Are animals a bane for the spread of the deadly malady, the corona virus (MERS)?
Identifieur interne : 000860 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000859; suivant : 000861Are animals a bane for the spread of the deadly malady, the corona virus (MERS)?
Auteurs : Rohit Gundamaraju ; Ravi Chandra Vemuri ; Kim Kah HwiSource :
- Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine [ 2221-1691 ] ; 2014.
Url:
DOI: 10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1220
PubMed: 25183129
PubMed Central: 4025316
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Lumpur 50603, Malaysia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25183129</idno><idno type="pmc">4025316</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4025316</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4025316</idno><idno type="doi">10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1220</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000860</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000860</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Are animals a bane for the spread of the deadly malady, the corona virus (MERS)?</title><author><name sortKey="Gundamaraju, Rohit" sort="Gundamaraju, Rohit" uniqKey="Gundamaraju R" first="Rohit" last="Gundamaraju">Rohit Gundamaraju</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Vemuri, Ravi Chandra" sort="Vemuri, Ravi Chandra" uniqKey="Vemuri R" first="Ravi Chandra" last="Vemuri">Ravi Chandra Vemuri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Clinical Operations, Parexel International, Madhapur, Hyderabad, AP, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hwi, Kim Kah" sort="Hwi, Kim Kah" uniqKey="Hwi K" first="Kim Kah" last="Hwi">Kim Kah Hwi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine</title><idno type="ISSN">2221-1691</idno><idno type="eISSN">2221-1691</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 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Haagmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Muller, Ma" uniqKey="Muller M">MA Müller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gutierrez, C" uniqKey="Gutierrez C">C Gutierrez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Godeke, Gj" uniqKey="Godeke G">GJ Godeke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meyer, B" uniqKey="Meyer B">B Meyer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Science Insider" uniqKey="Science Insider">Science Insider</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Reusken, Cb" uniqKey="Reusken C">CB Reusken</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lina, Ph" uniqKey="Lina P">PH Lina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pielaat, A" uniqKey="Pielaat A">A Pielaat</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Vries, A" uniqKey="De Vries A">A de Vries</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dam Deisz, C" uniqKey="Dam Deisz C">C Dam-Deisz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adema, J" uniqKey="Adema J">J 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Asian Pac J Trop Biomed</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Asian Pac J Trop Biomed</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2221-1691</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2221-1691</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hainan Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25183129</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4025316</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S2221-1691(15)30238-0</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1220</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Are animals a bane for the spread of the deadly malady, the corona virus (MERS)?</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au10"><name><surname>Gundamaraju</surname><given-names>Rohit</given-names></name><email>rohit.gundamaraju@gmail.com</email><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au20"><name><surname>Vemuri</surname><given-names>Ravi Chandra</given-names></name><xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au30"><name><surname>Hwi</surname><given-names>Kim Kah</given-names></name><xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>a</label>Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>b</label>Department of Clinical Operations, Parexel International, Madhapur, Hyderabad, AP, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author: Rohit Gundamaraju, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia., Tel: 919989689681 <email>rohit.gundamaraju@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>20</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>5</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>3</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><fpage>S46</fpage><lpage>S47</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>17</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>20</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>24</day><month>1</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>25</day><month>2</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Hainan Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier (Singapore) Pte Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Hainan Medical University</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><body><p id="para10">To the editor,</p><p id="para20">Respiratory diseases are one of the leading killers of humans worldwide. There is a substantial evidence of morbidity and mortality according to the epidemics[<xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. HKU-1 and NL-63 are two lethal viruses that have been identified by researchers, which are playing a major role in severe acute respiratory syndrome pandemic worldwide[<xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>].</p><p id="para30">Recently, World Health Organization have affirmed two cases epidemically acquired pneumonia named as Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV)[<xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>, <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Cases have been identified since then in Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan <italic>etc</italic>[<xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]. The host which is causing this deadly plague is still in suspense, but there is another reason which is setting researchers in a puzzled situation.