from a seronegative adult female camel in which infection was not previously detected. This camel became seropositive when sampled in July and remained so till the end of the study. Three camels were found positive for MERS-CoV infection in July 2016 (two seronegative and did not sero-convert, and one had 320 antibody titer and continued to be seropositive). Two camels positive for MERS-CoV infection in samples collected in August (one was seronegative and never sero-converted and the other had a titer of 320 and continued to be seropositive). The virus was not detected in samples collected in September, but it was detected in only one swab of samples collected in November that had 80 antibody titer and become seronegative in subsequent samplings. No virus was detected in collected samples during December to February 2017. Steady-state of MERS-CoV antibody titer was observed during longitudinal study at Matrouh (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f004">Figure 4</xref>B).</p><p>A herd of 49 adult camels imported from Sudan and locally residing in a breeding farm at Esna in Egypt, were sampled four times from 20 April 2016 to 30 May 2016. The seroprevalence rate of MERS-CoV in camels was 97.9% at the baseline with 8.6 log<sub>2</sub> geometric mean titer. Seroprevalence rate of MERS-CoV at the first follow up was 7.6 log<sub>2</sub> geometric mean titer as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f004">Figure 4</xref>A. At the second follow up, the seroprevalence rate of MERS-CoV decreased to 5 log<sub>2</sub> geometric mean titer then slightly increased at the third follow up to 5.1 log<sub>2</sub> geometric mean titer. The virus was detected in 13 camels at the third follow up [2 (<10), 2 (20), 8 (40), 1 (80)].</p><p>Viral infection was not detected in any of the camels sampled from Jordan’s herd (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f004">Figure 4</xref>A). All the camels that were sampled had MERS-CoV antibodies ranging from 6.8 to 8 log<sub>2</sub>, thus indicating past infection (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="viruses-11-00717-f004">Figure 4</xref>B).</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec4-viruses-11-00717"><title>4. Discussion</title><p>This study confirms the extensive circulation of MERS-CoV within the dromedary camel population in Egypt and Tunisia (North Africa), Senegal (West Africa), Uganda (East Africa), Jordan (Middle East), and KSA (Arabian Peninsula). The virus was detected in nasal swabs of seropositive dromedary camels indicating reinfection of seropositive animals. A previous study showed that the lack of correlation between MERS-CoV shedding and neutralizing antibodies was due to the ability of the virus to re-infect camels having MERS-CoV antibodies [<xref rid="B21-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. The tested camels in seven countries had MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies and virus RNA was detected in Egypt, Senegal, KSA, and Tunisia. None of the infected camels in the four countries showed any clinical signs related to MERS infection as it is known that infected camels rarely show any signs of infection [<xref rid="B22-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>].</p><p>The main movement flow of dromedary camels in Africa is in the south-north direction rather than east–west movements [<xref rid="B23-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. Egypt annually imports large numbers of live dromedary camels from Sudan, Ethiopia, and Somalia to cover a part of its animal protein need. Some Sudanese camels are trekked to Egypt via the traditional route “Fourties road”, but most of camels are transported from Sudan to Egypt by trucks to live animal markets (Draw and Birqash) The Birqash camel market in Giza governorate in Egypt is the largest market in Africa. Camels from horn of African countries are shipped to Egypt via the Red Sea then transported from ports to a quarantine station then directly to markets by trucks. Most of imported camels are slaughtered and a few of them are kept for fattening for several weeks before being put up for sale again. During our previous cross-sectional surveillance study in Egypt, results showed that 84.5% of tested camels had MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in their sera while 3.8% of camels were positive for MERS-CoV [<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. In the present study, 68.9% of camels in Egypt were seropositive for MERS-CoV while virus genetic materials were detected in 8.2% of investigated camels. The prevalence of MERS-CoV varied significantly by sampling collection site, governorate, sex, age, and origin of animals. Similar to our previous studies, analysis of the results based on origin of camels in Egypt indicated that imported camels had higher seroprevalence rate and rtRT-PCR positive cases of MERS-CoV than resident camels [<xref rid="B16-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>]. It appears that the detection rates increase as camels move through the value-chain and reaches its highest at abattoirs. It is likely that the infection is amplified as animals are brought to close proximities in markets and abattoirs. This study showed that examined adult camels in Egypt had higher seroprevalence (84%) and viral RNA (9.8%) compared to juvenile camels (16.1% and 1.7% respectively, <italic>p</italic>-value < 0.0001). Comparable investigations somewhere else likewise showed a higher seroprevalence in adult than in juvenile camels [<xref rid="B24-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. Our results showed that the overall seropositivity of camels in Tunisia was 87.3%. A previous study showed lower MERS-CoV seropositivity in adult (54%) and juvenile (30%) camels raised for meat production in Tunisia [<xref rid="B15-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. Our study showed 0.7% detection rate of MERS-CoV in nasal swabs of camels in Tunisia. The detection of MERS-CoV has been described in East African countries but none from Uganda. The results of this study showed that camels in Uganda have a rate of 66% of MERS-CoV antibodies. In Uganda, camels reside in eastern regions that share cultural and geographical characteristics with Kenya [<xref rid="B25-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>]. A previous study showed that camels in Kenya have a high seroprevalence rate of antibodies for MERS-CoV [<xref rid="B26-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>].</p><p>This was the first study conducted for surveillance of MERS-CoV in dromedary camels in Senegal. The dromedary camels in Senegal have 65.1% seroprevalence rate of antibody to MERS-CoV and 5.5% detection rate of genetic material of MERS-CoV suggesting that the virus is widespread in Senegal. In Iraq, camels reside in only four provinces: Anbar, Najaf, Basrah, and Muthanna. The overall seroprevalence of MERS-CoV in Iraq was 43.7%. In this study, serum samples were collected from only two provinces: Najaf and Muthanna. There was no significant difference in seropositivity to MERS-CoV between the two provinces in Iraq. There was no significant difference in seropositivity of MERS-CoV in serum samples collected from different regions in KSA. Previous studies carried out in KSA revealed regional difference in seropositivity to MERS-CoV ranged from 100% to 37% [<xref rid="B27-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]. The virus detection rate in camels was detected in 3.1%. The main source of imported camels in KSA is Somalia and Sudan through the KSA Red Sea ports of Jizan and Jeddah.</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis of partial spike nucleotide sequences containing RBD showed that MERS-CoV in camels in Egypt clusters together with African MERS-CoV in a clade C. Previous studies found that MERS-CoV circulating in dromedaries in Egypt, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Morocco, and Ethiopia are genetically distinct from viruses in the Arabian Peninsula [<xref rid="B28-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="B29-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]. Interestingly, the obtained sequences from infected camels with MERS-CoV in KSA were distinct from previously detected MERS-CoV in Arabian Peninsula and closely related to clade C of the African detected viruses. The detected viruses were from Al-Khomra near Jeddah. Most of camels in this region were imported from Sudan and Somalia suggesting the role of imported camels in the emerging of this clade into KSA. In contrast to data from a previous study [<xref rid="B28-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>], the three obtained sequences from Senegal in West Africa were peculiarly related to cluster B circulating in Asia. It is important to note that those findings may have been affected by the relatively short sequenced fragment and full genome sequences of these samples will be more realistic.</p><p>Our longitudinal study on three dromedary camels’ herds showed high seroprevalence in adult camels in agreement with previous findings from different countries [<xref rid="B24-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. All juvenile camels in the Matrouh herd showed low antibody titer. Two Egyptian herds had evidence of MERS-CoV infection in state of the presence of MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies of some of infected camels. In contrast, a study of infection within camel herds including adult and juvenile camels showed seronegative juvenile camels exposed to viral infection more than seropositive adult animals [<xref rid="B30-viruses-11-00717" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]. A limitation of longitudinal study in Esna herd is the short period within which the sampling was carried out. No virus was detected in Jordan herd. Comparing the antibody titers among three herds, Jordan herd showed the highest seroprevalence titers without any significant drop in neutralizing antibodies. Data from this study showed that camels from Matrouh herd that were infected did not demonstrate a significant increase in titers. The source of infection is not clear. Another study limitation concerning longitudinal surveillance is the fact that the effect of seasonal climatic variation and difficulty to compare RNA activity between different sites impaired our capacity to draw uniform conclusions from all the sites. Another study limitation, urine, milk, and feces samples were not included in our study that give insights into MERS-CoV replication and virus shedding.