Prevalence of Diabetes in the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Identifieur interne : 000E80 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000E79; suivant : 000E81Prevalence of Diabetes in the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Auteurs : Alaa Badawi ; Seung Gwan RyooSource :
- Journal of Public Health Research [ 2279-9028 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Over the past two decades a number of severe acute respiratory infection outbreaks such as the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have emerged and presented a considerable global public health threat. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that diabetic subjects are more susceptible to these conditions. However, the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV has not been systematically described. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published reports documenting the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV and compare its frequency in the two viral conditions. Meta-analysis for the proportions of subjects with diabetes was carried out in 29 studies for H1N1 (
Outbreaks of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have presented a considerable global public health threat over the past few years. Evidence suggest that infected subjects who are also diabetic are more likely to be susceptible to severe outcome of H1N1 and MERS-CoV. Systematic analysis of ~93,000 H1N1 cases and ~300 MERS-CoV cases indicated an overall prevalence of 14.6% and 54.4% for diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV cases, respectively. This may suggest a possible etiological relationship between diabetes and each of the two infectious conditions. Introduction of effective public health vaccination intervention strategies against severe acute respiratory infections should be developed to target subjects with chronic disorders such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular conditions.
Url:
DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2016.733
PubMed: 28083520
PubMed Central: 5206772
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Prevalence of Diabetes in the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title><author><name sortKey="Badawi, Alaa" sort="Badawi, Alaa" uniqKey="Badawi A" first="Alaa" last="Badawi">Alaa Badawi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><institution>Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada</institution>,<addr-line>Toronto, ON</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryoo, Seung Gwan" sort="Ryoo, Seung Gwan" uniqKey="Ryoo S" first="Seung Gwan" last="Ryoo">Seung Gwan Ryoo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002">Faculty of Arts and Science,<institution>University of Toronto</institution>,<addr-line>Toronto, ON, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28083520</idno><idno type="pmc">5206772</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5206772</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5206772</idno><idno type="doi">10.4081/jphr.2016.733</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E80</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000E80</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Prevalence of Diabetes in the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title><author><name sortKey="Badawi, Alaa" sort="Badawi, Alaa" uniqKey="Badawi A" first="Alaa" last="Badawi">Alaa Badawi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff001"><institution>Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada</institution>,<addr-line>Toronto, ON</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ryoo, Seung Gwan" sort="Ryoo, Seung Gwan" uniqKey="Ryoo S" first="Seung Gwan" last="Ryoo">Seung Gwan Ryoo</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff002">Faculty of Arts and Science,<institution>University of Toronto</institution>,<addr-line>Toronto, ON, Canada</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Public Health Research</title><idno type="ISSN">2279-9028</idno><idno type="eISSN">2279-9036</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past two decades a number of severe acute respiratory infection outbreaks such as the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have emerged and presented a considerable global public health threat. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that diabetic subjects are more susceptible to these conditions. However, the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV has not been systematically described. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published reports documenting the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV and compare its frequency in the two viral conditions. Meta-analysis for the proportions of subjects with diabetes was carried out in 29 studies for H1N1 (<italic>n</italic>=92,948) and 9 for MERS-CoV (<italic>n</italic>=308). Average age of H1N1 patients (36.2±6.0 years) was significantly younger than that of subjects with MERS-CoV (54.3±7.4 years, P<0.05). Compared to MERS-CoV patients, subjects with H1N1 exhibited 3-fold lower frequency of cardiovascular diseases and 2- and 4-fold higher prevalence of obesity and immunosuppression, respectively. The overall prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 was 14.6% (95% CI: 12.3-17.0%; P<0.001), a 3.6-fold lower than in MERS-CoV (54.4%; 95% CI: 29.4-79.5; P<0.001). The prevalence of diabetes among H1N1 cases from Asia and North America was ~two-fold higher than those from South America and Europe. The prevalence of diabetes in MERS-CoV cases is higher than in H1N1. Regional comparisons suggest that an etiologic role of diabetes in MERS-CoV may exist distinctive from that in H1N1.</p><p><boxed-text position="float" orientation="portrait"><caption><title>Significance for public health</title></caption><p>Outbreaks of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have presented a considerable global public health threat over the past few years. Evidence suggest that infected subjects who are also diabetic are more likely to be susceptible to severe outcome of H1N1 and MERS-CoV. Systematic analysis of ~93,000 H1N1 cases and ~300 MERS-CoV cases indicated an overall prevalence of 14.6% and 54.4% for diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV cases, respectively. This may suggest a possible etiological relationship between diabetes and each of the two infectious conditions. Introduction of effective public health vaccination intervention strategies against severe acute respiratory infections should be developed to target subjects with chronic disorders such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular conditions.</p></boxed-text></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dawood, Fs" uniqKey="Dawood F">FS Dawood</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iuliano, Ad" uniqKey="Iuliano A">AD Iuliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Reed, C" uniqKey="Reed C">C Reed</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Soub, H" uniqKey="Al Soub H">H Al-Soub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ibrahim, As" uniqKey="Ibrahim A">AS Ibrahim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Maslamani, M" uniqKey="Al Maslamani M">M Al-Maslamani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Allam, Rr" uniqKey="Allam R">RR Allam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murhekar, Mv" uniqKey="Murhekar M">MV Murhekar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tadi, Gp" uniqKey="Tadi G">GP Tadi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Udaragudi, Pr" uniqKey="Udaragudi P">PR Udaragudi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chawla, R" uniqKey="Chawla R">R Chawla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kansal, S" uniqKey="Kansal S">S Kansal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chauhan, M" uniqKey="Chauhan M">M Chauhan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arabi, Ym" uniqKey="Arabi Y">YM Arabi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arifi, Aa" uniqKey="Arifi A">AA Arifi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kalkhy, Hh" uniqKey="Kalkhy H">HH Kalkhy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Assiri, A" uniqKey="Assiri A">A Assiri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Tawfiq, Ja" uniqKey="Al Tawfiq J">JA Al-Tawfiq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Rabeeah, Aa" uniqKey="Al Rabeeah A">AA Al-Rabeeah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Assiri, A" uniqKey="Assiri A">A Assiri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcgeer, A" uniqKey="Mcgeer A">A McGeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perl, Tm" uniqKey="Perl T">TM Perl</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Al Tawfiq, Ja" uniqKey="Al Tawfiq J">JA Al-Tawfiq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hinedi, K" uniqKey="Hinedi K">K Hinedi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghandour, J" uniqKey="Ghandour J">J Ghandour</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cunha, Cb" uniqKey="Cunha C">CB Cunha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Opal, Sm" uniqKey="Opal S">SM Opal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wang, C" uniqKey="Wang C">C Wang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, E" uniqKey="Yu E">E Yu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Xu, B" uniqKey="Xu B">B Xu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Casqueiro, J" uniqKey="Casqueiro J">J Casqueiro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Casquerio, J" uniqKey="Casquerio J">J Casquerio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alves, C" uniqKey="Alves C">C. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Public Health Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Public Health Res</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">JPHR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Public Health Research</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2279-9028</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2279-9036</issn><publisher><publisher-name>PAGEPress Publications, Pavia, Italy</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28083520</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5206772</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4081/jphr.2016.733</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Prevalence of Diabetes in the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Badawi</surname><given-names>Alaa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ryoo</surname><given-names>Seung Gwan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><institution>Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada</institution>,<addr-line>Toronto, ON</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label>Faculty of Arts and Science,<institution>University of Toronto</institution>,<addr-line>Toronto, ON, Canada</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, 180 Queen Street West Toronto, ON M5V 3L7, Canada. <email>alaa.badawi@phac-aspc.gc.ca</email></corresp><fn fn-type="con"><p>Contributions: AB conceived the study idea and design, acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data and wrote the manuscript. SGR helped in the initial drafting of the article. Both authors critically reviewed the manuscript, approved the final draft and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.</p></fn><fn fn-type="COI-statement"><p>Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>3</issue><elocation-id>733</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>8</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>©Copyright A. Badawi and S. Gwan Ryoo</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Licensee PAGEPress, Italy</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 License (CC <uri xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">BY-NC 4.0</uri>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Over the past two decades a number of severe acute respiratory infection outbreaks such as the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have emerged and presented a considerable global public health threat. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that diabetic subjects are more susceptible to these conditions. However, the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV has not been systematically described. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published reports documenting the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV and compare its frequency in the two viral conditions. Meta-analysis for the proportions of subjects with diabetes was carried out in 29 studies for H1N1 (<italic>n</italic>=92,948) and 9 for MERS-CoV (<italic>n</italic>=308). Average age of H1N1 patients (36.2±6.0 years) was significantly younger than that of subjects with MERS-CoV (54.3±7.4 years, P<0.05). Compared to MERS-CoV patients, subjects with H1N1 exhibited 3-fold lower frequency of cardiovascular diseases and 2- and 4-fold higher prevalence of obesity and immunosuppression, respectively. The overall prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 was 14.6% (95% CI: 12.3-17.0%; P<0.001), a 3.6-fold lower than in MERS-CoV (54.4%; 95% CI: 29.4-79.5; P<0.001). The prevalence of diabetes among H1N1 cases from Asia and North America was ~two-fold higher than those from South America and Europe. The prevalence of diabetes in MERS-CoV cases is higher than in H1N1. Regional comparisons suggest that an etiologic role of diabetes in MERS-CoV may exist distinctive from that in H1N1.</p><p><boxed-text position="float" orientation="portrait"><caption><title>Significance for public health</title></caption><p>Outbreaks of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have presented a considerable global public health threat over the past few years. Evidence suggest that infected subjects who are also diabetic are more likely to be susceptible to severe outcome of H1N1 and MERS-CoV. Systematic analysis of ~93,000 H1N1 cases and ~300 MERS-CoV cases indicated an overall prevalence of 14.6% and 54.4% for diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV cases, respectively. This may suggest a possible etiological relationship between diabetes and each of the two infectious conditions. Introduction of effective public health vaccination intervention strategies against severe acute respiratory infections should be developed to target subjects with chronic disorders such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular conditions.</p></boxed-text></p></abstract><kwd-group><title>Key words</title><kwd>Diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>2009 influenza A (H1N1)</kwd><kwd>the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)</kwd><kwd>Systematic Review</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="4"></fig-count><table-count count="3"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="89"></ref-count><page-count count="9"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1-1"><title>Introduction</title><p>For the past two decades, pandemics of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) have been serious threats to global health, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Reassorted novel strains of influenza viruses and coronaviruses continue to arise, rendering vaccinations - if developed - less useful and posing increased risks to humans. Two prominent viruses – 2009 influenza A (H1N1) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – have markedly affected humans. H1N1, since the 2009 pandemic, has caused about 284,500 deaths, both directly via respiratory infections and indirectly from the cardiovascular diseases secondary to bacterial infections.<sup><xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref></sup> In addition, MERS-CoV, since its first emergence in 2012, has infected 1600 individuals, causing 574 deaths and was reported in 26 countries although the vast majority of reported cases originated from the Arabian Peninsula.<sup><xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup></p><p>H1N1 and MERS-CoV both target the respiratory tract, and share many similar clinical symptoms. The most common symptoms are fever, cough, shortness of breath, and sore throat<sup><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3-8</xref></sup> followed always by gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.<sup><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7-9</xref></sup> Both diseases often lead to complications such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, organ failure, and even death.<sup><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>,<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref></sup> Complications mostly lie within the respiratory system with organ failure commonly noted in the respiratory system, followed by renal and cardiovascular systems.<sup><xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Individuals infected with H1N1 usually belong to those aged between 21 and 50 years,<sup><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>,<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> and have a mean age in the early 40s.<sup><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>,<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> MERS-CoV, on the other hand, mostly infects older adults with a median age of 50 years.<sup><xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup> This difference was hypothesized to be related to the development of cross-reactive antibodies against influenza viruses from previous exposures to seasonal influenza in elder people.<sup><xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref></sup> Another difference between H1N1 and MERS-CoV relates to the length of the incubation period. H1N1 has a short incubation period between 1 and 2 days,<sup><xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref></sup> whereas MERS-CoV has a much longer period of ~5 days.<sup><xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref></sup></p><p>Many infected individuals exhibit comorbidities (<italic>e.g</italic>., diabetes, hypertension, asthma, and obesity), rendering them more susceptible to complications.<sup><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3-7</xref></sup> Diabetes is one of the known documented contributing host-related risk factor in both H1N1 and MERS-CoV severe cases, and is frequent in individuals developing fatal disease complications.