Preventive measures against MERS-CoV for Hajj pilgrims
Identifieur interne : 000878 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000877; suivant : 000879Preventive measures against MERS-CoV for Hajj pilgrims
Auteurs : Philippe Gautret ; Samir Benkouiten ; Imane Salaheddine ; Philippe Parola ; Philippe BrouquiSource :
- The Lancet. Infectious Diseases [ 1473-3099 ] ; 2013.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70259-7
PubMed: 24070554
PubMed Central: 7128098
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Preventive measures against MERS-CoV for Hajj pilgrims</title><author><name sortKey="Gautret, Philippe" sort="Gautret, Philippe" uniqKey="Gautret P" first="Philippe" last="Gautret">Philippe Gautret</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), 13005 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benkouiten, Samir" sort="Benkouiten, Samir" uniqKey="Benkouiten S" first="Samir" last="Benkouiten">Samir Benkouiten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salaheddine, Imane" sort="Salaheddine, Imane" uniqKey="Salaheddine I" first="Imane" last="Salaheddine">Imane Salaheddine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parola, Philippe" sort="Parola, Philippe" uniqKey="Parola P" first="Philippe" last="Parola">Philippe Parola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), 13005 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brouqui, Philippe" sort="Brouqui, Philippe" uniqKey="Brouqui P" first="Philippe" last="Brouqui">Philippe Brouqui</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), 13005 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24070554</idno><idno type="pmc">7128098</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7128098</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7128098</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70259-7</idno><date when="2013">2013</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000878</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000878</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Preventive measures against MERS-CoV for Hajj pilgrims</title><author><name sortKey="Gautret, Philippe" sort="Gautret, Philippe" uniqKey="Gautret P" first="Philippe" last="Gautret">Philippe Gautret</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), 13005 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Benkouiten, Samir" sort="Benkouiten, Samir" uniqKey="Benkouiten S" first="Samir" last="Benkouiten">Samir Benkouiten</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Salaheddine, Imane" sort="Salaheddine, Imane" uniqKey="Salaheddine I" first="Imane" last="Salaheddine">Imane Salaheddine</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parola, Philippe" sort="Parola, Philippe" uniqKey="Parola P" first="Philippe" last="Parola">Philippe Parola</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), 13005 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brouqui, Philippe" sort="Brouqui, Philippe" uniqKey="Brouqui P" first="Philippe" last="Brouqui">Philippe Brouqui</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), 13005 Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Lancet. Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1473-3099</idno><idno type="eISSN">1474-4457</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Assiri, A" uniqKey="Assiri A">A Assiri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Tawfiq, Ja" uniqKey="Al Tawfiq J">JA Al-Tawfiq</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Rabeeah, Aa" uniqKey="Al Rabeeah A">AA Al-Rabeeah</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Khan, K" uniqKey="Khan K">K Khan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sears, J" uniqKey="Sears J">J Sears</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, Vw" uniqKey="Hu V">VW Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Breban, R" uniqKey="Breban R">R Breban</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riou, J" uniqKey="Riou J">J Riou</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fontanet, A" uniqKey="Fontanet A">A Fontanet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gautret, P" uniqKey="Gautret P">P Gautret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Charrel, R" uniqKey="Charrel R">R Charrel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belhouchat, K" uniqKey="Belhouchat K">K Belhouchat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Benkouiten, S" uniqKey="Benkouiten S">S Benkouiten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Charrel, R" uniqKey="Charrel R">R Charrel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Belhouchat, K" uniqKey="Belhouchat K">K Belhouchat</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gautret, P" uniqKey="Gautret P">P Gautret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Soula, G" uniqKey="Soula G">G Soula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parola, P" uniqKey="Parola P">P Parola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brouqui, P" uniqKey="Brouqui P">P Brouqui</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Cb" uniqKey="Reusken C">CB Reusken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Haagmans, Bl" uniqKey="Haagmans B">BL Haagmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Ma" uniqKey="Muller M">MA Müller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gautret, P" uniqKey="Gautret