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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Drivers for MERS-CoV emergence in Qatar</title><author><name sortKey="Farag, E" sort="Farag, E" uniqKey="Farag E" first="E." last="Farag">E. Farag</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sikkema, R" sort="Sikkema, R" uniqKey="Sikkema R" first="R." last="Sikkema">R. Sikkema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0010">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment,, Bilthoven, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reusken, C B E M" sort="Reusken, C B E M" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="C. B. E. M." last="Reusken">C. B. E. M. Reusken</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0015">Erasmus Medical Center and Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghobashy, H" sort="Ghobashy, H" uniqKey="Ghobashy H" first="H." last="Ghobashy">H. Ghobashy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0020">Ministry of Environment, Doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Romaihi, H" sort="Al Romaihi, H" uniqKey="Al Romaihi H" first="H." last="Al-Romaihi">H. Al-Romaihi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Sayed, A" sort="El Sayed, A" uniqKey="El Sayed A" first="A." last="El-Sayed">A. El-Sayed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Thani, M" sort="Al Thani, M" uniqKey="Al Thani M" first="M." last="Al Thani">M. Al Thani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nour, M" sort="Nour, M" uniqKey="Nour M" first="M." last="Nour">M. Nour</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0030">Supreme council of Health, Doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Marri, S" sort="Al Marri, S" uniqKey="Al Marri S" first="S." last="Al-Marri">S. Al-Marri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Hajri, M" sort="Al Hajri, M" uniqKey="Al Hajri M" first="M." last="Al-Hajri">M. Al-Hajri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, M P G" sort="Koopmans, M P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="M. P. G." last="Koopmans">M. P. G. Koopmans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0015">Erasmus Medical Center and Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7129238</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7129238</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7129238</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.408</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000585</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000585</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Drivers for MERS-CoV emergence in Qatar</title><author><name sortKey="Farag, E" sort="Farag, E" uniqKey="Farag E" first="E." last="Farag">E. Farag</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sikkema, R" sort="Sikkema, R" uniqKey="Sikkema R" first="R." last="Sikkema">R. Sikkema</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0010">National Institute for Public Health and the Environment,, Bilthoven, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reusken, C B E M" sort="Reusken, C B E M" uniqKey="Reusken C" first="C. B. E. M." last="Reusken">C. B. E. M. Reusken</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0015">Erasmus Medical Center and Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghobashy, H" sort="Ghobashy, H" uniqKey="Ghobashy H" first="H." last="Ghobashy">H. Ghobashy</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0020">Ministry of Environment, Doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Romaihi, H" sort="Al Romaihi, H" uniqKey="Al Romaihi H" first="H." last="Al-Romaihi">H. Al-Romaihi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="El Sayed, A" sort="El Sayed, A" uniqKey="El Sayed A" first="A." last="El-Sayed">A. El-Sayed</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Thani, M" sort="Al Thani, M" uniqKey="Al Thani M" first="M." last="Al Thani">M. Al Thani</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Nour, M" sort="Nour, M" uniqKey="Nour M" first="M." last="Nour">M. Nour</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0030">Supreme council of Health, Doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Marri, S" sort="Al Marri, S" uniqKey="Al Marri S" first="S." last="Al-Marri">S. Al-Marri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Al Hajri, M" sort="Al Hajri, M" uniqKey="Al Hajri M" first="M." last="Al-Hajri">M. Al-Hajri</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koopmans, M P G" sort="Koopmans, M P G" uniqKey="Koopmans M" first="M. P. G." last="Koopmans">M. P. G. Koopmans</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff0015">Erasmus Medical Center and Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1201-9712</idno><idno type="eISSN">1878-3511</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader></TEI><pmc article-type="abstract"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int. J. Infect. Dis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Infectious Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1201-9712</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1878-3511</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Published by Elsevier Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7129238</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1201-9712(16)30387-3</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.408</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Drivers for MERS-CoV emergence in Qatar</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0005"><name><surname>Farag</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">1</xref><xref rid="cor0005" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0010"><name><surname>Sikkema</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0015"><name><surname>Reusken</surname><given-names>C.B.E.M.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0015" ref-type="aff">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0020"><name><surname>Ghobashy</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0020" ref-type="aff">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0025"><name><surname>Al-Romaihi</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0030"><name><surname>El-Sayed</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0035"><name><surname>Al Thani</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0040"><name><surname>Nour</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0030" ref-type="aff">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0045"><name><surname>Al-Marri</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0050"><name><surname>Al-Hajri</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0055"><name><surname>Koopmans</surname><given-names>M.P.G.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0015" ref-type="aff">3</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0005"><label>1</label>Supreme Council Health, doha, Qatar</aff><aff id="aff0010"><label>2</label>National Institute for Public Health and the Environment,, Bilthoven, Netherlands</aff><aff id="aff0015"><label>3</label>Erasmus Medical Center and Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, Netherlands</aff><aff id="aff0020"><label>4</label>Ministry of Environment, Doha, Qatar</aff><aff id="aff0030"><label>5</label>Supreme council of Health, Doha, Qatar</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0005"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding author.</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>29</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>4</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>3</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>45</volume><fpage>173</fpage><lpage>173</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder></copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions></article-meta></front><body><p id="par0005"><bold>Background</bold>: The recent discovery of MERS CoV as a zoonotic disease endemic in dromedary camels raised questions about the possible origin of this infection. In addition, it remains unclear why and how MERS-CoV transmission occurs exactly and many questions remain concerning the ecology of this virus in relation to human exposure. Therefore, we set out to review the history and statistics of camel farming in Qatar, in order to generate hypotheses about the drivers for MERS CoV emergence and human infection.</p><p id="par0010"><bold>Methods & Materials</bold>: Based on initial interviews and brainstorming within the joint Qatar-NL MERS CoV outbreak investigation team, a list of possible determinants and contributing factors of MERS CoV emergence was drafted. Available statistics and literature was reviewed. The available data was used to generate hypotheses about the factors leading to emergence of MERS CoV as a human health threat.</p><p id="par0015"><bold>Results</bold>: Over the past 40 years, the practices of animal ownership, herding and farming have changed considerably. With the discovery of oil in 1940, major changes occurred in lifestyle and wealth. The increased wealth led to huge increase in ownership of camels, mainly for racing activities. The total camel population increased from 4300 in 1992 to over 84000 in 2015. As a precious animal, camels are being kissed, hugged, and greeted. Consistent with the disease seasonality, contact with animals intensifies during winter time where camel-related activities flourish through race and beauty competitions, trade, and breeding. These activities imply extensive camel movement and mixing along with their owners and workers from all over the Gulf region. Moreover, camel products are used for a variety of domestic purposes. Camel-workers live inside camel barns while owners pay regular visits to their barns. Nevertheless, they all strongly deny that MERS-CoV can be transmitted from camels to humans.</p><p id="par0020"><bold>Conclusion</bold>: The rapid increase in GDP in the past two decades has been paralleled with rapid growth of the camel trade and racing industry. Current practices of people around camels involve frequent contact with camels which might provide an opportunity for the infection transmission. More in-depth studies were needed to understand the role of social practices in the virus transmission.</p></body></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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