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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Calling for rapid development of a safe and effective MERS vaccine</title><author><name sortKey="Hotez, Peter J" sort="Hotez, Peter J" uniqKey="Hotez P" first="Peter J." last="Hotez">Peter J. Hotez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bottazzi, Maria Elena" sort="Bottazzi, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Bottazzi M" first="Maria Elena" last="Bottazzi">Maria Elena Bottazzi</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">24931059</idno><idno type="pmc">7128618</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7128618</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7128618</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.micinf.2014.05.002</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000849</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000849</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Calling for rapid development of a safe and effective MERS vaccine</title><author><name sortKey="Hotez, Peter J" sort="Hotez, Peter J" uniqKey="Hotez P" first="Peter J." last="Hotez">Peter J. Hotez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bottazzi, Maria Elena" sort="Bottazzi, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Bottazzi M" first="Maria Elena" last="Bottazzi">Maria Elena Bottazzi</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Microbes and Infection</title><idno type="ISSN">1286-4579</idno><idno type="eISSN">1769-714X</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The geographic spread and rapid increase in the cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) caused by a novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV) during the past two months have raised concern about its pandemic potential. Here we call for the rapid development of an effective and safe MERS vaccine to control the spread of MERS-CoV.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bloom, Harold" uniqKey="Bloom H">Harold Bloom</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, H W" uniqKey="Kim H">H.W. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Canchola, J G" uniqKey="Canchola J">J.G. Canchola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brandt, C D" uniqKey="Brandt C">C.D. Brandt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pyles, G" uniqKey="Pyles G">G. Pyles</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chanock, R M" uniqKey="Chanock R">R.M. Chanock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jensen, K" uniqKey="Jensen K">K. Jensen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Englund, J" uniqKey="Englund J">J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Microbes Infect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Microbes Infect</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Microbes and Infection</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1286-4579</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1769-714X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Published by Elsevier Masson SAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24931059</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7128618</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1286-4579(14)00065-3</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.micinf.2014.05.002</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Calling for rapid development of a safe and effective MERS vaccine</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au1"><name><surname>Hotez</surname><given-names>Peter J.</given-names></name><email>hotez@bcm.edu</email><xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp">∗∗</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au2"><name><surname>Bottazzi</surname><given-names>Maria Elena</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA</aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au3"><name><surname>Tseng</surname><given-names>Chien-Te K.</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff2">Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA</aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au4"><name><surname>Zhan</surname><given-names>Bin</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff3">Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA</aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au5"><name><surname>Lustigman</surname><given-names>Sara</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au6"><name><surname>Du</surname><given-names>Lanying</given-names></name></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff4">Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY, USA</aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="au7"><name><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>Shibo</given-names></name><email>shibojiang@fudan.edu.cn</email><xref rid="cor2" ref-type="corresp">∗</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff5">Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, 310 East 67th Street, New York, NY, USA</aff><aff id="aff6">Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE/MOH, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><label>∗∗</label>Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 713 798 4455; fax: +1 713 798 2299. <email>hotez@bcm.edu</email></corresp><corresp id="cor2"><label>∗</label>Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 21 54237673; fax: +86 21 54237465. <email>shibojiang@fudan.edu.cn</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>12</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>6</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>529</fpage><lpage>531</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>28</day><month>5</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2014 Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder></copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0010"><p>The geographic spread and rapid increase in the cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) caused by a novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV) during the past two months have raised concern about its pandemic potential. Here we call for the rapid development of an effective and safe MERS vaccine to control the spread of MERS-CoV.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="kwrds0010"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Coronavirus</kwd><kwd>MERS-CoV</kwd><kwd>Receptor</kwd><kwd>Receptor-binding domain</kwd><kwd>Vaccine</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p id="p0010">Very recently, a new case of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was reported in a 44-year-old man living in Yemen with no relevant travel history – possibly the first autochthonous case outside of Saudi Arabia. When considered with recent news of the three reported cases of MERS in the United States, there is urgency to consider renewing the global commitment to combat MERS and accelerate the development of a MERS vaccine.