<sup><xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4-7</xref></sup> This observation may suggest an etiological relationship between diabetes and acute viral respiratory infections. Diabetes and its related conditions downregulate the innate and humoral immune systems by reducing the function of T cells and neutrophils.<sup><xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref></sup> Hyperglycemia impairs critical components of innate immunity <italic>in vitro</italic>, such as chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and the bactericidal activity of neutrophils and macrophages and lead to secondary infections.<sup><xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref></sup> The direct influence of diabetes, however, on acute respiratory infections still needs more research to estimate the frequency of diabetes in severe viral conditions and to elucidate the etiologic role on diabetes in disease severity.<sup><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> The present study was undertaken to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature to describe the prevalence of diabetes in two of the emerging severe acute respiratory infections such as H1N1 and MERS-CoV and to explore its possible contribution to the severity and complication of the two viral conditions.</p></sec><sec sec-type="Methods" id="sec1-2"><title>Materials and Methods</title><sec id="sec2-1"><title>Search strategy and selection criteria</title><p>A search was conducted in PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Embase Classic databases to the last week of July 2015 using the search terms (MeSH) H1N1 or MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) and Diabetes. The search resulted in 123 articles selected for title and abstract review as they satisfied our selection criteria (see below). We limited the studies into those in humans and excluded reports published as review articles, letters, case studies, editorials, conference abstracts, vaccination trials or family-based studies. After eliminating duplicate listings and only considering articles in full text, a total of 44 peer-reviewed original studies were selected for full text review. Full article review resulted in the further exclusion of 8 reports that were not documenting the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 or MERS-CoV <italic>(i.e.</italic>, no association studies), examining only a small number of travellers as a case report (<italic>n</italic>=2 subjects), reporting seasonal influenza alone, reviewing already reported cases (MERS-CoV), or simply documenting national surveys. A bibliography search of the remaining articles identified two additional studies. A total of 38 peer- reviewed articles (29 studies for H1N1<sup><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3-5</xref>,<xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14-39</xref></sup> and 9 for MERS-CoV<sup><xref rid="ref6" ref-type="bibr">6-9</xref>,<xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40-44</xref></sup>) were identified for this article (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig001">Figure 1</xref>).</p></sec><sec id="sec2-2"><title>Inter-reviewer agreement</title><p>The abstracts of the identified studies were independently reviewed by two readers (AB and SJ). Differences were resolved through discussions for a consensus to be reached. Percentage agreement and Cohen’s Kappa (<italic>k</italic>) statistic<sup><xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref></sup> were calculated and interpreted in accordance with Landis and Koch’s benchmarks<sup><xref rid="ref46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref></sup> for assessing the agreement between reviewers as poor (<0), slight (0.0-0.20), fair (0.21-0.40), moderate (0.41-0.60), substantial (0.61-0.80), and excellent (0.81-1.0). The agreement on the inclusion between the two reviewers was 86%, with <italic>k</italic>=0.72 (95% CI 0.58-0.85).</p></sec><sec id="sec2-3"><title>Quality score assessment</title><p>The methodological quality of each study was evaluated as previously described<sup><xref rid="ref47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref></sup> with some modification. Quality of the study was based on four criteria: <italic>(a)</italic> the number of study subjects (<italic>n</italic>; at least the median of 157 for H1N1 and 17 for MERS-CoV), (<italic>b</italic>) comprehensive reporting of patients’ demographic information, (<italic>c</italic>) describing a minimum of 3 disease-associated symptoms and (<italic>d</italic>) reporting at least 2 comorbidities (in addition to diabetes). For each criterion, each study was given a score (0 or 1, with 1 fulfilling the criteria). The total score was calculated for each study (score range 0-4). Quality scores of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were considered poor, fair, good and very good, respectively.</p></sec><sec id="sec2-4"><title>Data extraction and analysis</title><p>Data extracted from the selected studies included the first author’s name, publication date, country, dates of recruitment, ethnicity, total sample size (divided to males and females), age, prevalence of symptoms (including fever, shortness of breath, sore throat, cough and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, APACHEII) and percentage of comorbidities at the time of presentation (including obesity, immunosuppression or HIV and heart conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and/or coronary arterial diseases) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="table002">2</xref>). Weighted average was used to calculate the average age and the overall prevalence of clinical symptoms and comorbidities. Publication bias was assessed both by the visual inspection of funnel plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig002">Figure 2</xref>) and by Egger’s test. Egger’s test is widely used to assess the tendency for the effects estimated in small sample size studies to differ from those estimated in larger studies. The results of Egger’s test are presented in terms of bias coefficient. To measure the prevalence of diabetes in the two viral conditions, we extracted the proportion of the disease in the reported cases of severe respiratory infections. A subgroup analysis was carried out by region, only for the H1N1 studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table003">Table 3</xref>). Region subgroup analysis for MERS-CoV was not doable since all the identified studies were conducted on Saudi populations, with one study of pooled analysis where region/country designation was not possible. The primary outcome measure was to evaluate the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV cases. The meta-analysis of proportions (and 95% CIs) was calculated for the identified studies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig003">Figure 3</xref>) and in a subgroup analysis within each region (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table003">Table 3</xref>). Meta-analysis tests were conducted using the OpenMeta Analyst version 10.10, a free, cross-platform, open-source program.<sup><xref rid="ref48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref></sup> We used binary random-effects model since we assumed that the relationship between diabetes and severe respiratory infection is varied across populations. T-test was used to compare between average age in H1N1 and MERS-CoV since this factor was normally distributed in the two sets of studies. Mann-Whitney Utest was employed to compare the prevalence of clinical symptoms and comorbidities between the two diseases as these conditions were not normally distributed. To assess whether there is true heterogeneity among the selected studies and that all the studies are evaluating the same effect, we used the <italic>Q</italic> test.<sup><xref rid="ref49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref></sup><italic>Q</italic> test only informs about the presence versus the absence of heterogeneity and does not report on the extent of such heterogeneity. Therefore, we calculated the <italic>I<sup>2</sup></italic> index to complement the <italic>Q</italic> test and quantify the degree of heterogeneity among studies.<sup><xref rid="ref50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref></sup> Given the poor power of <italic>Q</italic> test to detect true heterogeneity among a small number of studies, we also quantified the true heterogeneity by estimating the between-study variance in the random-effects model (<italic>τ</italic><sup>2</sup>), as previously described.<sup><xref rid="ref51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref></sup> P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Forest plots were used to illustrate the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV severity from the selected studies and to inspect the heterogeneity of the individual findings.