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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus: Putting one health principles into practice?</title><author><name sortKey="Daly, Janet M" sort="Daly, Janet M" uniqKey="Daly J" first="Janet M." last="Daly">Janet M. Daly</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28216233</idno><idno type="pmc">7129366</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129366</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7129366</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.02.002</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000856</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000856</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus: Putting one health principles into practice?</title><author><name sortKey="Daly, Janet M" sort="Daly, Janet M" uniqKey="Daly J" first="Janet M." last="Daly">Janet M. Daly</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)</title><idno type="ISSN">1090-0233</idno><idno type="eISSN">1532-2971</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Aebersold, P" uniqKey="Aebersold P">P. Aebersold</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, R M" uniqKey="Anderson R">R.M. Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, C" uniqKey="Fraser C">C. Fraser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghani, A C" uniqKey="Ghani A">A.C. Ghani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Donnelly, C A" uniqKey="Donnelly C">C.A. Donnelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Riley, S" uniqKey="Riley S">S. Riley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferguson, N M" uniqKey="Ferguson N">N.M. Ferguson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leung, G M" uniqKey="Leung G">G.M. Leung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lam, T H" uniqKey="Lam T">T.H. Lam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hedley, A J" uniqKey="Hedley A">A.J. Hedley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Wit, E" uniqKey="De Wit E">E. de Wit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Doremalen, N" uniqKey="Van Doremalen N">N. van Doremalen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Falzarano, D" uniqKey="Falzarano D">D. Falzarano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Munster, V J" uniqKey="Munster V">V.J. Munster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monath, T P" uniqKey="Monath T">T.P. Monath</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morse, S S" uniqKey="Morse S">S.S. Morse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Taylor, L H" uniqKey="Taylor L">L.H. Taylor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Latham, S M" uniqKey="Latham S">S.M. Latham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woolhouse, M E J" uniqKey="Woolhouse M">M.E.J. Woolhouse</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wernery, U" uniqKey="Wernery U">U. Wernery</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lau, S K P" uniqKey="Lau S">S.K.P. Lau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woo, P C Y" uniqKey="Woo P">P.C.Y. Woo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="editorial"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Vet J</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Vet. J</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997)</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1090-0233</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1532-2971</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28216233</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7129366</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1090-0233(17)30043-6</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.02.002</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus: Putting one health principles into practice?</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au0010"><name><surname>Daly</surname><given-names>Janet M.</given-names></name><email>janet.daly@nottingham.ac.uk</email></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af0010">School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK</aff><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>7</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>7</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>222</volume><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>53</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier Ltd</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><body><p id="p0010">Despite only being introduced at the start of this century, the term ‘One Health’ has become regarded as something of a cliché by many. However, emerging viruses are a paradigm of the one health concept, which broadly refers to the interdependence of the health of people, animals and the ecosystems they inhabit. It is estimated that at least 75% of emerging diseases are of animal origin, and many of these are viral (<xref rid="bib0040" ref-type="bibr">Taylor et al., 2001</xref>). Although heightened awareness and more efficient detection methods may play a role in the increasing number of new viruses being identified, climate change and increased globalisation (in particular in relation to arboviruses) are thought to be responsible for a genuine increase in viral emergence (<xref rid="bib0035" ref-type="bibr">Morse, 1995</xref>).</p><p id="p0015">In a recent issue of <italic>The Veterinary Journal</italic>, Professor Ulrich Wernery, of the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, and colleagues review Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus in dromedaries. MERS is not the only emergent coronavirus to have hit the headlines as a threat to human health in recent years. The coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) was first detected in China in November 2002 (<xref rid="bib0020" ref-type="bibr">de Wit et al., 2016</xref>). The virus spread rapidly (via international travel of infected people), resulting in over 8000 cases in 29 countries, encompassing Africa, America, Australia, Asia and Europe. However, the SARS pandemic was declared over by July 2003 and no human cases of SARS have been reported since 2004.</p><p id="p0020">A major reason MERS did not become established as a pandemic disease is that the peak of virus shedding occurs after the onset of symptoms, which means that public health measures, such as preventing people with clinical signs of MERS from boarding aircraft, isolation of infected people and quarantine of their contacts, are effective in controlling spread of the virus (<xref rid="bib0015" ref-type="bibr">Anderson et al., 2004</xref>). Conversely, in influenza, the archetypal pandemic disease, the majority of virus transmission occurs before people realise that they are ill.</p><p id="p0025">In contrast to SARS, cases of MERS have been reported on a regular basis since the virus was first detected in September 2012. As of 10th January 2017, a total of 1553 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection in people have been reported, with a case fatality among these of 41.7%.<xref rid="fn0010" ref-type="fn">1</xref>Although cases have been reported in a similar number of countries as SARS, the majority of cases have been in Saudi Arabia.<xref rid="fn0015" ref-type="fn">2</xref>Camels are thought to be a major source of infection for human beings (<xref rid="bib0045" ref-type="bibr">Wernery et al., 2017</xref>), but nosocomial outbreaks are frequently reported, with the majority of secondary cases occurring in the hospital setting (patients and healthcare workers) and some in household contacts.</p><p id="p0030">Currently, no vaccines against MERS-CoV are available, although several are in development. The relatively limited number of cases of MERS to date means that mass vaccination of people in the Arabian Peninsula region may not be justifiable. However, targeted vaccination of healthcare workers and other high-risk groups (e.g. camel herders) may be a cost-effective way to limit the number of human cases.