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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Is the Saudi public aware of Middle East respiratory syndrome?</title><author><name sortKey="Al Mohrej, Omar A" sort="Al Mohrej, Omar A" uniqKey="Al Mohrej O" first="Omar A." last="Al-Mohrej">Omar A. Al-Mohrej</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Shirian, Sarah D" sort="Al Shirian, Sarah D" uniqKey="Al Shirian S" first="Sarah D." last="Al-Shirian">Sarah D. Al-Shirian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Otaibi, Salman K" sort="Al Otaibi, Salman K" uniqKey="Al Otaibi S" first="Salman K." last="Al-Otaibi">Salman K. Al-Otaibi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tamim, Hani M" sort="Tamim, Hani M" uniqKey="Tamim H" first="Hani M." last="Tamim">Hani M. Tamim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0010">Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masuadi, Emad M" sort="Masuadi, Emad M" uniqKey="Masuadi E" first="Emad M." last="Masuadi">Emad M. Masuadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0015">Research Unit, Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakhoury, Hana M" sort="Fakhoury, Hana M" uniqKey="Fakhoury H" first="Hana M." last="Fakhoury">Hana M. Fakhoury</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0020">Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26589657</idno><idno type="pmc">7102796</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102796</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7102796</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.jiph.2015.10.003</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000E37</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000E37</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Is the Saudi public aware of Middle East respiratory syndrome?</title><author><name sortKey="Al Mohrej, Omar A" sort="Al Mohrej, Omar A" uniqKey="Al Mohrej O" first="Omar A." last="Al-Mohrej">Omar A. Al-Mohrej</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Shirian, Sarah D" sort="Al Shirian, Sarah D" uniqKey="Al Shirian S" first="Sarah D." last="Al-Shirian">Sarah D. Al-Shirian</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Otaibi, Salman K" sort="Al Otaibi, Salman K" uniqKey="Al Otaibi S" first="Salman K." last="Al-Otaibi">Salman K. Al-Otaibi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tamim, Hani M" sort="Tamim, Hani M" uniqKey="Tamim H" first="Hani M." last="Tamim">Hani M. Tamim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0010">Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masuadi, Emad M" sort="Masuadi, Emad M" uniqKey="Masuadi E" first="Emad M." last="Masuadi">Emad M. Masuadi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0015">Research Unit, Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fakhoury, Hana M" sort="Fakhoury, Hana M" uniqKey="Fakhoury H" first="Hana M." last="Fakhoury">Hana M. Fakhoury</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0020">Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Journal of Infection and Public Health</title><idno type="ISSN">1876-0341</idno><idno type="eISSN">1876-035X</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><p>To limit the spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Health tried to raise public awareness using different public campaigns. We aimed to measure public awareness of MERS in Saudi Arabia.</p><p>A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and June 2014 using a newly designed Arabic questionnaire that was distributed and completed online.</p><p>We analyzed the response of 1149 respondents across Saudi Arabia. We found that 97% of the participants were aware of MERS. In addition, 72% realized that coughing and sneezing could spread the infection. Furthermore, 83% thought that some patients with MERS could be cured. Moreover, 62% knew that no vaccine can prevent the disease. However, only 36% realized that taking antibiotics will not stop the infection, and only 41% recognized that no medication has yet been manufactured to treat it. Regarding protection measures, 74% used hand sanitizers, 43% avoided crowded places, and 11% wore masks in public places. Moreover, only 47% knew that bats and camels are the primary source of the virus. As anticipated, this level of awareness varied between the different categories of the studied population. Female, married, older, and more educated participants were significantly more knowledgeable about the disease.</p><p>Public awareness of MERS is generally sufficient. However, some false beliefs about treatment were fairly common. In addition, almost half of the population remains unaware that bats and camels are the most likely sources of the virus.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zaki, A M" uniqKey="Zaki A">A.M. Zaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Boheemen, S" uniqKey="Van Boheemen S">S. van Boheemen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bestebroer, T M" uniqKey="Bestebroer T">T.M. Bestebroer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Osterhaus, A D" uniqKey="Osterhaus A">A.D. Osterhaus</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fouchier, R A" uniqKey="Fouchier R">R.A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Infect Public Health</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J Infect Public Health</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Journal of Infection and Public Health</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1876-0341</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1876-035X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26589657</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7102796</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1876-0341(15)00186-0</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jiph.2015.10.003</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Is the Saudi public aware of Middle East respiratory syndrome?