</p></sec></sec><sec id="sec1-3"><title>Results</title><p>The present systematic review examines the relationship between diabetes and the H1N1 and MERS-CoV. A total of 38 studies that report the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 (<italic>n</italic>=92,948 cases from 29 studies, <xref ref-type="table" rid="table001">Table 1</xref>) and MERS-CoV (<italic>n</italic>=308 cases from 9 studies, <xref ref-type="table" rid="table002">Table 2</xref>) were selected. The funnel plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig002">Figure 2</xref>) demonstrated a non-symmetrical distribution of the effect size of each study on either side of the pooled estimate. This seemingly non-symmetrical appearance of the plot suggested evidence of publication bias. Egger’s test also supported this notion particularly in MERS-CoV studies where the bias coefficient was not statistically significant - given the assumption for evidence of small-study effects is based on P<0.1 (P=0.13 for the H1N1 studies and P=0.065 for the MERS-CoV studies). These findings are supported by the significant heterogeneity (P<0.001) among the selected studies (see below). According to our quality scoring criteria (see above), the majority of the studies were between fair (score 2; 12 reports) and good (score 3, 16 reports) quality with 7 studies that fulfilled all quality scoring criteria (score 4, very good). Within the selected studies, sex-ratio (male:female) in the majority of the H1N1 reports was 1:1 whereas it was ~2:1 in the MERS-CoV cases. The average age of H1N1 cases (36.2±6.0 years, range: 11-54.5 years) was significantly younger than MERS-CoV cases (54.3±7.4 years, range: 36-66 years, t-test P=0.0004). The prevalence of fever, shortness of breath, sore throat and cough was not statistically different between H1N1 and MERS-CoV cases from the two sets of studies (Mann-Whitney U test at P<0.05). We observed a non-statistically significant ~2-fold higher frequency of obesity (>30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) in the MERS-CoV patients compared to their H1N1 counterparts (17.6±4.2 <italic>vs.</italic> 7.7±2.8%). The combined frequencies of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cardio-artillery diseases were ~3-fold higher in MERS-CoV cases than in H1N1 (31.3±5.9% <italic>vs.</italic> 7.2±2.7, P=0.0004).</p><p>Meta-analyses for the proportion of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig003">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig004">4</xref>, respectively. The overall proportion of diabetes in H1N1 is 15% (95% CI: 12-17%), 3.6-fold lower than its proportion in MERS-CoV (54%, 95%CI: 28-80%). The two sets of studies displayed a significant heterogeneity (P<0.001) among the selected studies <italic>(Q</italic> test: 1943 for H1N1 <italic>vs.</italic> 169.8 for MERS-CoV). Additionally, the degree of heterogeneity among studies was statistically significant (P<0.001) and comparable between the two sets of studies <italic>(I<sup>2</sup></italic> index: 98.6 for H1N1 <italic>vs.</italic> 95.3 for MERS-CoV). The between-study variance in the random-effects model was markedly lower among the H1N1 studies (<italic>τ</italic><sup>2</sup>=0.003) than the MERS-CoV reports (<italic>τ</italic><sup>2</sup>=0.134).</p><p>Subgroup analysis by region for H1N1 studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table003">Table 3</xref>) showed that the frequency of diabetes in H1N1 from Asia and North America (~18-20%, P<0.001) is 2-fold higher than its prevalence in the cases recruited from Europe and South America (~10%, P<0.001). Cases from Africa (14%) showed a non-significant slightly lower diabetes prevalence compared to those from Asia and North America. It should be noted however, that the frequency estimate from Africa was developed only from two studies (compared to 8 and 10 studies from Asia and North America, respectively, and 4 studies from each of Europe and South America). The heterogeneity tests for the studies included in all regional sub-analyses exhibited significant overall heterogeneity (<italic>Q</italic> test, P≤0.009), degree of heterogeneity among studies <italic>(I<sup>2</sup></italic> index) and between-study variance in the random-effects model (<italic>τ</italic><sup>2</sup> test).</p></sec><sec id="sec1-4"><title>Discussion</title><p>The present systematic review evaluates the frequency of diabetes in SARI conditions such as H1N1 and MERS-CoV. We observed a large difference between the volume of literature and total number of subjects evaluated for each condition and identified 29 studies for H1N1 (with 92,948 subjects) and 9 for MERS-CoV (with 308 patients). About 60% of the selected studies (23 out of 38) had a quality score between good and very good (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="table002">2</xref>). This indicates that a large set of the studies had a sufficient enough number subjects to substantiate the outcome and have provided a comprehensive reporting of patients’ demographic information. Furthermore, the majority of the selected studies reported a set of disease-associated symptoms and comorbidities that permitted developing a comprehensive profile of the infectious disease and its complication. This difference reflects the discrepancy between the two diseases in their global (H1N1) versus regional (MERS-CoV) spread, and the period during which they emerged. Immediately following its outbreak in 2009, the H1N1 triple reassortant swine influenza viruses contained genes from avian, swine, and human influenza A viruses<sup><xref rid="ref53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>,<xref rid="ref54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref></sup> and sustained a rapid between-human transmission to spread globally.<sup><xref rid="ref52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref></sup> On the other hand, in 2012, the emergence of MERS-CoV was to a great extent contained within the Arabian Peninsula<sup><xref rid="ref55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref></sup> and dromedary camels were identified as the intermediate host<sup><xref rid="ref56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref></sup> with a closely related virus sequences found in bats.<sup><xref rid="ref57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref></sup> Apart from a number of nosocomial outbreaks involving healthcare workers caring for MERS-CoV patients; little evidence has been initially reported for sustained person-to-person transmission.<sup><xref rid="ref58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref></sup> However, during the 2015 MERS-CoV outbreak in the Republic of Korea it was demonstrated that among 186 cases, 83.2% of the transmission events were linked to only 5 super-spreaders, all of whom had pneumonia at presentation and contacted hundreds of people, adding evidence to the person-to-person transmission in MERS-CoV.<sup><xref rid="ref59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref></sup></p><p>The characteristic pattern of transmission and spread of H1N1 and MERS-CoV may have resulted in a distinctive sex-ratio for each condition. MERS-CoV cases exhibited a sex-ratio (male:female) of 2:1, twice that noted for H1N1 cases (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="table002">2</xref>). The male predominance of MERS-CoV reflects the higher likelihood of exposure to the infectious agent in males than in females in Middle Eastern cultures. In addition, most males who tested positive for the virus and died also had underlying medical conditions, which could explain the severity of cases in older males.<sup><xref rid="ref60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref></sup> In agreement, MERS-CoV cases were significantly older (54.3±7.4 years) than their H1N1 (36.2±6.0 years) counterparts. The average age of H1N1 patients is similar to that in H5N1 cases where 90 percent of the subjects were 40 years or younger.<sup><xref rid="ref61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref></sup> As noted with H5N1 cases, it can be estimated that 15-20% of elder people may have residual immunity against this H1N1 flu strain following their life-time exposures to multiple influenza outbreaks.<sup><xref rid="ref61" ref-type="bibr">61-64</xref></sup> This immunogenicity does not apply to coronaviruses and may explain the younger average age of H1N1 cases compared to MERS-CoV cases. Indeed, it was proposed over 60 years ago that repeated exposures to antigenic variants of influenza viruses may result in antibodies recognizing a large number of common flu antigens, and develop a reinforced immunity that lower the risk of infection with newly emerging variants.<sup><xref rid="ref65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref></sup></p><p>The clinical presentations of SARI generally include respiratory symptoms, such as fever, new onset or exacerbation of cough, breathing difficulty and sore throat. Severe illnesses may vary from pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, encephalitis, myocarditis, or other severe and life-threatening complications.