</p><p id="p0035">Three alternative frameworks have been described for vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to human beings (<xref rid="bib0030" ref-type="bibr">Monath, 2013</xref>). These are vaccines for use in: (1) both human beings and economically important animals, where they are ‘dead-end’ hosts and wild animals are the source of infection; (2) domestic animals, where they play a major role in transmission of the disease to human beings; and (3) wild animal reservoir species, to prevent transmission of disease to both human beings and domestic animals. The second option (i.e. vaccination of camels to protect human health) is favoured for the control of MERS, although a potential limitation of the approach is that it remains inconclusive whether there is a wild animal reservoir of MERS-CoV. One of the appeals of this strategy is that there are generally fewer regulatory hurdles to licensing a vaccine for animal use and, therefore, a novel vaccine could be more rapidly deployed. Furthermore, vaccination of camels would provide safety and efficacy data in a relevant host to support registration for human use by regulators such as the United States Food and Drug Administration (<xref rid="bib0010" ref-type="bibr">Aebersold, 2012</xref>).</p><p id="p0040">Development of vaccines for human or animal health requires collaborations between medical and veterinary disciplines, which have traditionally operated independently, even when part of the same institution. Development of a West Nile virus vaccine is a recent example of successful co-development of a vaccine for human and veterinary species, although it is noteworthy that the veterinary species in this instance, the horse, is a high value animal. As described in the review by <xref rid="bib0045" ref-type="bibr">Wernery et al. (2017)</xref>, MERS has limited economic impact on the camel industry. Therefore it is likely that governments of affected countries would have to finance the vaccination of camels.</p><p id="p0045">In conclusion, MERS particularly exemplifies the importance of a ‘one-health’ approach to tackling emerging zoonoses and heightens awareness of the need for new models of communication and collaboration between human and veterinary medical practitioners, researchers and authorities.</p></body><back><ref-list id="bb0010"><title>References</title><ref id="bib0010"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sr0010"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Aebersold</surname><given-names>P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>FDA experience with medical countermeasures under the animal rule</article-title><source>Advances in Preventive Medicine</source><volume>2012</volume><year>2012</year><fpage>11</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0015"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sr0015"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>R.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Fraser</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ghani</surname><given-names>A.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Donnelly</surname><given-names>C.A.</given-names></name><name><surname>Riley</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ferguson</surname><given-names>N.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Leung</surname><given-names>G.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lam</surname><given-names>T.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Hedley</surname><given-names>A.J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Epidemiology, transmission dynamics and control of SARS: The 2002–2003 epidemic</article-title><source>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</source><volume>359</volume><year>2004</year><fpage>1091</fpage><lpage>1105</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15306395</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0020"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sr0020"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>de Wit</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><name><surname>van Doremalen</surname><given-names>N.</given-names></name><name><surname>Falzarano</surname><given-names>D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Munster</surname><given-names>V.J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>SARS and MERS: Recent insights into emerging coronaviruses</article-title><source>Nature Reviews. Microbiology</source><volume>14</volume><year>2016</year><fpage>523</fpage><lpage>534</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27344959</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0030"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sr0030"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Monath</surname><given-names>T.P.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Vaccines against diseases transmitted from animals to humans: A one health paradigm</article-title><source>Vaccine</source><volume>31</volume><year>2013</year><fpage>5321</fpage><lpage>5338</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24060567</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0035"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sr0035"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Morse</surname><given-names>S.S.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases</article-title><source>Emerging Infectious Diseases</source><volume>1</volume><year>1995</year><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>15</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">8903148</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0040"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sr0040"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>L.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Latham</surname><given-names>S.M.</given-names></name><name><surname>Woolhouse</surname><given-names>M.E.J.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Risk factors for human disease emergence</article-title><source>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences</source><volume>356</volume><year>2001</year><fpage>983</fpage><lpage>989</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">11516376</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="bib0045"><element-citation publication-type="journal" id="sr0045"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Wernery</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>S.K.P.</given-names></name><name><surname>Woo</surname><given-names>P.C.Y.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and dromedaries</article-title><source>The Veterinary Journal</source><volume>220</volume><year>2017</year><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28190501</pub-id></element-citation></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn id="fn0010"><label>1</label><p id="np0010">See: ProMED-Mail, 2017. Saudi Arabia (MK, QS) nosocomial outbreak, RFI. ProMED-mail 2017; 10Jan: 20170110.4754928. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.promedmail.org" id="iw0010">http://www.promedmail.org</ext-link> (accessed 11 January 2017).</p></fn><fn id="fn0015"><label>2</label><p id="np0015">See: World Health Organization, 2016. WHO MERS-CoV global summary and risk assessment. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/mers-summary-2016.pdf?ua=1" id="iw0015">http://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/mers-summary-2016.pdf?ua=1</ext-link> (accessed 11 January 2017).</p></fn></fn-group></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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