</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0005"><name><surname>Al-Mohrej</surname><given-names>Omar A.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0010"><name><surname>Al-Shirian</surname><given-names>Sarah D.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0015"><name><surname>Al-Otaibi</surname><given-names>Salman K.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0020"><name><surname>Tamim</surname><given-names>Hani M.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0025"><name><surname>Masuadi</surname><given-names>Emad M.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0015" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0030"><name><surname>Fakhoury</surname><given-names>Hana M.</given-names></name><email>hana.fakhoury@gmail.com</email><xref rid="aff0020" ref-type="aff">d</xref><xref rid="cor0005" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0005"><label>a</label>College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="aff0010"><label>b</label>Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon</aff><aff id="aff0015"><label>c</label>Research Unit, Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="aff0020"><label>d</label>Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0005"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding author at: Basic Sciences Department, College of Science and Health Professions, Female Branch, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia. Tel.: +966 11 8011111x47127. <email>hana.fakhoury@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>May-Jun</season><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>259</fpage><lpage>266</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>9</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>21</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>5</day><month>10</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2015 King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier Limited.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0005"><title>Summary</title><p>To limit the spread of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia, the Ministry of Health tried to raise public awareness using different public campaigns. We aimed to measure public awareness of MERS in Saudi Arabia.</p><p>A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and June 2014 using a newly designed Arabic questionnaire that was distributed and completed online.</p><p>We analyzed the response of 1149 respondents across Saudi Arabia. We found that 97% of the participants were aware of MERS. In addition, 72% realized that coughing and sneezing could spread the infection. Furthermore, 83% thought that some patients with MERS could be cured. Moreover, 62% knew that no vaccine can prevent the disease. However, only 36% realized that taking antibiotics will not stop the infection, and only 41% recognized that no medication has yet been manufactured to treat it. Regarding protection measures, 74% used hand sanitizers, 43% avoided crowded places, and 11% wore masks in public places. Moreover, only 47% knew that bats and camels are the primary source of the virus. As anticipated, this level of awareness varied between the different categories of the studied population. Female, married, older, and more educated participants were significantly more knowledgeable about the disease.</p><p>Public awareness of MERS is generally sufficient. However, some false beliefs about treatment were fairly common. In addition, almost half of the population remains unaware that bats and camels are the most likely sources of the virus.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="kwd0005"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Coronavirus</kwd><kwd>MERS</kwd><kwd>Public awareness</kwd><kwd>Saudi Arabia</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec0005"><title>Introduction</title><p id="par0005">The first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was reported in Saudi Arabia in June 2012 <xref rid="bib0095" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. Since then, 1564 cases of MERS have been reported through the 11th of September 2015, with a fatality rate of approximately 35% <xref rid="bib0100" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>. The disease is caused by a novel <italic>betacoronavirus</italic> of the <italic>Coronaviridae</italic> family <xref rid="bib0105" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. Initially, scientists suspected that the virus might be transmitted from bats <xref rid="bib0110" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0115" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. However, more recent studies have shown a strong link between the virus and camels <xref rid="bib0120" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0125" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0130" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>. It is now generally accepted that both species serve as natural reservoirs for this virus <xref rid="bib0135" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>.</p><p id="par0010">The modes of transmission between animals and humans and humans-to-humans remain unclear <xref rid="bib0140" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>. However, it is believed that close contact with infected individuals causes transmission. According to the WHO, a large number of MERS cases seem to occur among health care workers, secondary to close contact with primary infected patients <xref rid="bib0145" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>.