</p><sec id="cesec10"><label>1</label><title>Source: Center for Disease Control (CDC)</title><p id="para40"><xref rid="tbl1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>illustrates the number of cases of deaths reported in various countries. The above table acts as important evidence in MERS. It is evident that most of the cases are reported in Saudi Arabia [125 (53)] (<xref rid="tbl1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>). The table is extracted from the CDC.<table-wrap position="float" id="tbl1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Cases of deaths recorded in various countries.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left">Countries</th><th align="left">Cases (Deaths)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left">France</td><td align="left">2 (1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Italy</td><td align="left">1 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Jordan</td><td align="left">2 (2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Oman</td><td align="left">1 (0)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Qatar</td><td align="left">7 (3)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Saudi Arabia</td><td align="left">125 (53)<xref rid="tbl1fn1" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Tunisia</td><td align="left">3 (1)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">United Kingdom (UK)</td><td align="left">3 (2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">United Arab Emirates (UAE)</td><td align="left">6 (2)</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Total</td><td align="left">150 (64)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tbl1fn1"><label>*</label><p id="cenpara10">Denotes highest number of cases.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p id="para50">Animals are set to be another major cause for the spread of this deadly disease. Intrinsically, a research team had observed the blood samples of 50 camels from Oman and compared to 15 of 105 samples from Spanish camels. Reusken <italic>et al.</italic> have performed this study in which they have confirmed that the all the Omani camels that were investigated (100%) did possess protein specific antibodies against MERS-CoV spike which confirms that the camels may lead the major role in spreading of this virus among Middle East countries[<xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>].</p><p id="para60">In general, camels are regarded as peers for people in Middle Eastern countries. It may have spread to the humans very likely from the camels which are used by people in racing, as a mode of transport <italic>etc</italic>. This statement gained its strength after a case from Abu-Dhabi was studied[<xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]. A person who died from MERS in a hospital in Germany stated that he had used to be in contact with his racing camels and he strongly supported the statement that the transmission of virus was from his camels.</p><p id="para70">On the other hand, bats are standing in the front line in carrying this virus. A research team from their previous work did elucidate that a group 2 CoV was found in a bat <italic>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</italic>, in Europe. Four verspertilionid bat species were found to excrete group 1 CoVs, <italic>viz. Myotis daubentonii, Myotis dasycneme, Pipistrellus pipistrellus</italic>, and <italic>Nyctalus noctula</italic>[<xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>]. They have also affirmed that the European <italic>Pipistrellus</italic> bat-derived CoVs that are closely related to MERS-CoV. Another study by Drexler <italic>et al</italic>. did confirm that novel clade 2c betacoronaviruses in <italic>Nycteris</italic> bats were phylogenetically related to the novel hCoV EMC/2012[<xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. Knowledge of the close relatedness of PML/2011 and MERS-CoV, which contrasts with the more distant relatedness of CoVs in bats from the Americas and Asia, enables speculations of an African origin for bat reservoir hosts of MERS-CoV ancestors. Corona viruses were very much amplified in bat maternity colonies in temperate climates[<xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. Fecal samples were collected on tarps laid out at bat roosting sites in and around Bisha, Unaizah, and Riyadh also suggested that bats can probably transmit the virus. Technically, no CoV virus has not been directly isolated from any bats. However, there is a need for high research activities to be included in countries where there is high prevalence of this virus.</p><p id="para80">In countries such as Libya, Saudi Arabia <italic>etc.,</italic> there is high need of public health awareness and advanced research activities to set up to act against such life taking viruses. Many rich research sources like Nature, Lancet, The New England Journal of Medicine <italic>etc.</italic> have research affirmations on animal related MERS transmission, but there has to be more conclusions regarding the virus and its life cycle for a better understanding.</p></sec><sec id="cesec20"><title>Conflict of interest statement</title><p id="para90">Authors declare no conflict of interest and no institutional funding source for this article.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="bibl10"><title>References</title><ref id="bib1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sbref10"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Assiri</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>McGeer</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><name><surname>Perl</surname><given-names>TM</given-names></name><name><surname>Price</surname><given-names>CS</given-names></name><name><surname>Al 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