</p><p id="p0015">To date, however, the interest and enthusiasm of the global public health community in both MERS and a MERS vaccine could be described as ambivalent. At last year's World Health Assembly in Geneva, Dr. Margaret Chan, the World Health Organization (WHO) Director General, announced that MERS-CoV is “a threat to the entire world”. However, later that summer, a special WHO panel muted such sentiments by indicating that MERS did not yet constitute a “public health emergency of international concern” <xref rid="bib1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. As of May 23, 2014, 635 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including 193 deaths, had been reported to WHO from seven countries in the Middle East, two countries in Africa, six countries in Europe, two countries in Asia, and one country in North America <xref rid="bib2" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>.</p><p id="p0020">More worrisome, 429 of these cases have been reported since March 27, 2014. A majority of these newly reported cases are secondary cases or cases with unknown exposure (<xref rid="fig1" ref-type="fig">Fig. 1</xref>), partly reflecting increased surveillance for this disease in Saudi Arabia, but also possibly suggesting an increased ratio of human-to-human transmission of MERS-CoV. Yet a group of WHO experts during a visit to Saudi Arabia failed to recommend any new public health measures beyond ongoing surveillance for respiratory infections. Moreover, no new travel restrictions including restrictions on trade or the annual pilgrimage have been instituted <xref rid="bib3" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. Of course, this situation could change, pending new developments.<fig id="fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Ratios of the primary and secondary cases, and those with unknown exposure among the 536 laboratory-confirmed patients with MERS-CoV infection (as of 8 May 2014). This figure was reproduced from the website of the World Health Organization with their permission. (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/archive_updates/en/" id="intref0010a">http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/archive_updates/en/</ext-link>).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr1"></graphic></fig></p><p id="p0025">Similar to how the scientific community responded to the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) CoV that emerged from South China more than a decade ago, several promising avenues for developing a MERS vaccine have been explored. For now, however, many of us have received mixed messages on the urgency of advancing a vaccine development program for MERS-CoV.</p><p id="p0030">In 1973, Harold Bloom, Yale University English professor and literary critic, published his famous book entitled <italic>The Anxiety of Influence: A Therory of Poetry</italic>. In essence, Bloom advances the hypothesis that poets aspire to write something truly original, but they become hindered in their creative processes by the influence, both conscious and unconscious, of previous works <xref rid="bib4" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>.</p><p id="p0035">Anxiety of influence similarly affects virus researchers today because of a medical and scientific disaster that struck NIH and Merck investigators almost 50 years ago during the testing of a first-generation formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine <xref rid="bib5" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. The vaccine failed to protect infants who received this vaccine in 1966–67, and many became sick from antibody-dependent enhanced respiratory signs and symptoms. Two young children died <xref rid="bib6" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>.</p><p id="p0040">Since then, investigators working with experimental respiratory vaccines have proceeded with great caution and even reluctance based on the prospect of causing another such incident. In laboratory animals antibody-dependent immune enhancement is associated with eosinophilic infiltrates in the lungs of laboratory mice following virus challenge. Indeed, experimental whole virus vaccines for SARS have been shown to cause eosinophilic immune enhancement, as well as subunit vaccines comprised of the full spike protein of the SARS coronavirus <xref rid="bib7" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref>, <xref rid="bib8" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref>, although to a lesser degree. Such concerns prompted efforts to develop a more restricted receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S protein as a recombinant vaccine <xref rid="bib9" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>, <xref rid="bib10" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>, which elicits highly effective cross-neutralizing antibody responses in the vaccinated animals <xref rid="bib11" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>.</p><p id="p0045">An equivalent RBD molecule has now been identified from MERS-CoV spike protein (<xref rid="fig2" ref-type="fig">Fig. 2</xref>)<xref rid="bib12" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>, <xref rid="bib13" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>, <xref rid="bib14" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>, potentially making it feasible to co-develop this molecule as a recombinant MERS vaccine, alongside an RBD-based SARS vaccine. To date, however, the level of interest from scientific funding agencies to develop MERS vaccines has been modest. When considering the time and expense of developing a safe and effective vaccine against uncertain risk factors, global health policymakers have so far hesitated in prioritizing MERS-CoV vaccines for the purpose of creating a stockpile in the event of a public health emergency.<fig id="fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Schematic diagram of MERS-CoV. It contains four structural proteins, including three surface proteins, spike (S), envelope (E), and membrane (M) proteins, and one nucleocapsid (N) protein. The receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S protein S1 subunit contains major neutralizing epitopes, serving as an attractive target for MERS vaccine <xref rid="bib14" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="gr2"></graphic></fig></p><p id="p0050">Yet waiting for a full-blown MERS epidemic, or even pandemic, to occur before even beginning vaccine development could result in the loss of many lives, especially in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, the current situation of MERS in the Middle East, especially as we move closer to the Hajj pilgrimage in the fall, will continue to require vigilance by the WHO and other international health agencies, which in turn, must include meaningful and frequent communications with vaccinologists in both academia and industry.</p><sec id="sec1"><title>Conflict of interest</title><p id="p0110">The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.</p></sec></body><back><ref-list id="cebib0010"><title>References</title><ref id="bib1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="oref1"><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://news.sciencemag.org/health/2013/07/mers-virus-not-yet-global-emergency-who-panel-says" id="intref0010">http://news.sciencemag.org/health/2013/07/mers-virus-not-yet-global-emergency-who-panel-says</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="bib2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" id="oref2">MERS-CoV summary 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