Serveur d'exploration MERS

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<title xml:lang="en">Stillbirth During Infection With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</title>
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<name sortKey="Payne, Daniel C" sort="Payne, Daniel C" uniqKey="Payne D" first="Daniel C." last="Payne">Daniel C. Payne</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
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<name sortKey="Iblan, Ibrahim" sort="Iblan, Ibrahim" uniqKey="Iblan I" first="Ibrahim" last="Iblan">Ibrahim Iblan</name>
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<institution>Jordan Field Epidemiology Training Program</institution>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Alqasrawi, Sultan" sort="Alqasrawi, Sultan" uniqKey="Alqasrawi S" first="Sultan" last="Alqasrawi">Sultan Alqasrawi</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af7">
<institution>Communicable Diseases Directorate</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Al Nsour, Mohannad" sort="Al Nsour, Mohannad" uniqKey="Al Nsour M" first="Mohannad" last="Al Nsour">Mohannad Al Nsour</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af9">
<institution>Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network</institution>
,
<addr-line>Amman</addr-line>
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<country>Jordan</country>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Rha, Brian" sort="Rha, Brian" uniqKey="Rha B" first="Brian" last="Rha">Brian Rha</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
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</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af2">
<addr-line>Epidemic Intelligence Service</addr-line>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Tohme, Rania A" sort="Tohme, Rania A" uniqKey="Tohme R" first="Rania A." last="Tohme">Rania A. Tohme</name>
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<addr-line>Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health</addr-line>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Abedi, Glen R" sort="Abedi, Glen R" uniqKey="Abedi G" first="Glen R." last="Abedi">Glen R. Abedi</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
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<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Farag, Noha H" sort="Farag, Noha H" uniqKey="Farag N" first="Noha H." last="Farag">Noha H. Farag</name>
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<addr-line>Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases</addr-line>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Haddadin, Aktham" sort="Haddadin, Aktham" uniqKey="Haddadin A" first="Aktham" last="Haddadin">Aktham Haddadin</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af8">
<addr-line>Directorate of Laboratories</addr-line>
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<institution>Jordan Ministry of Health</institution>
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<name sortKey="Al Sanhouri, Tarek" sort="Al Sanhouri, Tarek" uniqKey="Al Sanhouri T" first="Tarek" last="Al Sanhouri">Tarek Al Sanhouri</name>
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<addr-line>Directorate of Laboratories</addr-line>
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<institution>Jordan Ministry of Health</institution>
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<name sortKey="Jarour, Najwa" sort="Jarour, Najwa" uniqKey="Jarour N" first="Najwa" last="Jarour">Najwa Jarour</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af7">
<institution>Communicable Diseases Directorate</institution>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Swerdlow, David L" sort="Swerdlow, David L" uniqKey="Swerdlow D" first="David L." last="Swerdlow">David L. Swerdlow</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
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<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Jamieson, Denise J" sort="Jamieson, Denise J" uniqKey="Jamieson D" first="Denise J." last="Jamieson">Denise J. Jamieson</name>
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<addr-line>Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion</addr-line>
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<institution>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
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<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Pallansch, Mark A" sort="Pallansch, Mark A" uniqKey="Pallansch M" first="Mark A." last="Pallansch">Mark A. Pallansch</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
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<author>
<name sortKey="Haynes, Lia M" sort="Haynes, Lia M" uniqKey="Haynes L" first="Lia M." last="Haynes">Lia M. Haynes</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gerber, Susan I" sort="Gerber, Susan I" uniqKey="Gerber S" first="Susan I." last="Gerber">Susan I. Gerber</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa" sort="Al Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa" uniqKey="Al Abdallat M" first="Mohammad Mousa" last="Al Abdallat">Mohammad Mousa Al Abdallat</name>
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<nlm:aff id="af7">
<institution>Communicable Diseases Directorate</institution>