</p><p id="par0015">Flu like symptoms and dyspnea are among the signs and symptoms of the initial presentation. Gastrointestinal tract disturbances have also been reported in some patients <xref rid="bib0150" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>. In severe cases, acute respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, lymphocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathy, and multi-organ failure have been described <xref rid="bib0150" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>. These critical presentations are usually associated with senior and/or comorbid patients <xref rid="bib0155" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>.</p><p id="par0020">To limit the spread of the infection, the Ministry of Health quickly turned to public awareness campaigns to educate the community regarding the possible modes of transmission of this novel virus. The campaign was one of the largest campaigns launched by the Ministry of Health. It included television advertisements that introduced the virus to the public and discussed ways to avoid contracting the infection. It also used text messages to update the public on new developments; these were sent via mobile phones and different social media platforms.</p><p id="par0025">As public awareness is highly important to controlling the disease, this study aimed to measure public awareness toward MERS in Saudi Arabia.</p></sec><sec id="sec0010"><title>Materials and methods</title><p id="par0030">Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board at King Abdullah Medical International Research Centre, National Guard Health affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and June 2014. The study target population was current residents of Saudi Arabia, regardless of their nationality.</p><p id="par0035">An English questionnaire was designed and translated to Arabic. The Arabic version was pretested on students of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. The questionnaire was uploaded as a Google document and distributed to the Twitter accounts of Saudi celebrities who have more than 1 million followers. The celebrities included writers, politicians, TV presenters, sports personnel, and religious leaders. The celebrities were contacted via email, and nearly all of them agreed to post the survey link. Additionally, they encouraged their followers to participate.</p><p id="par0040">The questionnaire included a section on demographic and socioeconomic factors. However, personal information of the participants, such as names and full addresses, was not gathered, making the data anonymous. Another section of the survey covered general awareness of the infection and protective measures, while the final section addressed knowledge of the disease epidemiology.</p><p id="par0045">Because there were no previous studies in Saudi Arabia regarding MERS awareness among the general population, a conservative choice of 50% awareness was used to determine the sample size. Consequently, a sample of 1066 subjects was needed to calculate a 95% confidence interval with a margin of error of 3%.</p><p id="par0050">Every day, 200 questionnaires were selected randomly and added to the dataset. This systematic approach was followed until the intended number was reached.</p><p id="par0055">Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20). Descriptive statistics were used to assess the baseline demographics and socioeconomic factors. A total score of awareness/knowledge was calculated as the percentage of most acceptable answers. One-way ANOVA and two-independent sample <italic>t</italic>-test were used to examine the differences in the total score between different categories of baseline characteristics.</p></sec><sec id="sec0015"><title>Results</title><sec id="sec0020"><title>Baseline characteristics of the respondents</title><p id="par0060">The questionnaire was completed by 1149 respondents. <xref rid="tbl0005" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>summarizes the baseline characteristics of the respondents. Almost half (52%) of the questionnaire respondents were female. The majority (95%) were Saudi and young, with only 3% above the age of 50. The respondents came from six different provinces, with the highest response of 59% from the Central region. Almost half (44%) of the questionnaire respondents were married. As for educational levels, 29% of the respondents had secondary school certificates or less, 62% had undergraduate degrees, and only 9% had postgraduate degrees. The monthly income varied among the respondents, with a majority (60%) earning less than 7000 SR.<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl0005"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>The baseline characteristics of the respondents.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Variable</th><th align="left">Categories</th><th align="left"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="left">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left">Gender</td><td align="left">Female</td><td align="char">596</td><td align="char">51.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Male</td><td align="char">553</td><td align="char">48.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left">Nationality</td><td align="left">Non-Saudi</td><td align="char">55</td><td align="char">4.8%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Saudi</td><td align="char">1094</td><td align="char">95.