<sup><xref rid="ref66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref></sup> The frequency of fever, shortness of breath, sore throat and cough was similar between H1N1 and MERS-CoV cases. In contrast, underlying medical conditions and comorbidities varied significantly between the two viral conditions. Patients with MERS-CoV had 2-fold higher rates of obesity (P>0.05) and 3-fold higher combined frequencies of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cardio-artillery diseases (P<0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="table002">2</xref>). The varying rates of comorbidities between H1N1 and MERS-CoV cases may relate to their different patterns of regional spread. Cardiovascular diseases are highly prevalent in the Middle East<sup><xref rid="ref67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref></sup> than in many regions of the world.<sup><xref rid="ref67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>,<xref rid="ref68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref></sup> This observation also applies to obesity, although the lower prevalence of obesity in males from the Arabian Peninsula versus females<sup><xref rid="ref69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref></sup> and their higher predominance in MERS-CoV patients (see above) together may have been combined to render the occurrence of obesity in MERS-CoV non-significantly different from that in H1N1. The increased risk of developing severe H1N1 and MERS-CoV complications in people with underlying chronic diseases was similarly reported in seasonal influenza. A recent study noted that, compared to subjects with no comorbidities, severe cases of influenza are more likely to manifest with obesity (OR for mortality 2.74, 95%CI: 1.56-4.80), cardiovascular diseases (2.92, 1.76-4.86), hypertension (1.49, 1.10-2.01) and neuromuscular disease (2.68, 1.91-3.75).<sup><xref rid="ref70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref></sup> More studies examining the link between SARI and metabolic syndrome-related complications such as obesity and cardiovascular conditions are needed to evaluate their contribution to the severity of infectious diseases.</p><p>The overall proportion of diabetes was ~4-fold higher in MERS-CoV cases (54%) than in their H1N1 counterparts (15%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig003">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig004">4</xref>). In agreement, odds ratio for severe H1N1 in diabetic subjects (ranging from 2.2 to 4.4)<sup><xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup> was >3-fold lower than for severe MERS-CoV (OR ranging from 7.2 to 15.7).<sup><xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>,<xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref></sup> Although at varying extents, these findings implicate diabetes as a risk factor for sever MERS-CoV and H1N1. One reason for this difference may relate to the higher average age of MERS-CoV cases given that older age is a known risk factor for type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref rid="ref71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref></sup> Although in younger Middle Eastern populations rates of diabetes and its risk factors<sup><xref rid="ref67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref></sup> are higher than those in older populations, the disease prevalence has increased across all age groups rather than just in older adults in the region.<sup><xref rid="ref72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref></sup> Another possible explanation can be attributed to the high prevalence of diabetes in the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula<sup><xref rid="ref67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref></sup> - where MERS-CoV originated and spread - compared to its prevalence in other world regions.<sup><xref rid="ref68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref></sup> Similar increased rates of tuberculosis were noted in regions with high diabetes prevalence.<sup><xref rid="ref73" ref-type="bibr">73</xref></sup> Additionally, subgroup analysis by region demonstrated that diabetes frequency in H1N1 cases from Asia and North America is ~2-fold higher than in those from Europe and South America (<xref ref-type="table" rid="table003">Table 3</xref>). This coincides with the high prevalence of diabetes in Asia and North America (~12%) compared to Europe or South and Central America (~9%).<sup><xref rid="ref74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref></sup> However, despite the lines of evidence suggesting an influence of the region of viral spread on diabetes proportion in the severe cases of SARI, the rate of diabetes in MERS-CoV was still ~3-fold higher than that in the H1N1 cases from Asia (17.6%, 95% CI: 12.1-23.1; P<0.001; <xref ref-type="table" rid="table003">Table 3</xref>) - where diabetes rates are comparable to those in the regions of MERS-CoV. This observation suggests that the higher prevalence of diabetes in MERS-CoV cases than in H1N1, may not be simply related to the regional differences in the viral spread and that an etiologic role of diabetes in severe MERS-CoV cases may exist distinctive from that in H1N1.</p><p>Diabetes can impair the innate immune system<sup><xref rid="ref75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref></sup> and render individuals more susceptible to a range of infectious diseases and severe illnesses.<sup><xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>,<xref rid="ref75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="ref76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref></sup> For example, during seasonal influenza outbreaks, compared to healthy subjects, diabetic patients were shown to have 6-fold higher risk of becoming critically ill and acquire hospitalization with 4-fold increased rates of pneumonia-related hospitalizations and a 3-fold elevated likelihood of dying of complications.<sup><xref rid="ref77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref></sup> Diabetes share several common features with infectious disorders and its complication such as the endothelial dysfunction, the pro-inflammatory state and the attenuation of innate immune response.<sup><xref rid="ref75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref></sup> The cytokine overload related to the Th1 (microbicidal action of IFN- ) to Th2 (anti-inflammatory IL-4, -5, -10 and -13) shift in severe viral infection when accompanied by the increased cytokine levels arising from diabetes, both can be detrimental to the endothelium and lead to a range of subsequent complications.<sup><xref rid="ref78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref></sup> Dampened innate immunity and the shift from Th1 to Th2 responses were implicated in linking the high prevalence of allergy observed in fatal viral infections, <italic>e.g.</italic>, Dengue fever.<sup><xref rid="ref79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref></sup> Furthermore, diabetes can impair macrophage and lymphocyte functions with a subsequent status of reduced immune response<sup><xref rid="ref76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref></sup> where individuals become at increased risk of severe infectious disease outcome. In support, diabetes-associated hyperglycemia and cellular insulinopenia are known to impair macrophage and lymphocyte functions with a subsequent status of reduced immune response.<sup><xref rid="ref76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref></sup> Furthermore, levels of HbA1c ≥9% were linked to a 60% increased risk of pneumonia-related complications and hospitalization due to a lower immune response.<sup><xref rid="ref80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref></sup> Host defense to infection is largely mediated by cellular immunity and the synthesis of related cytokines, such as IFN- and interleukins, is downregulated in diabetes.<sup><xref rid="ref75" ref-type="bibr">75</xref>,<xref rid="ref81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref></sup></p><p>The present study has several limitations. Inspection of the funnel plot (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig002">Figure 2</xref>) and the Egger’s test indicates that publication bias may have been derived from the small-study effect, <italic>i.e.</italic>, the possibility of including small studies with spuriously overstated estimates while ignoring those without statistically significant effects that may have a lower possibility of being published. Furthermore, the identified reports have shown 8-fold among-studies variance in the diabetes proportion for H1N1 (0.04-0.35; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig003">Figure 3</xref>) and MERS-CoV (0.1-0.8, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig004">Figure 4</xref>) cases. These inter-study differences may have contributed to the significant heterogeneity observed in our report. Additional sources of heterogeneity may relate to the large variation among studies in the sample size (19 to 70,000 H1N1 cases and 5 to 161 MERS-CoV patients) or the ethnic diversity of the study populations particularly within the H1N1 studies (collected from 14 counties). Furthermore, heterogeneous methodologies due to different study designs may have influenced the inter-study variation. This observation may levy some limitations on the estimated contribution of diabetes to severe H1N1 and MERS-CoV cases and render our results as a guide to generate more accurate estimates for national or international intervention strategies for severe SARI conditions in diabetic subjects. Furthermore, although the prevalence of diabetes is 15% in severe H1N1 cases and 54% in MERS-CoV, it may not implicate causality and warrants further studies to identify the nature and extent of the coexistence between diabetes and each of the two respiratory infections. Another limitation is the low number of MERS-CoV cases and the narrow geographic region from which it was recruited, compared to the H1N1 cases that rendered subgroup analysis (by region) unattainable for MERS-CoV cases. This particular limitation may add more weight to the suggestion stipulating that the difference in diabetes prevalence between H1N1 and MERS-CoV can be attributable to the regional difference in spread. The small number of MERS-CoV studies highlights the need to develop international collaborations that include cases from countries other than those in the Arabian Peninsula, <italic>e.g.