</p><p>In conclusion, the very high prevalence of MERS-CoV neutralizing antibodies in tested camels in different countries with a larger geographical range indicates the widespread nature of the virus in camels. A systematic active surveillance and longitudinal studies for MERS-CoV are needed to understand the epidemiology of the disease and dynamics of infection. The very high seroprevalence detected in camels warrants the initiation of an active surveillance study for MERS CoV in humans, particularly those that are at higher risks of exposure to MERS-CoV infections such as camel traders and abattoir workers.</p></sec></body><back><notes><title>Author Contributions</title><p>A.K., N.H., A.S., H.S., I.E.M., P.P.M., R.J.W., M.P., Y.J.M., M.A.A. and G.K. designed the study; A.K., M.G., A.N., M.M.S., A.E.K., J.S.M.S., A.A., J.J., Z.A., M.A.S., D.K.B., F.W.M., T.T., N.S.M., R.A., S.M.H., S.A.L., Y.M., O.K., S.M., O.B., N.M.A.S., R.-E.S., A.M., R.A.P.M.P. and D.K.W.C. conducted the field and laboratory work; A.K., M.A.A., and G.K. drafted the manuscript; all authors approved the manuscript.</p></notes><notes><title>Funding</title><p>This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under contract number HHSN272201400006C and by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in the framework of OSRO/EGY/505/USA, through project jointly implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization, General Organization for Veterinary Services, National Research Center and the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, contract number I-005-436. 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Infect. Dis.</source><year>2015</year><volume>21</volume><fpage>1019</fpage><lpage>1022</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3201/eid2106.150038</pub-id><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25989145</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list></back><floats-group><fig id="viruses-11-00717-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Countries involved in this study. Results are indicated for each country as percentage of detected virus (RNA) and seropositive rate (Antibody) for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Maps adapted from <uri xlink:href="http://d-maps.com/index.php">http://d-maps.com/index.php</uri>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-11-00717-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-11-00717-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of the prevalence rate of MERS-CoV antibodies in serum (left) and RNA detection in nasal swabs (right) collected from camels in seven countries under investigation by age and sex.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-11-00717-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-11-00717-f003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Phylogenetic tree of the partial Spike gene of RBD of MERS-CoV (=701 bp). Tree was generated using MEGA6 with bootstrap method and Kimura 2-parameter model. Sequences obtained in this study are labelled with a red circle, other MERS-CoV sequences from different countries are categorized by colors.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-11-00717-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="viruses-11-00717-f004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Longitudinal study to follow up the prevalence of MERS-CoV in two herds of camels in Egypt (Matrouh and Esna) and a herd in Jordan. (<bold>A</bold>) Indicates the seropositive rate of MERS-CoV in three herds and percentage of confirmed MERS-CoV RNA by RT-PCR. (<bold>B</bold>) indicates the geometric mean of antibody titers.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="viruses-11-00717-g004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="viruses-11-00717-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">viruses-11-00717-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>MERS-CoV microneutralization and nasal swab RT-PCR test results by sampling site, age, sex and animal origin.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Country</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">Sampling Variable</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Microneutralization Assay</th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Nasal Swabs RT-PCR</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Tested</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. (Positive)</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. Tested</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. (Positive)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="30" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Egypt</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sampling Site</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Live Animal Market</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">309</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">254 (82.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">286</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (4.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Free Herd</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">187</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 (68.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">187</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (1.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Farm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">924</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">474 (51.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">944</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (3.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Quarantine</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">143 (87.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">164</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (1.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Slaughterhouse</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">449</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">401 (89.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">649</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133 (20.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Governorate</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aswan</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">340</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300 (88.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">317</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (1.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Beheira</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (57.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (4.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cairo</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">202</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">178 (88.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">265</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 (21.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Giza</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">287</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">236 (82.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">430</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74 (17.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Qaliobia</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87 (93.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (13.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Luxor</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">238</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">197 (82.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">236</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (6.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Matrouh</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">715</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">297 (41.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">728</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (2.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sharkia</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67 (74.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Age</italic></bold></td><td colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juvenile</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">447</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72 (16.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">462</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (1.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1586</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1329 (84)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1768</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">175 (9.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sex</italic></bold></td><td colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1400</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1053 (75.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1592</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">169 (10.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">633</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">348 (55)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">638</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (2.05)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Animal Origin</td><td colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Imported</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">922</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">798 (86.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1099</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">147 (13.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Local</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1111</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">603 (54.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1131</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (3.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2033</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1401 (68.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2230</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">183 (8.2)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="18" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Senegal</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sampling Site</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gandon</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (64.