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<title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Stillbirth During Infection With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</title>
<author>
<name sortKey="Payne, Daniel C" sort="Payne, Daniel C" uniqKey="Payne D" first="Daniel C." last="Payne">Daniel C. Payne</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Iblan, Ibrahim" sort="Iblan, Ibrahim" uniqKey="Iblan I" first="Ibrahim" last="Iblan">Ibrahim Iblan</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af6">
<institution>Jordan Field Epidemiology Training Program</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Alqasrawi, Sultan" sort="Alqasrawi, Sultan" uniqKey="Alqasrawi S" first="Sultan" last="Alqasrawi">Sultan Alqasrawi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af7">
<institution>Communicable Diseases Directorate</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Nsour, Mohannad" sort="Al Nsour, Mohannad" uniqKey="Al Nsour M" first="Mohannad" last="Al Nsour">Mohannad Al Nsour</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af9">
<institution>Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network</institution>
,
<addr-line>Amman</addr-line>
,
<country>Jordan</country>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Rha, Brian" sort="Rha, Brian" uniqKey="Rha B" first="Brian" last="Rha">Brian Rha</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af2">
<addr-line>Epidemic Intelligence Service</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Tohme, Rania A" sort="Tohme, Rania A" uniqKey="Tohme R" first="Rania A." last="Tohme">Rania A. Tohme</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af3">
<addr-line>Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Abedi, Glen R" sort="Abedi, Glen R" uniqKey="Abedi G" first="Glen R." last="Abedi">Glen R. Abedi</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Farag, Noha H" sort="Farag, Noha H" uniqKey="Farag N" first="Noha H." last="Farag">Noha H. Farag</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af4">
<addr-line>Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haddadin, Aktham" sort="Haddadin, Aktham" uniqKey="Haddadin A" first="Aktham" last="Haddadin">Aktham Haddadin</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af8">
<addr-line>Directorate of Laboratories</addr-line>
,
<institution>Jordan Ministry of Health</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Sanhouri, Tarek" sort="Al Sanhouri, Tarek" uniqKey="Al Sanhouri T" first="Tarek" last="Al Sanhouri">Tarek Al Sanhouri</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af8">
<addr-line>Directorate of Laboratories</addr-line>
,
<institution>Jordan Ministry of Health</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jarour, Najwa" sort="Jarour, Najwa" uniqKey="Jarour N" first="Najwa" last="Jarour">Najwa Jarour</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af7">
<institution>Communicable Diseases Directorate</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Swerdlow, David L" sort="Swerdlow, David L" uniqKey="Swerdlow D" first="David L." last="Swerdlow">David L. Swerdlow</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Jamieson, Denise J" sort="Jamieson, Denise J" uniqKey="Jamieson D" first="Denise J." last="Jamieson">Denise J. Jamieson</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af5">
<addr-line>Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion</addr-line>
,
<institution>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
,
<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Pallansch, Mark A" sort="Pallansch, Mark A" uniqKey="Pallansch M" first="Mark A." last="Pallansch">Mark A. Pallansch</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Haynes, Lia M" sort="Haynes, Lia M" uniqKey="Haynes L" first="Lia M." last="Haynes">Lia M. Haynes</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Gerber, Susan I" sort="Gerber, Susan I" uniqKey="Gerber S" first="Susan I." last="Gerber">Susan I. Gerber</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af1">
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author>
<name sortKey="Al Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa" sort="Al Abdallat, Mohammad Mousa" uniqKey="Al Abdallat M" first="Mohammad Mousa" last="Al Abdallat">Mohammad Mousa Al Abdallat</name>
<affiliation>
<nlm:aff id="af7">
<institution>Communicable Diseases Directorate</institution>
</nlm:aff>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series>
<title level="j">The Journal of Infectious Diseases</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0022-1899</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1537-6613</idno>
<imprint>
<date when="2014">2014</date>
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<div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>We conducted an epidemiologic investigation among survivors of an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Jordan. A second-trimester stillbirth occurred during the course of an acute respiratory illness that was attributed to MERS-CoV on the basis of exposure history and positive results of MERS-CoV serologic testing. This is the first occurrence of stillbirth during an infection with MERS-CoV and may have bearing upon the surveillance and management of pregnant women in settings of unexplained respiratory illness potentially due to MERS-CoV. Future prospective investigations of MERS-CoV should ascertain pregnancy status and obtain further pregnancy-related data, including biological specimens for confirmatory testing.</p>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">J Infect Dis</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">J. Infect. Dis</journal-id>