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="left">Age</td><td align="left">11–20 years old</td><td align="char">245</td><td align="char">21.3%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">21–30 years old</td><td align="char">492</td><td align="char">42.8%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">31–40 years old</td><td align="char">259</td><td align="char">22.5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">41–50 years old</td><td align="char">119</td><td align="char">10.4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">51 or more</td><td align="char">34</td><td align="char">3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6" align="left">Province of residency</td><td align="left">Northern region</td><td align="char">52</td><td align="char">4.5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Southern region</td><td align="char">37</td><td align="char">3.2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Central region</td><td align="char">682</td><td align="char">59.4%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Eastern region</td><td align="char">122</td><td align="char">10.6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Western region</td><td align="char">224</td><td align="char">19.5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Outside Saudi Arabia</td><td align="char">32</td><td align="char">2.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left">Marital status</td><td align="left">Unmarried</td><td align="char">646</td><td align="char">56.2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Married</td><td align="char">503</td><td align="char">43.8%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left">Education level</td><td align="left">Secondary school or less</td><td align="char">336</td><td align="char">29.2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">University degree</td><td align="char">707</td><td align="char">61.5%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Postgraduate degree (Master, Doctorate)</td><td align="char">106</td><td align="char">9.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left">Monthly income<xref rid="tblfn0005" ref-type="table-fn">a</xref></td><td align="left">Less than 7000 SR</td><td align="char">690</td><td align="char">60.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">7000 to less than 12,000 SR</td><td align="char">218</td><td align="char">19.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">12,000 to less than 18,000 SR</td><td align="char">137</td><td align="char">11.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">18,000 SR or more</td><td align="char">104</td><td align="char">9.0%</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tblfn0005"><label>a</label><p id="npar0005">In Saudi Riyals (1US$ = 3.75 SR).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="sec0025"><title>MERS awareness scores</title><p id="par0065"><xref rid="tbl0010" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>is divided into three sections: a score of general awareness of the infection, a score of protective measures against the virus, and a score of knowledge of the disease epidemiology.<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl0010"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>The frequency of the awareness/knowledge of the infection, protective measures against the virus, and awareness of the epidemiology of the disease items as well as the corresponding scores.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Questions</th><th colspan="3" align="left">Total sample, <italic>N</italic> = 1149<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th align="left">Most acceptable answer</th><th align="left"><italic>N</italic></th><th align="left">%</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" align="left"><bold>Awareness, knowledge of the infection score</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Are you aware of MERS?</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="char">1116</td><td align="char">97.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Are you aware of the MERS signs and symptoms?</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="char">1021</td><td align="char">88.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Coughing and sneezing do NOT spread MERS-CoV</td><td align="left">False</td><td align="char">826</td><td align="char">71.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">There is a vaccine that can stop adults from getting MERS</td><td align="left">False</td><td align="char">711</td><td align="char">61.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">A person will NOT contract MERS if she or he is taking antibiotics</td><td align="left">False</td><td align="char">409</td><td align="char">35.6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Corona and MERS are commonly used to refer to the same thing</td><td align="left">True</td><td align="char">618</td><td align="char">53.8%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Some infected people can be cured</td><td align="left">True</td><td align="char">950</td><td align="char">82.7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">MERS-CoV is the cause of MERS</td><td align="left">True</td><td align="char">734</td><td align="char">63.9%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">A person with MERS can look and feel healthy</td><td align="left">False</td><td align="char">391</td><td align="char">34.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">MERS has been shown to spread from person to person via close contact, but without sustained community transmission</td><td align="left">True</td><td align="char">853</td><td align="char">74.2%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Some drugs have been made for the treatment of MERS</td><td align="left">False</td><td align="char">474</td><td align="char">41.3%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left"><bold>Protective measure against virus score</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Did you start to avoid crowded places to stop yourself from contracting MERS?