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ndaye</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (100)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (4.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gantour</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (95)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (5)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ndoye</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 (69.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (18.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tongon</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (23.07)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Toug</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 (97.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rao</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (5.8)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Age</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juvenile</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (29.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (13.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124 (68.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.01</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sex</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (43.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (13.3)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">182</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">122 (67)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">112</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.4)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">198</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">129 (65.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (5.5)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="13" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Uganda</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sampling Site</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Moroto</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">443</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">271 (61.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">443</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Amudat</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (64.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Age</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juvenile</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78 (52)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">150</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">230 (65.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">350</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.003</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sex</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89(61.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">145</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">355</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">219 (61.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">355</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">308 (61.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">500</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="18" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Tunisia</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sampling Site</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Douz</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">293</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">228 (77.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">341</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ghlissia</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (91.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (2.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gollaa</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13(54.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ksar Ghilane</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (65.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (13.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ghidma</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">208</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">208 (100)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">338</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jamnah</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (100)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zaafrana</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">124 (100)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">229</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Age</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juvenile</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (100)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">754</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">655 (86.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">988</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (0.9)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">0.02</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sex</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">281</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">243 (86.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">550</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (1.6)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">‘</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">440</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">620</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">782</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">683 (87.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1170</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (0.7)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="20" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>KSA</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sampling Site</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alkhomra</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (80.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (2.7)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">alsheaeba</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (58.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asfan</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (90.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dahban</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19 (73.07)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (11.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Khlees</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (80)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mecca</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (89.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Umm al Jurm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (83.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Alad</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (91.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (12.5)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Um Marekh</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (93.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Age</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juvenile</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (81.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172 (81.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">213</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.2)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sex</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (50)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">220</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">180 (81.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.1)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">181 (81.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">224</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (3.1)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="11" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Jordan</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sampling Site</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aqaba</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246 (80.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Age</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juvenile</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41 (50)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">205 (92)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">222</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.0001</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sex</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (28.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">297</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">244 (82.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">297</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"><0.003</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">246 (81)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">304</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="13" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><bold>Iraq</bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sampling Site</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wasit</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (92.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Muthana</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (7.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Age</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Juvenile</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (33.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adult</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (57.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold><italic>Sex</italic></bold></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Male</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (55.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Female</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (44.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic>-value</td><td colspan="4" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">ns</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (43.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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