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<article-title>Stillbirth During Infection With Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</article-title>
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<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Payne</surname>
<given-names>Daniel C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
<pmc-comment>dvp6@cdc.gov</pmc-comment>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="d798128e530"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Iblan</surname>
<given-names>Ibrahim</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Alqasrawi</surname>
<given-names>Sultan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Al Nsour</surname>
<given-names>Mohannad</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Rha</surname>
<given-names>Brian</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Tohme</surname>
<given-names>Rania A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Abedi</surname>
<given-names>Glen R.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Farag</surname>
<given-names>Noha H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Haddadin</surname>
<given-names>Aktham</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Al Sanhouri</surname>
<given-names>Tarek</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jarour</surname>
<given-names>Najwa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Swerdlow</surname>
<given-names>David L.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Jamieson</surname>
<given-names>Denise J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pallansch</surname>
<given-names>Mark A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Haynes</surname>
<given-names>Lia M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gerber</surname>
<given-names>Susan I.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1">1</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Al Abdallat</surname>
<given-names>Mohammad Mousa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<collab>for the Jordan MERS-CoV Investigation Team</collab>
<author-comment>
<title>a</title>
<p>Members of the study group are listed at the end of the text.</p>
</author-comment>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Sabri</surname>
<given-names>Nabil</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Al Azhari</surname>
<given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Khazali</surname>
<given-names>Hala</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Al Maayah</surname>
<given-names>Mohammad</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Bilbeisi</surname>
<given-names>Adel</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Dawood</surname>
<given-names>Naim</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Al Zubi</surname>
<given-names>Bilal</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Meflih</surname>
<given-names>Jawad</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mounts</surname>
<given-names>Tony</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Fitzner</surname>
<given-names>Julia</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Eltom</surname>
<given-names>Akram</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Mafi</surname>
<given-names>Ali</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Miao</surname>
<given-names>Congrong</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Caidi</surname>
<given-names>Hayat</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Trivedi</surname>
<given-names>Suvang</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kamili</surname>
<given-names>Shifaq</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Hall</surname>
<given-names>Aron J.</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Curns</surname>
<given-names>Aaron</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Moore</surname>
<given-names>Jessica</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Pham</surname>
<given-names>Huong</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Zimmerman</surname>
<given-names>Chris</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Farnon</surname>
<given-names>Eileen</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Giorgi</surname>
<given-names>Genessa</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Gerber</surname>
<given-names>Russell</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Kuhar</surname>
<given-names>David</given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Division of Viral Diseases</addr-line>
,
<institution>National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="af2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Epidemic Intelligence Service</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="af3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="af4">
<label>4</label>
<addr-line>Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="af5">
<label>5</label>
<addr-line>Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion</addr-line>
,
<institution>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</institution>
,