</italic>, from Korea where a few recent cases have been emerged recently. A single study<sup><xref rid="ref44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref></sup> has examined MERS-CoV cases pooled from various countries but the findings were still limited by the small population size. The reports identified in the present study did not distinguish between the prevalence of type 1 and/or type 2 diabetes in H1N1 or MERS-CoV cases. With the exception of three studies (only in the H1N1 - but not MERS-CoV),<sup><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> all the identified reports have combined both types of diabetes despite their different characteristics, etiological factors and clinical features. Cortes Garcia et al.,<sup><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref></sup> and Koegelenberg et al.,<sup><xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup> have clearly stated that the diabetic cases in their H1N1 series as type 2 cases. Jimenez-Garcia et al.,<sup><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> on the other hand, compared the demographic characteristics, underlying medical conditions and in-hospital case fatality risk (CFR) in the type 1 (prevalence 0.8%) and type 2 (prevalence 8.4%) diabetic patients and reported a ~2-fold higher CFR in type 2 cases than type 1.<sup><xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref></sup> Given this paucity of information, it was challenging to distinguish between the two types of diabetes for their role in viral disease severity and complication.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-5"><title>Conclusions</title><p>In conclusion, the present study provides some evidence of a greater prevalence of diabetes to MERS-CoV severity compared to H1N1. If this relationship is causal, however, the substantial proportion of diabetes in each of the two infections suggests that introducing effective strategies for diabetes prevention may reduce the severity of a significant number of SARI conditions. Specific systematic vaccination intervention strategies against SARI diseases should be also considered for patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular conditions.<sup><xref rid="ref82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref></sup> This should be viewed as a key public health strategy in preventing SARI-associated morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref rid="ref83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref></sup> During the 1957–58 pandemic and in response to substantial morbidity and mortality, the US Surgeon General recommended annual influenza vaccination for individuals with chronic debilitating disease, people aged ≥65 years and pregnant women.<sup><xref rid="ref84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref></sup> For these high-risk groups, the first recommendation of national universal seasonal influenza vaccination was established in 2010 by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).<sup><xref rid="ref85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref></sup> Recently, influenza vaccination was demonstrated to be associated with preventing allcause hospitalization in infected subjects.<sup><xref rid="ref86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref></sup> However, despite numerous recommendations from several public health organizations across the world (<italic>e.g</italic>., CDC, WHO, etc.) to administer SARI vaccines (<italic>e.g</italic>., influenza) annually to diabetic patients, vaccination rate in this vulnerable sub-population remains low.<sup><xref rid="ref87" ref-type="bibr">87-89</xref></sup> The current level of vaccination falls far short of the 2010 national health objectives call for a 90% rate to all elderly people (≥65 years of age) and 60% for younger people who have risk factors (<italic>e.g</italic>., diabetes).<sup><xref rid="ref88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref></sup> The prevalence of chronic diseases is rising in middle- and low-income countries as populations age and lifestyles and diets change. Further studies are being undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of other comorbidities in H1N1 and MERS-CoV. Subsequent introduction of effective public health vaccination intervention approaches and strategies is necessary to improve the protection against SARI in subjects with chronic disorders such as diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular conditions.</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>The authors thank S. Jurdi and H. Nasser for helping in reviewing the initial set of abstracts with AB during the initial stage of studies screening and Dr. Paul Arora for discussing the manuscript. 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The flow diagram describes the systematic review of literature on the contribution of diabetes to severe H1N1 and MERS-CoV. A total of 38 unique studies were identified (29 studies for H1N1 and 9 for MERS-CoV from an initial 342 examined titles).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jphr-2016-3-733-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2.</label><caption><p>Funnel plot for systematic review on the prevalence of diabetes in H1N1 and MERS-CoV studies. The logit event rate for prevalence (horizontal axis) is presented against the standard error (SE) of the log of logit event rate (vertical axis) for H1N1 (a) and MERS-CoV (b) studies. The SE inversely corresponds to the study size. Asymmetry of the plot can indicate publication bias. Open circles indicate the individual studies.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jphr-2016-3-733-g002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3.</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis for the proportion of diabetes in H1N1 cases. Weights are calculated from binary random-effects model analysis. Values represent proportion of diabetic cases in the H1N1 patients and 95% CI. Heterogeneity analysis was carried out using Q test, the among studies variation (I<sup><xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> index) and in between-study variance in the random-effects model (<italic>τ</italic><sup>2</sup>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jphr-2016-3-733-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4.</label><caption><p>Meta-analysis for the proportion of diabetes in MERS-CoV cases. Weights are calculated from binary random-effects model analysis. Values represent proportion of diabetic cases in the MERS-CoV patients and 95% CI. Heterogeneity analysis was carried out using Q test, the among studies variation (I<sup><xref rid="ref2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref></sup> index) and in between-study variance in the random-effects model (<italic>τ</italic><sup>2</sup>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="jphr-2016-3-733-g004"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="table001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1.</label><caption><p>Characteristics of the H1N1 identified studies.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Study</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Country</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Dates,<break></break>mm.yy</th><th align="center" valign="top" colspan="3" rowspan="1">N</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Age<break></break>(yr)</th><th align="center" valign="top" colspan="5" rowspan="2">Symptoms<break></break>(%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" colspan="3" rowspan="2">Comorbidities<break></break>(%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Quality Score</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>M</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(92,948)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(46,181)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(46,351)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">APACHEII</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fever</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shortness<break></break>of Breath</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sore<break></break>Throat</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cough</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obesity</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HT/<break></break>CAD/<break></break>CVD</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Imm/<break></break>HIV</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al-Soub <italic>et al.