Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Seropositivity in Camel Handlers and Their Families, Pakistan
Identifieur interne : 000687 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000686; suivant : 000688Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Seropositivity in Camel Handlers and Their Families, Pakistan
Auteurs : Jian Zheng ; Sohail Hassan ; Abdulaziz N. Alagaili ; Abeer N. Alshukairi ; Nabil M. S. Amor ; Nadia Mukhtar ; Iqra Maleeha Nazeer ; Zarfishan Tahir ; Nadeem Akhter ; Stanley Perlman ; Tahir YaqubSource :
- Emerging Infectious Diseases [ 1080-6040 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
A high percentage of camel handlers in Saudi Arabia are seropositive for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We found that 12/100 camel handlers and their family members in Pakistan, a country with extensive camel MERS-CoV infection, were seropositive, indicating that MERS-CoV infection of these populations extends beyond the Arabian Peninsula.
Url:
DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.191169
PubMed: 31742530
PubMed Central: 6874235
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Seropositivity in Camel Handlers and Their Families, Pakistan</title><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Jian" sort="Zheng, Jian" uniqKey="Zheng J" first="Jian" last="Zheng">Jian Zheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, Sohail" sort="Hassan, Sohail" uniqKey="Hassan S" first="Sohail" last="Hassan">Sohail Hassan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alagaili, Abdulaziz N" sort="Alagaili, Abdulaziz N" uniqKey="Alagaili A" first="Abdulaziz N." last="Alagaili">Abdulaziz N. Alagaili</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alshukairi, Abeer N" sort="Alshukairi, Abeer N" uniqKey="Alshukairi A" first="Abeer N." last="Alshukairi">Abeer N. Alshukairi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amor, Nabil M S" sort="Amor, Nabil M S" uniqKey="Amor N" first="Nabil M. S." last="Amor">Nabil M. S. Amor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mukhtar, Nadia" sort="Mukhtar, Nadia" uniqKey="Mukhtar N" first="Nadia" last="Mukhtar">Nadia Mukhtar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nazeer, Iqra Maleeha" sort="Nazeer, Iqra Maleeha" uniqKey="Nazeer I" first="Iqra Maleeha" last="Nazeer">Iqra Maleeha Nazeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tahir, Zarfishan" sort="Tahir, Zarfishan" uniqKey="Tahir Z" first="Zarfishan" last="Tahir">Zarfishan Tahir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akhter, Nadeem" sort="Akhter, Nadeem" uniqKey="Akhter N" first="Nadeem" last="Akhter">Nadeem Akhter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perlman, Stanley" sort="Perlman, Stanley" uniqKey="Perlman S" first="Stanley" last="Perlman">Stanley Perlman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yaqub, Tahir" sort="Yaqub, Tahir" uniqKey="Yaqub T" first="Tahir" last="Yaqub">Tahir Yaqub</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">31742530</idno><idno type="pmc">6874235</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6874235</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:6874235</idno><idno type="doi">10.3201/eid2512.191169</idno><date when="2019">2019</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000687</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000687</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Seropositivity in Camel Handlers and Their Families, Pakistan</title><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Jian" sort="Zheng, Jian" uniqKey="Zheng J" first="Jian" last="Zheng">Jian Zheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hassan, Sohail" sort="Hassan, Sohail" uniqKey="Hassan S" first="Sohail" last="Hassan">Sohail Hassan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alagaili, Abdulaziz N" sort="Alagaili, Abdulaziz N" uniqKey="Alagaili A" first="Abdulaziz N." last="Alagaili">Abdulaziz N. Alagaili</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alshukairi, Abeer N" sort="Alshukairi, Abeer N" uniqKey="Alshukairi A" first="Abeer N." last="Alshukairi">Abeer N. Alshukairi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amor, Nabil M S" sort="Amor, Nabil M S" uniqKey="Amor N" first="Nabil M. S." last="Amor">Nabil M. S. Amor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mukhtar, Nadia" sort="Mukhtar, Nadia" uniqKey="Mukhtar N" first="Nadia" last="Mukhtar">Nadia Mukhtar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nazeer, Iqra Maleeha" sort="Nazeer, Iqra Maleeha" uniqKey="Nazeer I" first="Iqra Maleeha" last="Nazeer">Iqra Maleeha Nazeer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tahir, Zarfishan" sort="Tahir, Zarfishan" uniqKey="Tahir Z" first="Zarfishan" last="Tahir">Zarfishan Tahir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Akhter, Nadeem" sort="Akhter, Nadeem" uniqKey="Akhter N" first="Nadeem" last="Akhter">Nadeem Akhter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Perlman, Stanley" sort="Perlman, Stanley" uniqKey="Perlman S" first="Stanley" last="Perlman">Stanley Perlman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yaqub, Tahir" sort="Yaqub, Tahir" uniqKey="Yaqub T" first="Tahir" last="Yaqub">Tahir Yaqub</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Emerging Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1080-6040</idno><idno type="eISSN">1080-6059</idno><imprint><date when="2019">2019</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>A high percentage of camel handlers in Saudi Arabia are seropositive for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We found that 12/100 camel handlers and their family members in Pakistan, a country with extensive camel MERS-CoV infection, were seropositive, indicating that MERS-CoV infection of these populations extends beyond the Arabian Peninsula.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="brief-report"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Emerg Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Emerging Infect. Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">EID</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Emerging Infectious Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1080-6040</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1080-6059</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31742530</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6874235</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19-1169</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3201/eid2512.191169</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Dispatch</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Dispatch</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="TOC-title"><subject>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Seropositivity in Camel Handlers and Their Families, Pakistan</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Seropositivity in Camel Handlers and Their Families, Pakistan</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">MERS-CoV in Camel Handlers and Families, Pakistan</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>Jian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Hassan</surname><given-names>Sohail</given-names></name><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alagaili</surname><given-names>Abdulaziz N.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alshukairi</surname><given-names>Abeer N.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Amor</surname><given-names>Nabil M.S.