<addr-line>Atlanta, Georgia</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="af6">
<label>6</label>
<institution>Jordan Field Epidemiology Training Program</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="af7">
<label>7</label>
<institution>Communicable Diseases Directorate</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="af8">
<label>8</label>
<addr-line>Directorate of Laboratories</addr-line>
,
<institution>Jordan Ministry of Health</institution>
</aff>
<aff id="af9">
<label>9</label>
<institution>Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network</institution>
,
<addr-line>Amman</addr-line>
,
<country>Jordan</country>
</aff>
<author-notes>
<fn id="AN1">
<label>a</label>
<p>Members of the study group are listed at the end of the text.</p>
</fn>
<corresp id="d798128e530">Correspondence: Daniel C. Payne, PhD, MSPH, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop A-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 (
<email>dvp6@cdc.gov</email>
).</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub">
<day>15</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2014-01-28">
<day>28</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release">
<day>28</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on the . </pmc-comment>
<volume>209</volume>
<issue>12</issue>
<fpage>1870</fpage>
<lpage>1872</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received">
<day>04</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2013</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted">
<day>23</day>
<month>1</month>
<year>2014</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Infectious Diseases Society of America 2014. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license>
<license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic or until permissions are revoked in writing. Upon expiration of these permissions, PMC is granted a perpetual license to make this article available via PMC and Europe PMC, consistent with existing copyright protections.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="jiu068.pdf"></self-uri>
<abstract>
<title>Abstract</title>
<p>We conducted an epidemiologic investigation among survivors of an outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection in Jordan. A second-trimester stillbirth occurred during the course of an acute respiratory illness that was attributed to MERS-CoV on the basis of exposure history and positive results of MERS-CoV serologic testing. This is the first occurrence of stillbirth during an infection with MERS-CoV and may have bearing upon the surveillance and management of pregnant women in settings of unexplained respiratory illness potentially due to MERS-CoV. Future prospective investigations of MERS-CoV should ascertain pregnancy status and obtain further pregnancy-related data, including biological specimens for confirmatory testing.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd>MERS-CoV</kwd>
<kwd>Middle East respiratory syndrome</kwd>
<kwd>novel coronavirus</kwd>
<kwd>EMC-CoV</kwd>
<kwd>Jordan</kwd>
<kwd>stillbirth</kwd>
<kwd>pregnancy</kwd>
<kwd>pneumonia</kwd>
<kwd>severe acute respiratory illness</kwd>
<kwd>birth outcomes</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body>
<p>New cases and clusters of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections continue to occur sporadically in the Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, and Europe [
<xref rid="JIU068C1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>
]. MERS-CoV is a novel coronavirus known to cause acute respiratory illness typically associated with fever, which can progress rapidly to respiratory failure and, in some patients, renal failure. There has been no information yet published regarding the impact of MERS-CoV infections on pregnancy outcomes.</p>
<sec sec-type="methods" id="s2">
<title>METHODS</title>
<p>In May 2013, epidemiologists from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) joined the Jordan Ministry of Health and regional partners to conduct a retrospective investigation of an April 2012 outbreak of respiratory illness, using newly developed serologic tests for detection of MERS-CoV antibodies. After the discovery of MERS-CoV, retrospective diagnoses of MERS-CoV infection were assigned to 2 individuals who died during this outbreak, based on findings of real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO).</p>
<p>Serum specimens were collected and epidemiologic data were obtained from potentially exposed groups, including outbreak survivors and household contacts, through medical chart reviews and interviews. Household members were considered eligible for enrollment if they reported usually sleeping under the same roof as an outbreak member during the outbreak period, which lasted from February through April 2012. The initial outbreak case definition included “any case admitted [to the hospital] or their close contacts, who complained of fever and dry cough with radiological evidence of pneumonia during the period from 15 March to 30 April,” which identified 13 individuals, including the 2 fatal cases [
<xref rid="JIU068C2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>
].</p>
<p>Interviews focused on a range of topics, including the history of illness, detailed contact history (with surviving outbreak group members, the household members of outbreak group members, visiting travelers, and animals), travel history, and occupation.</p>