</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="char">491</td><td align="char">42.7%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Did you start to avoid going to hospitals/clinics to stop yourself from contracting MERS?</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="char">471</td><td align="char">41.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Did you start to wash your hand and use hand sanitizers to stop yourself from contracting MERS?</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="char">848</td><td align="char">74.0%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Did you start to wear masks to protect yourself from contracting MERS?</td><td align="left">Yes</td><td align="char">125</td><td align="char">10.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" align="left"><bold>Awareness of the epidemiology of the disease score</bold></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Do you know the primary source of MERS-CoV?</td><td align="left">Bats/camels</td><td align="char">541</td><td align="char">47.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">What areas of the body can MERS-CoV infect?</td><td align="left">Respiratory system</td><td align="char">897</td><td align="char">78.1%</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><break></break>How common is MERS in Saudi Arabia?</td><td align="left">Uncommon</td><td align="char">237</td><td align="char">20.6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Which population is at greater risk of developing MERS?</td><td align="left">Elderly</td><td align="char">547</td><td align="char">47.6%</td></tr><tr><td align="left">What is the fatality rate caused by MERS?</td><td align="left">30%</td><td align="char">261</td><td align="char">22.7%</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p id="par0070">An overwhelming majority (97%) of the questionnaire respondents were aware of MERS, with 89% being familiar with its signs and symptoms. Moreover, 72% realized that coughing and sneezing could spread the infection, and 74% knew that the infection is transmitted via close contact. Among the respondents, 64% knew that coronavirus is the cause of MERS. Furthermore, 83% thought that some patients with MERS could be cured. However, 62% knew that no vaccine can prevent the disease. Only 36% recognized that taking antibiotics will not prevent the infection, and only 41% realized that no new medication has been manufactured to treat MERS.</p><p id="par0075">Regarding protection measures, 74% used hand sanitizers, 43% avoided crowded places, 41% avoided going to clinics and hospitals, and 11% wore masks in public places.</p><p id="par0080">Concerning knowledge of the disease epidemiology, only 47% knew that both bats and camels are the primary sources of coronavirus. In addition, 78% knew that MERS-CoV primarily attacks the respiratory system. On the other hand, a small minority (21%) knew that MERS is not a very common disease. A similar percentage (23%) realized that the fatality rate was approximately 30%. Finally, almost half of the respondents knew that the elderly have the highest risk of developing MERS.</p></sec><sec id="sec0030"><title>MERS awareness scores in relation to the baseline characteristics of the respondents</title><p id="par0085">We studied the awareness scores in relation to the baseline characteristics of the respondents as depicted in <xref rid="tbl0015" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>. Interestingly, female individuals scored significantly better than males for the questions related to protective measures (<italic>p</italic> = 0.004). Moreover, married individuals had a significantly higher total score in comparison to unmarried individuals (<italic>p</italic> = 0.003). Of great interest was the finding that knowledge was significantly correlated with age. Indeed, older individuals had a significantly higher total score (<italic>p</italic> = 0.035). On the other hand, both educational attainment and monthly income impacted the level of knowledge. As expected, more educated individuals scored significantly higher than others (<italic>p</italic> < 0.005). In addition, individuals with higher income had significantly higher scores (<italic>p</italic> < 0.005).<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl0015"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>The association between the knowledge, protective measures, and awareness scores (considering scores as percentages) and the baseline characteristics.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Variable</th><th align="left">Categories</th><th align="left"><italic>N</italic></th><th colspan="2" align="left">Awareness, knowledge of the infection score<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left">Protective measure against virus score<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left">Awareness of the epidemiology of the disease score<hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="left">Total score<hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th align="left">Mean</th><th align="left">SD</th><th align="left">Mean</th><th align="left">SD</th><th align="left">Mean</th><th align="left">SD</th><th align="left">Mean</th><th align="left">SD</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left">Gender</td><td align="left">Female</td><td align="char">596</td><td align="char">64.4</td><td align="char">19.6</td><td align="char">44.4</td><td align="char">27.8</td><td align="char">42.8</td><td align="char">20.2</td><td align="char">57.9</td><td align="char">16.