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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Missing information in animal surveillance of MERS-CoV</title><author><name sortKey="Nishiura, Hiroshi" sort="Nishiura, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Nishiura H" first="Hiroshi" last="Nishiura">Hiroshi Nishiura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ejima, Keisuke" sort="Ejima, Keisuke" uniqKey="Ejima K" first="Keisuke" last="Ejima">Keisuke Ejima</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mizumoto, Kenji" sort="Mizumoto, Kenji" uniqKey="Mizumoto K" first="Kenji" last="Mizumoto">Kenji Mizumoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24457168</idno><idno type="pmc">7128387</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7128387</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7128387</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70699-6</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000882</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000882</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Missing information in animal surveillance of MERS-CoV</title><author><name sortKey="Nishiura, Hiroshi" sort="Nishiura, Hiroshi" uniqKey="Nishiura H" first="Hiroshi" last="Nishiura">Hiroshi Nishiura</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ejima, Keisuke" sort="Ejima, Keisuke" uniqKey="Ejima K" first="Keisuke" last="Ejima">Keisuke Ejima</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mizumoto, Kenji" sort="Mizumoto, Kenji" uniqKey="Mizumoto K" first="Kenji" last="Mizumoto">Kenji Mizumoto</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Lancet. Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1473-3099</idno><idno type="eISSN">1474-4457</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Cbem" uniqKey="Reusken C">CBEM Reusken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haagmans, Bl" uniqKey="Haagmans B">BL Haagmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Ma" uniqKey="Muller M">MA Müller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Wit, E" uniqKey="De Wit E">E de Wit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munster, Vj" uniqKey="Munster V">VJ Munster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nishiura, H" uniqKey="Nishiura H">H Nishiura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hoye, B" uniqKey="Hoye B">B Hoye</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klaassen, M" uniqKey="Klaassen M">M Klaassen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bauer, S" uniqKey="Bauer S">S Bauer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heesterbeek, H" uniqKey="Heesterbeek H">H Heesterbeek</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Funk, S" uniqKey="Funk S">S Funk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nishiura, H" uniqKey="Nishiura H">H Nishiura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heesterbeek, H" uniqKey="Heesterbeek H">H Heesterbeek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Edmunds, Wj" uniqKey="Edmunds W">WJ Edmunds</name></author><author><name sortKey="Checchi, F" uniqKey="Checchi F">F Checchi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nishiura, H" uniqKey="Nishiura H">H Nishiura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yen, Hl" uniqKey="Yen H">HL Yen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cowling, Bj" uniqKey="Cowling B">BJ Cowling</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Lancet Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Lancet Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Lancet. Infectious Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1473-3099</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1474-4457</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24457168</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7128387</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1473-3099(13)70699-6</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70699-6</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Missing information in animal surveillance of MERS-CoV</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au10"><name><surname>Nishiura</surname><given-names>Hiroshi</given-names></name><email>nishiurah@m.u-tokyo.ac.jp</email><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au20"><name><surname>Ejima</surname><given-names>Keisuke</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au30"><name><surname>Mizumoto</surname><given-names>Kenji</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan</aff><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>20</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>2</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>100</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier Ltd</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><related-article related-article-type="article-reference" id="d32e196" ext-link-type="doi" xlink:href="10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70164-6"></related-article></article-meta></front><body><p id="para10">Chantal Reusken and colleagues<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr"><sup>1</sup></xref> have identified neutralising antibodies against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels, suggesting the role of camels in harbouring the virus and infecting human beings. The study findings suggest that bats and camels jointly play an important part in the persistence and evolution of MERS-CoV, resulting in spillover to the human population.<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>, <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref> Theoretical epidemiologists refer to such combinations of animal hosts as the reservoir community.<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr"><sup>3</sup></xref></p><p id="para20">To confirm that the two animal species constitute a reservoir community, two conditions should be objectively examined.<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr"><sup>3</sup></xref> First, the combination of reservoir hosts should permit persistence of the virus in natural settings (eg, by frequently transmitting the virus to other hosts), which is the necessary condition. Second, in the absence of the reservoir community, transmission cannot be maintained (by definition), which is referred to as the sufficient condition.<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref> If other animal hosts can also maintain transmission, the reservoir community will have to include these hosts. In view of these conditions, although the identification of antibodies in camels is remarkable, an explicit assessment of the epidemiological role of camels has yet to be made to elucidate the mechanism of emergence in human beings.</p><p id="para30">How can a complete view of reservoir dynamics be achieved? The series of transmission in a population could be traced with serological techniques. Rather than doing a cross-sectional survey (to take a snapshot of prevalence), the identification of the reservoir host requires understanding of the incidence (ie, rate of new infections) to measure transmissibility. Serial cross-sectional surveys or large-scale follow-up of cohorts (of susceptible camels, not of those already infected) would be required. Alternatively, implementation of a transmission experiment with uninfected camels could also be useful, because the transmissibility of infected camels can be objectively quantified. Even a simple one-to-one transmission experiment could inform about the presence of substantial transmissibility.<xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr"><sup>5</sup></xref></p><p id="para40">Of course, identification of the route of transmission from camels to human beings would also be of utmost importance, and could directly lead to prevention. In addition to such preventive effort, clarification of reservoir dynamics should be given a high priority, because identification of the major route of animal-to-human transmission, without an understanding of the overall picture of persistence and evolution in different hosts, is difficult.</p></body><back><ref-list id="bibl10"><title>References</title><ref id="bib1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref10"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Reusken</surname><given-names>CBEM</given-names></name><name><surname>Haagmans</surname><given-names>BL</given-names></name><name><surname>Müller</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus neutralising serum antibodies in dromedary camels: a comparative serological study</article-title><source>Lancet Infect Dis</source><volume>13</volume><year>2013</year><fpage>859</fpage><lpage>866</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23933067</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref20"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Wit</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><name><surname>Munster</surname><given-names>VJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>MERS-CoV: the intermediate host identified?</article-title><source>Lancet Infect Dis</source><volume>13</volume><year>2013</year><fpage>827</fpage><lpage>828</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23933068</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref30"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nishiura</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Hoye</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name><name><surname>Klaassen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Bauer</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Heesterbeek</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>How to find natural reservoir hosts from endemic prevalence in a multi-host population: a case study of influenza in waterfowl</article-title><source>Epidemics</source><volume>1</volume><year>2009</year><fpage>118</fpage><lpage>128</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21352759</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref40"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Funk</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Nishiura</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Heesterbeek</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Edmunds</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></name><name><surname>Checchi</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Identifying transmission cycles at the human-animal interface: the role of animal reservoirs in maintaining Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis</article-title><source>PLoS Comput Biol</source><volume>9</volume><year>2013</year><fpage>e1002855</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23341760</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref50"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Nishiura</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name><name><surname>Yen</surname><given-names>HL</given-names></name><name><surname>Cowling</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Sample size considerations for one-to-one animal transmission studies of the influenza A viruses</article-title><source>PLoS One</source><volume>8</volume><year>2013</year><fpage>e55358</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23383167</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list><ack><p>We declare that we have no conflicts of interest.</p></ack></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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