</italic> 2014<sup>3</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Qatar</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">07.09-01.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Allam <italic>et al</italic>., 20134</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05.09-12.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bagshaw <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013<sup>15</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.09-04.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">562</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">262</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">300</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Balaganesakumar <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013<sup>16</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">01.10-12.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chawla <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013<sup>5</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.09-12.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">77</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Jimenez-Garcia <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013<sup>17</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">01.09-12.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,499</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5806</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5693</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kusznierz <italic>et al</italic>, 2013<sup>18</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Argentina</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05.09-07.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">242</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Suryaprasad <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013<sup>19</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA-AB</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05.09-07.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Vallejos <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013<sup>20</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Argentina</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05.09-08.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">91</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Aziz-Baumgartner <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012<sup>21</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Argentina</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.09-12.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chowell <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012<sup>22</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">08.09-12.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3456</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1482</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1974</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Delgada-Rodriguez <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012<sup>23</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">07.09-02.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">813</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">403</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">410</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cortes-Garcia <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012<sup>14</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spain</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">06.09-12.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2413</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1246</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1167</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Marija Kojicic <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012<sup>24</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BAH</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.09-03.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Miller <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012<sup>25</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05.09-06.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Wane <italic>et al.</italic>, 2012<sup>26</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rwanda</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.09-05.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">532</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">257</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">275</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chudasama <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011<sup>27</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">India</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">09.09-02.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">274</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">141</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">133</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Gilca <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011<sup>28</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.09-06.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">321</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">154</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">167</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ward <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011<sup>29</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">07.09-08.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">302</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">125</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">177</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yokota <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011<sup>30</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Brazil</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">07.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">157</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Van Kerkhove <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011<sup>31</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pooled</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.09-01.10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70,000</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35,140</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34,860</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Allard <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010<sup>32</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Canada</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05.09-07.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">162</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Carcione <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010<sup>33</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Australia</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05.09-08.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">871</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">427</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">444</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fajardo_Dolci <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010<sup>34</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mexico</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.09-05.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Koegelenberg <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010<sup>35</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">S. Africa</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">08.09-09.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Venkata <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010<sup>36</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">05.09-12.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Xi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2010<sup>37</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">China</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.09-12.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">155</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">CDC, 2009<sup>38</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA-AB</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.09-12.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">416</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kwan-Gett <italic>et al.</italic>, 2009<sup>39</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">USA</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.09-08.09</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total/Weighted Average (SD)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.09-02.11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92,948</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,181</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46,351</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.2(6.0)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.2(4.