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Male</td><td align="char">553</td><td align="char">63.8</td><td align="char">23.0</td><td align="char">39.6</td><td align="char">28.9</td><td align="char">43.7</td><td align="char">24.6</td><td align="char">56.8</td><td align="char">19.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic><bold>P</bold></italic><bold>-value</bold></td><td></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.673</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.004</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.466</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.309</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left">Nationality</td><td align="left">Non-Saudi</td><td align="char">55</td><td align="char">66.1</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">46.4</td><td align="char">26.1</td><td align="char">45.5</td><td align="char">22.9</td><td align="char">60.0</td><td align="char">15.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Saudi</td><td align="char">1094</td><td align="char">64.0</td><td align="char">21.4</td><td align="char">41.9</td><td align="char">28.5</td><td align="char">43.1</td><td align="char">22.4</td><td align="char">57.2</td><td align="char">17.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic><bold>P</bold></italic><bold>-value</bold></td><td></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.475</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.254</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.449</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.255</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="6" align="left">Age</td><td align="left">11–20 years old</td><td align="char">245</td><td align="char">61.7</td><td align="char">20.1</td><td align="char">40.1</td><td align="char">30.7</td><td align="char">39.3</td><td align="char">22.6</td><td align="char">54.5</td><td align="char">17.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left">21–30 years old</td><td align="char">492</td><td align="char">64.0</td><td align="char">22.5</td><td align="char">43.1</td><td align="char">28.0</td><td align="char">42.6</td><td align="char">23.2</td><td align="char">57.3</td><td align="char">18.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">31–40 years old</td><td align="char">259</td><td align="char">65.5</td><td align="char">20.8</td><td align="char">43.9</td><td align="char">26.8</td><td align="char">44.9</td><td align="char">21.0</td><td align="char">59.0</td><td align="char">16.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left">41–50 years old</td><td align="char">119</td><td align="char">65.9</td><td align="char">18.9</td><td align="char">39.7</td><td align="char">29.2</td><td align="char">49.1</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">59.4</td><td align="char">15.5</td></tr><tr><td align="left">51 or more</td><td align="char">34</td><td align="char">66.0</td><td align="char">22.2</td><td align="char">36.0</td><td align="char">25.5</td><td align="char">47.6</td><td align="char">24.1</td><td align="char">58.4</td><td align="char">19.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic><bold>P</bold></italic><bold>-value</bold></td><td></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.259</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.255</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.001</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.035</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="7" align="left">Province of residency</td><td align="left">Northern</td><td align="char">52</td><td align="char">66.1</td><td align="char">22.0</td><td align="char">39.9</td><td align="char">32.9</td><td align="char">45.4</td><td align="char">22.4</td><td align="char">58.6</td><td align="char">19.7</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Southern</td><td align="char">37</td><td align="char">60.7</td><td align="char">25.6</td><td align="char">39.2</td><td align="char">29.8</td><td align="char">41.1</td><td align="char">20.0</td><td align="char">54.2</td><td align="char">18.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Central</td><td align="char">682</td><td align="char">64.9</td><td align="char">20.3</td><td align="char">42.3</td><td align="char">28.1</td><td align="char">43.8</td><td align="char">21.8</td><td align="char">58.0</td><td align="char">16.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Eastern</td><td align="char">122</td><td align="char">61.8</td><td align="char">22.6</td><td align="char">40.4</td><td align="char">26.6</td><td align="char">42.1</td><td align="char">22.5</td><td align="char">55.3</td><td align="char">18.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Western</td><td align="char">224</td><td align="char">63.8</td><td align="char">22.1</td><td align="char">44.9</td><td align="char">28.3</td><td align="char">42.2</td><td align="char">24.0</td><td align="char">57.5</td><td align="char">18.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Outside Saudi Arabia</td><td align="char">32</td><td align="char">59.9</td><td align="char">25.5</td><td align="char">31.3</td><td align="char">31.1</td><td align="char">40.0</td><td align="char">26.4</td><td align="char">51.8</td><td align="char">19.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic><bold>P</bold></italic><bold>-value</bold></td><td></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.417</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.156</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.743</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.212</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3" align="left">Marital status</td><td align="left">Unmarried</td><td align="char">646</td><td align="char">63.2</td><td align="char">21.4</td><td align="char">40.7</td><td align="char">28.6</td><td align="char">41.1</td><td align="char">23.4</td><td align="char">56.0</td><td align="char">17.