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mukhtar</surname><given-names>Nadia</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nazeer</surname><given-names>Iqra Maleeha</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tahir</surname><given-names>Zarfishan</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akhter</surname><given-names>Nadeem</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Perlman</surname><given-names>Stanley</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yaqub</surname><given-names>Tahir</given-names></name></contrib><aff id="aff1">University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA (J. Zheng, S. Perlman);</aff><aff id="aff2">University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan (S. Hassan, I.M. Nazeer, T. Yaqub);</aff><aff id="aff3">King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A.N. Alagaili, N.M.S. Amor);</aff><aff id="aff4">King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (A.N. Alshukairi);</aff><aff id="aff5">Government of Punjab, Lahore (N. Mukhtar, Z. Tahir, N. Akhter);</aff><aff id="aff6">The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China (S. Perlman)</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Address for correspondence: Stanley Perlman, University of Iowa, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 51 Newton Rd, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; email: <email xlink:href="stanley-perlman@uiowa.edu">stanley-perlman@uiowa.edu</email>; Sohail Hassan, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; email: <email xlink:href="sohail.hassan@uvas.edu.pk">sohail.hassan@uvas.edu.pk</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>2307</fpage><lpage>2309</lpage><abstract><p>A high percentage of camel handlers in Saudi Arabia are seropositive for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. We found that 12/100 camel handlers and their family members in Pakistan, a country with extensive camel MERS-CoV infection, were seropositive, indicating that MERS-CoV infection of these populations extends beyond the Arabian Peninsula.</p></abstract><kwd-group kwd-group-type="author"><title>Keywords: </title><kwd>Middle East respiratory syndrome</kwd><kwd>coronavirus</kwd><kwd>pneumonia</kwd><kwd>Pakistan</kwd><kwd>camel handlers</kwd><kwd>MERS-CoV</kwd><kwd>viruses</kwd><kwd>respiratory infections</kwd><kwd>zoonoses</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><p>Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (MERS-CoV), identified in 2012, causes a highly lethal pneumonia with a 34.5% mortality rate (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov">https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov</ext-link>). As of July 31, 2019, a total of 2,458 cases and 848 deaths have been reported to the World Health Organization, with all cases in the Middle East or in travelers from this region or their contacts (<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr"><italic>1</italic></xref>). MERS cases fall into 2 categories, primary and secondary. Secondary cases, which result most commonly from human-to-human transmission in hospitals, were most prominent during the early years of the outbreak. However, as stringent infection control measures have been followed more closely, a greater proportion of cases are classified as primary. Camels are believed to be the zoonotic source for primary infections, but a large proportion of patients describe no camel contact, raising the question of how they acquired the disease (<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr"><italic>2</italic></xref>). </p><p>To determine the source of the infection, several studies have focused on a potential role in transmission for camel handlers. These reports indicate that the percentage of MERS-CoV–immune camel handlers is much greater than in the general population of Saudi Arabia, the country with the largest number of MERS cases. These studies have reported that 3%–67% of camel handlers in this country are MERS-CoV exposed, compared with 0.15% of the general population (<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr"><italic>3</italic></xref>–<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr"><italic>5</italic></xref>). In Saudi Arabia, much of camel farming is labor intensive, and many camel owners hire camel handlers, generally from outside of the country, to tend to them (<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr"><italic>6</italic></xref>). To determine the generalizability of these observations, we tested blood samples from 100 camel handlers and their families in the Cholistan desert in Punjab, Pakistan, a country with no reported human MERS (<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr"><italic>7</italic></xref>). </p><sec sec-type="other1"><title>The Study</title><p>We chose Cholistan as the study site because it is the most important region of Pakistan for the camel industry, and handlers and their families are in close contact with dromedaries. We engaged study participants in the Bahawalnagar and Bahawalpur districts, located in southern Punjab Province, Pakistan. The Institutional Ethical Review Board (IERB) of the Institute of Public Health, Government of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, approved the study. We obtained written informed consent from all study participants.</p><p>Camel handlers in Cholistan differ from those in Saudi Arabia in that they own their camels, along with cows, goats, and sheep, and they and their families take care of these animals. Both men and women are responsible for grazing, feeding, milking, and waste disposal. In addition, they live in close proximity to camels and share similar water sources (<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr"><italic>8</italic></xref>–<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr"><italic>10</italic></xref>). Camel handlers in Cholistan are either nomadic, seminomadic, or sedentary, with varying degrees of exposure to camels. Nomads live with their camels in the desert and migrate throughout Cholistan, whereas seminomads tend to live at a base camp and migrate depending on availability of fodder and water. Nomadic camel handlers and their families have the highest exposure to camels, whereas sedentary ones have the least exposure.</p><p>During 2017–2018, we obtained blood samples from 100 participants from nomadic, seminomadic, and sedentary populations. The age range was 8–76 years (average 30.1 years). We obtained demographic and clinical information at sampling by written questionnaire, including participant age, lifestyle (nomadic, seminomadic, sedentary), role in family (husband, wife, child, etc.), underlying medical conditions, numbers of camels owned, history of tobacco use (smoking or chewing), and consumption of camel products (milk) (<xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="local-data" rid="SD1">Appendix</xref> Table). We transported samples to the microbiology department at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan). We prepared serum samples, stored them at −80°C, and shipped them to the University of Iowa (Iowa City, Iowa, USA) for analysis. </p><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Characteristics of participants in study of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus seropositivity in camel handlers and their families, Pakistan</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col width="166" span="1"></col><col width="71" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristic</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No. (%) participants </th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lifestyle </td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Sedentary</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (10)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Seminomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">64 (64)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Nomadic<hr></hr></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (26)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concurrent conditions</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (21)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Consumption of unpasteurized camel milk </td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98 (98)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tobacco use</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (38)</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><p>We tested all the samples for MERS-CoV–specific antibodies by ELISA and 50% reduction plaque-reduction neutralization test (PRNT<sub>50</sub>). Of 91 participants examined by a commercially available ELISA, 49 were positive for MERS-CoV–specific antibody. Twelve had PRNT<sub>50</sub> titers >1:20 and were considered positive; of these, 5 were also positive by ELISA. In addition, 10/12 were positive by immunofluorescence assay. Of the 12 PRNT<sub>50</sub>-positive participants, 3 were women and 1 was an 8-year-old child (<xref rid="T2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>). </p><table-wrap id="T2" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Characteristics of camel handlers and their families positive for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in study in Pakistan* </title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><col width="38" span="1"></col><col width="35" span="1"></col><col width="34" span="1"></col><col width="63" span="1"></col><col width="40" span="1"></col><col width="76" span="1"></col><col width="58" span="1"></col><col width="36" span="1"></col><col width="54" span="1"></col><col width="45" span="1"></col><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Patient no.</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Family no.</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age, y/ex</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Camel contact†</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Smoking</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Concurrent conditions</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lifestyle</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">PRNT<sub>50</sub></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">ELISA result/ value‡</th><th valign="bottom" align="center" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IFA result/§</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH94</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20/M</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct/daily</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">211</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–/0.78 </td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:80</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH85</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21/M</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct/daily</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1.51</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:40</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH100</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8/M</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct/daily</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Nomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–/0.64</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:40</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH71</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35/F</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indirect</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPT, renal and respiratory disease</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seminomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Borderline/.99</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:20</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH74</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40/F</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Indirect</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">HPT</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seminomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/2.18</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:80</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH63</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F13</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35/F</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct/monthly</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seminomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Borderline/0.92</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:10</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH57</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F14</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20/M</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seminomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/3.11</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:80</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH58</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">F16</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28/M</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seminomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1.74</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:160</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH21</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17/M</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct/seasonal</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seminomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">80</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–/0.36</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–/<1:10</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH65</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20/M</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">D/daily</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Seminomadic</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">65</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1.13</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:80</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH43</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34/M</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">No</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sedentary</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,600</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–/0.76</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">+/1:160</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1">SH44</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40/M</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Direct</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yes</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">None</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sedentary</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–/0.48</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–/<1:10</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><p>*All 12 patients tested positive by PRNT<sub>50</sub>. IFA, immunofluorescence assay; HPT, hypertension; PRNT<sub>50</sub>, 50% reduction plaque reduction neutralization assay.