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82.5(9.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53.3(7.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.9(6.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">85.9(9.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.7(2.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.2(2.7)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.8(2.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>APACHEII, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; HT, CAD, CVD, hypertension, coronary artery diseases, cardiovascular diseases; Imm, immunodeficiency. AB, Aboriginal; BAH, Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2.</label><caption><p>Characteristics of the MERS-CoV identified studies.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Study ID<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn001">*</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Dates, mm.yy</th><th align="center" valign="top" colspan="3" rowspan="1">N</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Age<break></break>(yr)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="5">Symptoms<break></break>(%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" colspan="3" rowspan="2">Comorbidities<break></break>(%)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="3" colspan="1">Quality<break></break>Score</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">All</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">M</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(308)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(199)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">(109)</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">APACHEII</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fever</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shortness</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sore of Breath</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cough Throat</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obesity</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HT/<break></break>CAD/<break></break>CVD</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Imm/<break></break>HIV</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Shalhoub <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015<sup>40</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.14-06.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">66</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">79</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al-Tawfiq <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014<sup>9</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.14-06.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al-Tawfiq <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014<sup>41</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.14-06.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arabi <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014<sup>6</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12.12-08.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">93</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Memish <italic>et al.</italic>, 2014<sup>42</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">06.13-08.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assiri <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013<sup>7</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">09.12-06.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Assiri <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013<sup>8</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">04.13-05.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Memish <italic>et al.</italic>, 2013<sup>43</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WHO, 2013<sup>44</sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">09.12-10.13</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">161</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">104</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total/Weighted Average (SD)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">09.12-06.14</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">308</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">199</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">54.3(7.4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">78.0(8.8)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">70.6(8 .4)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37.1(6.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">83.6(9.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.6(4.2)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.3(5.9)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn001"><p>*A11 studies were from KSA, except WHO, 2013,44 examined samples pooled from France, Germany, Italy, Jordan, KSA, Qatar, Tunisia, UAE, UK. For abbreviation, see <xref ref-type="table" rid="table001">Table 1</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="table003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3.</label><caption><p>Meta-Analyses for the prevalence of diabetes in severe H1N1 cases by region.</p></caption><table frame="box" rules="all"><thead><tr><th align="left" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Region</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Number of subjects</th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Percent prevalence of diabetes in H1N1(95% CI)</th><th align="center" valign="top" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Heterogeneity Analysis</th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>τ</italic><sup>2</sup><italic></italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cochran’s<break></break><italic>Q</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Statistic<break></break><italic>P</italic></th><th align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>I</italic><sup>2</sup><italic></italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Europe<sup><xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>,<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>,<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>,<xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,775</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10.1 (8.5-11.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.0</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.5</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">73.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Asia<sup><xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3-5</xref>,<xref rid="ref16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>,<xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>,<xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>,<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>,<xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,836</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.6 (12.1-23.1)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.005</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">62.9</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Africa<sup><xref rid="ref26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>,<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">551</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14.2 (-16.2-44.5)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.043</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.6</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">North America<sup><xref rid="ref15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>,<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>,<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>,<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>,<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>,<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>,<xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>,<xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>,<xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>,<xref rid="ref39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5,294</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.7 (13.8-25.6)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.008</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">166.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">South America<sup><xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>,<xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>,<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>,<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref></sup></td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">492</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8 (4.4-15.3)</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11.7</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.009</td><td align="center" valign="top" rowspan="1" colspan="1">74.3</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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