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Married</td><td align="char">503</td><td align="char">65.2</td><td align="char">21.2</td><td align="char">43.9</td><td align="char">28.1</td><td align="char">45.9</td><td align="char">20.9</td><td align="char">59.1</td><td align="char">17.1</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic><bold>P</bold></italic><bold>-value</bold></td><td></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.117</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.053</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold><0.005</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.003</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4" align="left">Education</td><td align="left">Secondary school or less</td><td align="char">336</td><td align="char">58.5</td><td align="char">21.6</td><td align="char">39.6</td><td align="char">29.1</td><td align="char">40.4</td><td align="char">24.0</td><td align="char">52.9</td><td align="char">18.8</td></tr><tr><td align="left">University degree</td><td align="char">707</td><td align="char">66.1</td><td align="char">20.7</td><td align="char">42.5</td><td align="char">27.7</td><td align="char">44.1</td><td align="char">21.7</td><td align="char">58.8</td><td align="char">16.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Postgraduate degree</td><td align="char">106</td><td align="char">68.4</td><td align="char">21.3</td><td align="char">47.6</td><td align="char">30.4</td><td align="char">46.2</td><td align="char">21.4</td><td align="char">61.8</td><td align="char">16.2</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic><bold>P</bold></italic><bold>-value</bold></td><td></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><<bold>0.005</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.033</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.016</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><<bold>0.005</bold></td></tr><tr><td colspan="11" align="left">
</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="5" align="left">Monthly income<sup>a</sup></td><td align="left">Less than 7000</td><td align="char">690</td><td align="char">62.3</td><td align="char">21.4</td><td align="char">41.4</td><td align="char">29.0</td><td align="char">41.6</td><td align="char">22.2</td><td align="char">55.7</td><td align="char">18.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left">7000 to less than 12,000</td><td align="char">218</td><td align="char">63.3</td><td align="char">21.8</td><td align="char">45.0</td><td align="char">27.3</td><td align="char">42.8</td><td align="char">23.7</td><td align="char">57.4</td><td align="char">18.3</td></tr><tr><td align="left">12,000 to less than 18,000</td><td align="char">137</td><td align="char">69.7</td><td align="char">19.0</td><td align="char">42.9</td><td align="char">26.1</td><td align="char">47.3</td><td align="char">21.4</td><td align="char">61.9</td><td align="char">14.9</td></tr><tr><td align="left">18,000 or more</td><td align="char">104</td><td align="char">70.6</td><td align="char">19.8</td><td align="char">39.9</td><td align="char">29.7</td><td align="char">49.4</td><td align="char">21.0</td><td align="char">62.3</td><td align="char">15.6</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><italic><bold>P</bold></italic><bold>-value</bold></td><td></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><<bold>0.005</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.338</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><bold>0.001</bold></td><td colspan="2" align="center"><<bold>0.005</bold></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>a</sup> In Saudi Riyals (1$ = 3.75 SR).</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec></sec><sec id="sec0035"><title>Discussion</title><p id="par0090">This study reached a wide range of Twitter users in the Saudi community to measure their MERS awareness. We used Twitter, one of the best social media networks and a fast-growing platform for data collection. Participation in this study was completely voluntary, which makes the statistical data valid and reliable. The expected percentage, as analyzed by the statistical software of public awareness, was 50%, and the actual percentage revealed by this study was much higher.</p><p id="par0095">One might conclude from this study that MERS awareness among the Saudi public is generally satisfactory. Female, married, older, and more educated participants were significantly more knowledgeable about the disease. However, some false beliefs about treatment were fairly common, as demonstrated by the fact that only 36% of the respondents could recognize that antibiotics cannot treat the infection and only 41% knew that doctors do not have an antiviral drug for MERS.</p><p id="par0100">Moreover, heightened anxiety was noted, especially in that only 21% knew that MERS is not a very common disease. In addition, lack of information about the source of the virus was quite common, with almost half of the population remaining unaware that bats and camels are the most suspected sources of the virus.