<p>MERS-CoV antibody positivity was defined as a positive result of the HKU5.2N enzyme immunoassay (EIA) [plasmid provided by the University of Hong Kong, courtesy of Dr. Susanna Lau] and a correlated positive result of either the MERS-CoV immunofluorescence assay (IFA) or the MERS-CoV_(Hu/Jordan-N3/2012) microneutralization titer assay (MNt) developed at the CDC.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="results" id="s3">
<title>RESULTS</title>
<p>During the course of the MERS-CoV outbreak investigation in Zarqa, Jordan, we obtained data and specimens from 11 subjects in the initial outbreak group and from 26 subjects who resided in the same households as subjects in the initial outbreak group during the outbreak period. One household was lost to follow-up, and 1 did not consent for participation. Six of these 37 subjects (16%) were women aged 18–45 years. Three (50%) reported being pregnant during the outbreak period. Two of the pregnancies reportedly resulted in miscarriage, but both mothers tested negative for MERS-CoV antibody.</p>
<p>The third pregnant woman, aged 39 years, had a stillbirth at approximately 5 months of gestation, and her laboratory results were positive for MERS-CoV antibody by EIA (titer, 1:1600), IFA, and MNt (titer, 80). During the outbreak period, her acute respiratory symptoms (fever, rhinorrhea, fatigue, headache, and cough) occurred concurrently with vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain on the seventh day of illness, and she spontaneously delivered a stillborn infant.</p>
<p>The pregnant subject's onset of respiratory symptoms occurred 7 days following the onset of her husband's symptomatic acute respiratory illness; he also tested positive for MERS-CoV antibodies by all 3 serologic tests (EIA titer, 1:400; IFA, MNt titer, 40). Additionally, she had another close relative who died of a MERS-CoV infection, confirmed by real-time RT-PCR, 1 day before the date of onset of the pregnant subject's symptoms. The pregnant subject reported having unprotected exposures to both of these family members during their symptomatic MERS-CoV illnesses (Figure
<xref ref-type="fig" rid="JIU068F1">1</xref>
). </p>
<fig id="JIU068F1" orientation="portrait" position="float">
<label>Figure 1.</label>
<caption>
<p>Timeline of events associated with a stillbirth attributable to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection, 1–30 April 2012.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="jiu06801"></graphic>
</fig>
<p>The pregnant subject refused medical care during her illness because of stated concerns about undergoing chest radiography and receiving medications during pregnancy. As is common in this region, fetal specimens were not retained and were not available for retrospective evaluation. Before her stillbirth, she received regular antenatal care with a physician and had no reported complications during pregnancy. Including the recent stillbirth, she had had 7 pregnancies, resulting in 6 full-term live births. The surviving 6 children tested negative for MERS-CoV antibodies.</p>
</sec>
<sec sec-type="discussion" id="s4">
<title>DISCUSSION</title>
<p>We report a second trimester stillbirth in a pregnant subject who had a concurrent acute respiratory illness that met the WHO case definition for probable MERS-CoV infection [
<xref rid="JIU068C3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>
]. Linked to the Jordanian outbreak of MERS-CoV infection, the illness in the pregnant subject began within 14 days following unprotected exposures to 2 individuals with MERS-CoV during their illnesses (her MERS-CoV antibody--positive husband and a real-time RT-PCR–positive relative). She was symptomatic but did not seek medical care because she wished to avoid chest radiography and medications during pregnancy.</p>
<p>With the currently limited knowledge about MERS-CoV epidemiology and pathophysiology, it is prudent to review observed associations between pregnancy outcomes and other severe respiratory pathogens. Complications such as maternal mortality and stillbirth have been reported among pregnant women with severe respiratory infections caused by SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) [
<xref rid="JIU068C4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>
], influenza A virus subtype H1N1 [
<xref rid="JIU068C5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>
,
<xref rid="JIU068C6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>
], and other viruses causing pneumonia [
<xref rid="JIU068C7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>
]. Uncomplicated pregnancies lead to physiologic changes resulting in altered pulmonary and immunologic function [
<xref rid="JIU068C8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>
,
<xref rid="JIU068C9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>
], including a 20% increase in maternal oxygen consumption, a 10%–25% decrease in functional residual capacity, and significantly increased forced vital capacity after 14–16 weeks gestation. Severe respiratory illness during pregnancy may further disrupt maternal tolerance to hypoxemia and reduce oxygen flow to the fetus. Of 12 pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV in South China during 1 January–31 July 2003, spontaneous miscarriages were reported from over half (59%) of those infected during their first trimesters [