P">P Gautret</name></author><author><name sortKey="Benkouiten, S" uniqKey="Benkouiten S">S Benkouiten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gaillard, C" uniqKey="Gaillard C">C Gaillard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parola, P" uniqKey="Parola P">P Parola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brouqui, P" uniqKey="Brouqui P">P Brouqui</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Memish, Za" uniqKey="Memish Z">ZA Memish</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mishra, N" uniqKey="Mishra N">N Mishra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Olival, Kj" uniqKey="Olival K">KJ Olival</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="letter"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Lancet Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Lancet Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>The Lancet. Infectious Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1473-3099</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1474-4457</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24070554</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7128098</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1473-3099(13)70259-7</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70259-7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Preventive measures against MERS-CoV for Hajj pilgrims</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au10"><name><surname>Gautret</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><email>philippe.gautret@club-internet.fr</email><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au20"><name><surname>Benkouiten</surname><given-names>Samir</given-names></name><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au30"><name><surname>Salaheddine</surname><given-names>Imane</given-names></name><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au40"><name><surname>Parola</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au50"><name><surname>Brouqui</surname><given-names>Philippe</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>Aix Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), 13005 Marseille, France</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France</aff><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>23</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>9</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>10</issue><fpage>829</fpage><lpage>831</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier Ltd</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><body><p id="para10">Assiri and colleagues<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr"><sup>1</sup></xref> provide a clinical synopsis of 47 cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection identified between September, 2012, and June, 2013, in Saudi Arabia. Of note is the high rate of underlying comorbidity in patients with MERS (<xref rid="tbl1" ref-type="table">table</xref>). Since the first cases were reported in April, 2012, from Jordan, most cases have been <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/update_20130813/en/index.html" id="interrefs10">reported from Saudi Arabia</ext-link> where the Hajj, the largest religious mass gathering, takes place annually. Given the predicted population movements out of Saudi Arabia, potential for worldwide spread of MERS-CoV exists according to Kahn and colleagues.<xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr"><sup>2</sup></xref> By contrast, Breban and colleagues<xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr"><sup>3</sup></xref> calculated that the risk of MERS-CoV to have pandemic potential does not exceed 5%, but they did not take into account the effect of Hajj mass gathering in their scenario.<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl1"><label>Table</label><caption><p>Age and comorbidities in patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and in French Hajj pilgrims</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th><th align="left"><bold>Patients with MERS (n=47)</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>French pilgrims participating to the Hajj 2012 (n=167)</bold></th><th align="left"><bold>French pilgrims in preparation for the Hajj 2013 (n=114)</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">Mean (range) age (years)</td><td align="left">56 (14–94); 43% >60; 0% <12</td><td align="left">59 (21–83); 39% >65; 0% <12</td><td align="left">55 (10–83); 30% >65, 2% <12</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Any comorbidity</td><td align="left">45 (96%)</td><td align="left">96 (58%)</td><td align="left">33 (29%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Diabetes</td><td align="left">32 (68%)</td><td align="left">46 (28%)</td><td align="left">21 (18%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Chronic kidney disease<xref rid="tbl1fn1" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></td><td align="left">23 (40%)</td><td align="left">0 (0%)</td><td align="left">1 (1%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Chronic heart disease</td><td align="left">13 (28%)</td><td align="left">12 (7%)</td><td align="left">6 (5%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Chronic lung disease</td><td align="left">12 (26%)</td><td align="left">13 (8%)</td><td align="left">7 (6%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Malignant disease</td><td align="left">1 (2%)</td><td align="left">0 (0%)</td><td align="left">0 (0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Immune deficiency</td><td align="left">3 (6%)<xref rid="tbl1fn2" ref-type="table-fn">†</xref></td><td align="left">0 (0%)</td><td align="left">0 (0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Pregnancy</td><td align="left">Not documented</td><td align="left">0 (0%)</td><td align="left">0 (0%)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Disorder for which the MoH recommends postponing Hajj</td><td align="left">..