†Direct indicates camel herders with direct camel contact but extent of exposure is not known; direct/daily, camel herders with daily direct camel contact; direct/monthly, camel herders with monthly direct camel contact; direct/seasonal, camel herders with seasonal direct camel contact; indirect, family members of camel herders.
‡Positive result is >1.1; borderline, 0.8–1.1; negative, <0.8, as defined by the test manufacturer.
§Negative test result is <1:10, as defined by the test manufacturer.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>All but 2 of the study participants were exposed to camels. There was no significant correlation (p>0.5) between MERS-CoV seropositivity and lifestyle, presence of concurrent conditions, drinking unpasteurized camel milk, or tobacco use, with the caveat that the sample size was small.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions"><title>Conclusions</title><p>In general, nomads had the most and sedentary populations had the least camel contact, although nearly all family members were exposed to and took care of camels. Of 100 participants, we identified 12 who were MERS-CoV seropositive, as measured by the presence of PRNT<sub>50</sub> antibody. Of note, several PRNT<sub>50</sub>-positive samples were negative by ELISA, but most were positive by immunofluorescence assay. This lack of concordance between ELISA and PRNT<sub>50</sub> titers was observed previously (<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr"><italic>3</italic></xref>,<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr"><italic>11</italic></xref>) and may reflect lower sensitivity of the commercial ELISA kit (<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr"><italic>12</italic></xref>). Other coronaviruses circulate in camel populations (<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr"><italic>13</italic></xref>), and it is conceivable that the high rate of ELISA seropositivity resulted from immune responses to other, possibly MERS-like, coronaviruses present in Pakistan. Thus, it will be important to assess camel (and human) populations for other coronaviruses that might elicit a cross-reactive response. </p><p>The mechanism of MERS-CoV transmission from camels to humans in Pakistan is not established, but most camel handlers and their families drink fresh camel milk, obtained after young camels have finished nursing. Juvenile camels demonstrate the highest rate of seroconversion and of MERS-CoV positivity (<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr"><italic>6</italic></xref>,<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr"><italic>14</italic></xref>), so it is possible that drinking fresh milk is a source of infection. In this region of Pakistan, camel handlers and their families also share water sources with camels, which probably contributes to virus transmission. Zohaib et al. identified a 75.6% MERS seroprevalence in camels throughout Pakistan, but 0% seropositivity in humans, including some with camel contact (<xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr"><italic>7</italic></xref>). </p><p>Medical services in Cholistan and adjacent areas are limited, making MERS diagnosis and transmission studies difficult. Our findings show a need for additional studies to confirm the absence of clinically apparent MERS in this region and to determine whether epidemiologic, technical, or other factors caused differences in seropositivity between our study and that of Zohaib et al. </p><p>Our study, by demonstrating a low but detectable rate of MERS-CoV seropositivity in camel handlers and their families, indicates that this population could contribute to MERS-CoV transmission to the broader community in Pakistan. We previously showed that measurement of T cell responses identified additional MERS-CoV–immune persons (<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr"><italic>3</italic></xref>,<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr"><italic>11</italic></xref>), suggesting that our results may underestimate the prevalence of MERS-CoV infection. Our results also illustrate the importance of educating camel herders and their families about proper infection control measures, including handwashing, to diminish the likelihood of MERS-CoV transmission.</p></sec><sec sec-type="supplementary-material"><title></title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD1"><caption><title>Appendix</title><p>Additional information about Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus seropositivity in camel handlers and their families, Pakistan. </p></caption><media mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="19-1169-Techapp-s1.pdf" xlink:type="simple" id="d35e662" position="anchor"></media></supplementary-material></sec></body><back><fn-group><fn fn-type="citation"><p><italic>Suggested citation for this article:</italic> Zheng J, Hassan S, Alagaili AN, Alshukairi AN, Amor NMS, Mukhtar N, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus seropositivity in camel handlers and their families, Pakistan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019 Dec [<italic>date cited</italic>]. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2512.191169">https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2512.191169</ext-link></p></fn><fn id="FN1"><label>1</label><p>These first authors contributed equally to this article.</p></fn></fn-group><ack><title>Acknowledgments</title><p>We thank Aftab Ahmad Anjum and Ali Raza Abbasi for their assistance during field sampling in the Cholistan desert. </p><p>This study was supported in part by the Vice Deanship of Research Chairs, Deanship of Scientific Research of the King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. S.P. was supported in part by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (RO1 AI129269 and PO1 AI060699).</p></ack><bio id="d35e687"><p>Dr. Zheng is a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa. His research interests are in respiratory viruses, such as human coronaviruses and influenza viruses. Dr. Hassan is a lecturer in microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan. 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