<xref rid="JIU068C10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>
]. Premature deliveries, thought to be related to poor fetal oxygenation, were experienced among 80% of those women during their second to third trimesters and were associated with intrauterine growth restriction.</p>
<p>Further investigations in other settings of MERS-CoV infection outbreaks may shed light on factors related to the risk of infection and adverse birth outcomes in pregnant women, including any temporal relationship between maternal infection and period of gestation, biomarkers of immune hyperactivity, decreased respiratory function, and evidence of tissue necrosis upon hospitalization, as was observed during the epidemic of SARS-CoV infection to indicate adverse prognoses [
<xref rid="JIU068C11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>
,
<xref rid="JIU068C12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>
]. Further information regarding the risk of MERS-CoV–associated adverse consequences to mother and fetus during pregnancy, as well as the benefits and risks of possible therapies, is needed to better inform treatment decisions in pregnant women.</p>
<p>Although it is unclear whether cultural sensitivities restricted the full capture of information during our interviews, this was a joint investigation with the CDC and the Jordan Ministry of Health, and the interviewers included females from the region. All interviewers demonstrated an understanding of cultural sensitivities and spoke Arabic. A limitation of our report is that confirmation from seroepidemiologic evidence is difficult with any retrospective investigation, and associations between serologic evidence and a particular outcome can appear spurious. Indeed, the fetal loss rate from nonchromosomal and nonstructural causes at 20 weeks gestation is estimated to be 0.5% (95% confidence interval, .3%–.8%) [
<xref rid="JIU068C13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>
] in developed countries, and other biological explanations for our observations are possible. Nonetheless, no other MERS-CoV infections were confirmed in Jordan around this brief outbreak period despite hundreds of specimens being tested via active surveillance [
<xref rid="JIU068C14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>
]. On the basis of the exclusivity of the timing of the pregnant subject's unprotected MERS-CoV exposure history, concurrent respiratory illness and stillbirth, and positive results of subsequent MERS-CoV serologic tests, we describe a possible association between MERS-CoV infection and stillbirth.</p>
<p>We conclude that adverse maternal and birth outcomes observed during the SARS-CoV epidemic and influenza A(H1N1) pandemic are consistent with the possibility that MERS-CoV infection during pregnancy may pose serious health risks to both mother and fetus. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where the majority of MERS-CoV cases have occurred, included pregnant women in its 2013 recommendation of groups that should “postpone the performance of Umrah and Hajj [in 2013]” [
<xref rid="JIU068C15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>
]. Neither the CDC nor the WHO has issued evaluation or management strategy recommendations specifically for MERS-CoV infection among pregnant women. As indicated by our investigation, MERS-CoV infections could potentially remain undetected among pregnant women because of barriers to receiving appropriate diagnostic care. Future prospective investigations of MERS-CoV should ascertain pregnancy status, and further pregnancy-related data should be obtained, including results of confirmatory testing of biological specimens.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="s5">
<title>STUDY GROUP MEMBERS</title>
<p>Members of the Jordan MERS-CoV Investigation Team are as follows: Dr Nabil Sabri, Dr Mohammad Al Azhari, Dr Hala Khazali, Dr Mohammad Al Maayah, Dr Adel Bilbeisi, Dr Naim Dawood, and Dr Bilal Al Zubi (Jordan Ministry of Health); Dr Jawad Meflih (Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network); Dr Tony Mounts, Dr Julia Fitzner, Dr Akram Eltom, and Dr Ali Mafi (WHO); Congrong Miao, Dr Hayat Caidi, Suvang Trivedi, Dr. Jennifer Harcourt, Dr. Azaibi Tamin, Shifaq Kamili, Dr Aron J. Hall, Aaron Curns, Jessica Moore, Huong Pham, and Dr Chris Zimmerman (National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC); Dr Eileen Farnon, Dr Genessa Giorgi, and Dr Russell Gerber (Center for Global Health, CDC
<bold>)</bold>
; and Dr David Kuhar (National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC).</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back>
<ack>
<title>Notes</title>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Disclaimer.</italic>
</bold>
 The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.</p>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Financial support.</italic>
</bold>
 This work was supported by the US Global Disease Detection Operations Center Outbreak Response Contingency Fund.</p>
<p>
<bold>
<italic>Potential conflicts of interest.</italic>
</bold>
 All authors: No reported conflicts.</p>
<p>All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Conflicts that the editors consider relevant to the content of the manuscript have been disclosed.</p>
</ack>
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