</td><td align="left">99 (59%)</td><td align="left">55 (48%)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>MoH=Saudi Ministry of Health.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl1fn1"><label>*</label><p id="cenpara10">23 patients were part of an outbreak centered around a haemodialysis unit.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl1fn2"><label>†</label><p id="cenpara20">Steroid use.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p id="para20">The <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/HealthAwareness/Hajj/Pages/005.aspx" id="interrefs20">Saudi Ministry of Health (MoH) recommends</ext-link> that elderly people (older than 65 years), people with chronic diseases (eg, heart disease, kidney disease, respiratory disease, and diabetes), and pilgrims with immune deficiency (congenital and acquired), malignant disease, and terminal illnesses, as well as pregnant women and children (younger than 12 years), postpone the performance of the Hajj and Umrah for their own safety. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/watch/hajj-umrah-2013" id="interrefs30">The US CDC</ext-link> also encourages pilgrims travelling to Saudi Arabia for Hajj or Umrah to consider this advice. By contrast, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20130605/en/index.html" id="interrefs40">WHO</ext-link> and the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/MERS-CoV-novel-coronavirus-risk-assessment.pdf" id="interrefs50">European CDC</ext-link> do not recommend the application of any travel restriction in relation with MERS-CoV.</p><p id="para30">During the Hajj, 2012, we did a cohort survey of 167 French pilgrims with the purpose of investigating nasal virus carriage acquisition.<xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref> In our cohort, 59% had at least one disorder for which the Saudi MoH recommends potential participant postpone doing the Hajj this year. No case of MERS-CoV nasal carriage was identified in our cohort, despite high rates of respiratory symptoms.<xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr"><sup>4</sup></xref> However, we reported rapid acquisition of other respiratory viruses in pilgrims during their stay in Saudi Arabia—most notably, rhinovirus—emphasising the potential of these infections to spread in the pilgrims' home countries on their return.<xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr"><sup>5</sup></xref> The 2013 mandatory meningococcal vaccination campaign for Hajj was started on Aug 19, at our institution. Early results of the first week show that pilgrims preparing for Hajj this year were younger and less likely to present with comorbidity than in 2012; however, 48% had at least one disorder for which the Saudi MoH recommends to postpone the performance of the Hajj. Although our results cannot be extrapolated to all Hajj pilgrims, they clearly show that a substantial proportion of European pilgrims departing from southern France are unlikely to heed the recommendations set out by the Saudi MoH.</p><p id="para40">Public health agencies are unanimous in recommending that pilgrims apply personal protective measures against respiratory infection (wearing of face masks, cough etiquette, hand hygiene, use of disposable tissues, and avoiding contact with sick people). Such measures have already been highly accepted by pilgrims.<xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr"><sup>6</sup></xref> The presence of MERS-CoV neutralising antibodies in dromedary camels in Oman and the Canary Islands might provide a clue as to a potential source for human infection, although the presence of MERS-CoV in camels has not been established.<xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr"><sup>7</sup></xref> We recently investigated the willingness of French pilgrims to consume raw camel milk if offered during their stay in Saudi Arabia; 41% said that they would drink it if offered.<xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr"><sup>8</sup></xref> Given that camel milk consumption in the Middle East is associated with several zoonotic infections, we recommend that Hajj pilgrims be cautioned against consuming unpasteurised dairy products. Following recent isolation of MERS-CoV from the faeces of a bat in Saudi Arabia, we recommend people avoid contact with both farm and wild animals.<xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr"><sup>9</sup></xref></p><p id="para50"><fig id="f10"><graphic xlink:href="fx1_lrg"></graphic><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2013 Omar Chatriwala/Wikimedia Commons</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. 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