</p><p id="par0105">In comparison with two studies regarding the knowledge of MERS among French and Australian pilgrims <xref rid="bib0160" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>, <xref rid="bib0165" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>, our study demonstrates that the Saudi public is much more aware of the disease. Approximately 65% of the French and only 35% of the Australian pilgrims were aware of the MERS epidemic in Saudi Arabia. However, according to the French study, the French pilgrims were more serious about taking protective measures. Most French pilgrims (90%) used hand sanitizers and wore masks in comparison to 74% of our study participants who used hand sanitizers and only 11% who wore masks in public places.</p><p id="par0110">One could argue that some of the questions addressed were not truly dichotomous and might have constituted a bipolar trap for the respondents. However, it is important to note that the questionnaire was designed and offered in Arabic and that an English translation might have conveyed some inevitable inaccuracy.</p><p id="par0115">Although the efficacy of the protective measures described in this questionnaire, such as facemasks, is not fully established <xref rid="bib0170" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>, these measures are among the very few readily available methods that the general public can use for protection.</p><p id="par0120">It is noteworthy that new findings have been observed since the time that the study was conducted. For instance, the presence of asymptomatic carriers of the disease was not well established previously. However, it is now evident that asymptomatic health care workers can spread the illness among hospitalized patients, making the disease nosocomial <xref rid="bib0175" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>.</p><p id="par0125">The results of this study should be interpreted bearing in mind its limitations. Our studied population consisted mainly of Twitters users, who tend to be more educated and younger individuals in the Saudi community, and therefore, our findings are limited to this subpopulation. In addition, most of the participants were from the Central province. This limitation might be because the Central region is highly populated and includes the Capital City of Riyadh, where most of the celebrities reside. Our questionnaire did not address the source of information that the public used to become informed about MERS. Therefore, we could not determine which method is most effective in educating the Saudi public. A further limitation is not addressing the issue of the avoidance of pilgrimage and visiting crowded places, such as the Holy Mosques of Makkah and Medina. The questionnaire included a vague question on avoidance of crowded places without any further description. Another shortcoming is the lack of information on the consumption of camel products. Drinking raw camel milk and consuming camel meat are Saudi traditions. Additionally, using camel urine as an alternative medicine is still practiced by some Saudi individuals. This is of high significance, especially as more studies are linking the consumption of raw camel products with MERS-CoV infection <xref rid="bib0180" ref-type="bibr">[18]</xref>.</p><p id="par0130">MERS remains a serious threat that has a large impact on public health in the Kingdom. As the disease continues to evolve, vaccine and specific antiviral agents are urgently needed. In the meantime, promoting protective measures among the public will enhance safety and help reduce the spread of the infection. Based on the present findings, we recommend a more rigorous public awareness campaign to correct misconceptions. This can be done by addressing the public through clear television advertisements, mobile messages, and different social media modalities. Alternatively, campaigns carried out in schools, colleges, and malls can also educate the public. More essentially, site visits to camel farms by veterinary or infection control officers are important strategies for preventing MERS-CoV transmission between camels and humans. The Saudi public must be clearly instructed to avoid direct contact with camel body fluids until the eradication of the infection is made possible. In addition, the consumption of raw camel products must be avoided. More importantly, persons with frequent contact with camels should be targeted in future MERS education campaigns. The Ministry of Agriculture should find a method for educating those individuals and convincing them of the health hazard that camels pose. These health education messages should be conveyed without creating anxiety and fear in the community to avoid irrational and unnecessary demands on health services.</p><p id="par0135">In light of the latest Riyadh outbreak, one cannot stress the role of health care workers in containing the infection enough. Implementing strict infection control measures under all circumstances is extremely important. In this regard, continuous training and contingency measures are needed in all health care settings to prevent such outbreaks.</p></sec><sec id="sec0040"><title>Funding</title><p id="par0140">No funding sources.</p></sec><sec id="sec0045"><title>Conflicts of interest</title><p id="par0145">The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></sec><sec id="sec0050"><title>Ethical approval</title><p id="par0150">Not required.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="bibl0005"><title>References</title><ref id="bib0095"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref0095"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Zaki</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>van 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Hajeer for his supervision of this student research project. Additionally, the study would not have been possible without the constructive help of Dr. Noura K. Al-Ayedh, who offered support in collecting the study data.</p></ack></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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