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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Exposure to fear: Changes in travel behavior during MERS outbreak in Seoul</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Chansung" sort="Kim, Chansung" uniqKey="Kim C" first="Chansung" last="Kim">Chansung Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9081 4585</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.467781.b</institution-id><institution>Railway Transport Research,</institution><institution>Korea Transport Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Sejong, 30147 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheon, Seung Hoon" sort="Cheon, Seung Hoon" uniqKey="Cheon S" first="Seung Hoon" last="Cheon">Seung Hoon Cheon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9081 4585</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.467781.b</institution-id><institution>Korea Transport Database Research,</institution><institution>Korea Transport Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Sejong, 30147 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Keechoo" sort="Choi, Keechoo" uniqKey="Choi K" first="Keechoo" last="Choi">Keechoo Choi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0532 3933</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.251916.8</institution-id><institution>Dept. of Transportation Systems Engineering,</institution><institution>Ajou University,</institution></institution-wrap>Suwon, 16499 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joh, Chang Hyeon" sort="Joh, Chang Hyeon" uniqKey="Joh C" first="Chang-Hyeon" last="Joh">Chang-Hyeon Joh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2171 7818</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.289247.2</institution-id><institution>Dept. of Geography,</institution><institution>Kyung Hee University,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, 02447 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hyuk Jin" sort="Lee, Hyuk Jin" uniqKey="Lee H" first="Hyuk-Jin" last="Lee">Hyuk-Jin Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 4296</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.255588.7</institution-id><institution>Dept. of Sports and Outdoors,</institution><institution>Eulji University,</institution></institution-wrap>Seongnam, 13135 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmc">7149053</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7149053</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7149053</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s12205-017-0821-5</idno><idno type="pmid">NONE</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000492</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000492</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Exposure to fear: Changes in travel behavior during MERS outbreak in Seoul</title><author><name sortKey="Kim, Chansung" sort="Kim, Chansung" uniqKey="Kim C" first="Chansung" last="Kim">Chansung Kim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9081 4585</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.467781.b</institution-id><institution>Railway Transport Research,</institution><institution>Korea Transport Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Sejong, 30147 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cheon, Seung Hoon" sort="Cheon, Seung Hoon" uniqKey="Cheon S" first="Seung Hoon" last="Cheon">Seung Hoon Cheon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9081 4585</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.467781.b</institution-id><institution>Korea Transport Database Research,</institution><institution>Korea Transport Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Sejong, 30147 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, Keechoo" sort="Choi, Keechoo" uniqKey="Choi K" first="Keechoo" last="Choi">Keechoo Choi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0532 3933</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.251916.8</institution-id><institution>Dept. of Transportation Systems Engineering,</institution><institution>Ajou University,</institution></institution-wrap>Suwon, 16499 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Joh, Chang Hyeon" sort="Joh, Chang Hyeon" uniqKey="Joh C" first="Chang-Hyeon" last="Joh">Chang-Hyeon Joh</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff4"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2171 7818</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.289247.2</institution-id><institution>Dept. of Geography,</institution><institution>Kyung Hee University,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, 02447 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Hyuk Jin" sort="Lee, Hyuk Jin" uniqKey="Lee H" first="Hyuk-Jin" last="Lee">Hyuk-Jin Lee</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 4296</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.255588.7</institution-id><institution>Dept. of Sports and Outdoors,</institution><institution>Eulji University,</institution></institution-wrap>Seongnam, 13135 Korea</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering</title><idno type="ISSN">1226-7988</idno><idno type="eISSN">1976-3808</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Disaster management teams could learn much from the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea in 2015. The virus outbreak provoked public fear, which resulted in a mass reduction in transit use in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). Its effect differed among socioeconomic groups and geographical areas. A typical way to analyze this is to associate individual reactions to the disaster with socioeconomic characteristics. However, a more structured approach, which considers behavioral characteristics resulting from the societal position of an individual, would identify the basic reason for such associations. The study hypothesized that the degree of fixity that individuals have in their daily life may elucidate these associations. When fear is prevalent, people having the flexibility to change their lifestyle will make more changes in daily activities and travels. The study examined the influence of public fear of a pandemic disease on travel behavior and the effect of life fixity on individual response to the fear. To this end, smart card data of transit use and changes in travel behavior during the MERS period were examined. The study found that fear was powerful and influenced travel behavior differently depending on life fixity levels and regional characteristics.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anselin, L" uniqKey="Anselin L">L. Anselin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anselin, L" uniqKey="Anselin L">L. Anselin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Choi, J" uniqKey="Choi J">J. Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, W D" uniqKey="Lee W">W. D. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, W H" uniqKey="Park W">W. H. Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, C" uniqKey="Kim C">C. Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Choi, K" uniqKey="Choi K">K. Choi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Joh, C H" uniqKey="Joh C">C. H. Joh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Church, A" uniqKey="Church A">A. Church</name></author><author><name sortKey="Frost, M" uniqKey="Frost M">M. Frost</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sullivan, K" uniqKey="Sullivan K">K. Sullivan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elias, W" uniqKey="Elias W">W. Elias</name></author><author><name sortKey="Albert, G" uniqKey="Albert G">G. Albert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shiftan, Y" uniqKey="Shiftan Y">Y. Shiftan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ettema, D F" uniqKey="Ettema D">D. F. Ettema</name></author><author><name sortKey="Timmermans, H J P" uniqKey="Timmermans H">H. J. P. Timmermans</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keane, C" uniqKey="Keane C">C. Keane</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, C R" uniqKey="Lee C">C. R. Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Park, K H" uniqKey="Park K">K. H. Park</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Liu, J" uniqKey="Liu J">J. Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moss, S E" uniqKey="Moss S">S. E. Moss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, J" uniqKey="Zhang J">J. Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pred, A" uniqKey="Pred A">A. Pred</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pred, A" uniqKey="Pred A">A. Pred</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pred, A" uniqKey="Pred A">A. Pred</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rittichainuwat, B N" uniqKey="Rittichainuwat B">B. N. Rittichainuwat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chakraborty, G" uniqKey="Chakraborty G">G. Chakraborty</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wen, Z" uniqKey="Wen Z">Z. Wen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Huimin, G" uniqKey="Huimin G">G. Huimin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kavanaugh, R R" uniqKey="Kavanaugh R">R. R. Kavanaugh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-title-group><journal-title>KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1226-7988</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1976-3808</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Korean Society of Civil Engineers</publisher-name><publisher-loc>Seoul</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7149053</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">821</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12205-017-0821-5</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Transportation Engineering</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Exposure to fear: Changes in travel behavior during MERS outbreak in Seoul</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Chansung</given-names></name><address><email>cskim@koti.re.kr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cheon</surname><given-names>Seung Hoon</given-names></name><address><email>sh1000@koti.re.kr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>Keechoo</given-names></name><address><email>keechoo@ajou.ac.kr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Joh</surname><given-names>Chang-Hyeon</given-names></name><address><email>bwchjoh@khu.ac.kr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Hyuk-Jin</given-names></name><address><email>hyuk2-jin@eulji.ac.kr</email></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref></contrib><aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9081 4585</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.467781.b</institution-id><institution>Railway Transport Research,</institution><institution>Korea Transport Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Sejong, 30147 Korea</aff><aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9081 4585</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.467781.b</institution-id><institution>Korea Transport Database Research,</institution><institution>Korea Transport Institute,</institution></institution-wrap>Sejong, 30147 Korea</aff><aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0532 3933</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.251916.8</institution-id><institution>Dept. of Transportation Systems Engineering,</institution><institution>Ajou University,</institution></institution-wrap>Suwon, 16499 Korea</aff><aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2171 7818</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.289247.2</institution-id><institution>Dept. of Geography,</institution><institution>Kyung Hee University,</institution></institution-wrap>Seoul, 02447 Korea</aff><aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 4296</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.255588.7</institution-id><institution>Dept. of Sports and Outdoors,</institution><institution>Eulji University,</institution></institution-wrap>Seongnam, 13135 Korea</aff></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>2888</fpage><lpage>2895</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>12</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>3</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day><month>1</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© Korean Society of Civil Engineers and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017</copyright-statement><license><license-p>This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="Abs1"><p>Disaster management teams could learn much from the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in South Korea in 2015. The virus outbreak provoked public fear, which resulted in a mass reduction in transit use in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA). Its effect differed among socioeconomic groups and geographical areas. A typical way to analyze this is to associate individual reactions to the disaster with socioeconomic characteristics. However, a more structured approach, which considers behavioral characteristics resulting from the societal position of an individual, would identify the basic reason for such associations. The study hypothesized that the degree of fixity that individuals have in their daily life may elucidate these associations. When fear is prevalent, people having the flexibility to change their lifestyle will make more changes in daily activities and travels. The study examined the influence of public fear of a pandemic disease on travel behavior and the effect of life fixity on individual response to the fear. To this end, smart card data of transit use and changes in travel behavior during the MERS period were examined. The study found that fear was powerful and influenced travel behavior differently depending on life fixity levels and regional characteristics.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>MERS</kwd><kwd>disaster management</kwd><kwd>travel behavior</kwd><kwd>fear</kwd><kwd>life fixity</kwd></kwd-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name><meta-value>© Korean Society of Civil Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list id="Bib1"><title>References</title><ref id="CR1"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anselin</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Local indicators of spatial association: LISA</article-title><source>Geographical Analysis</source><year>1995</year><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>93</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR2"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Anselin</surname><given-names>L.</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Lagrange multiplier test diagnostics for spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity</article-title><source>Geographical Analysis</source><year>2010</year><volume>20</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>1</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1538-4632.1988.tb00159.x</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="CR3"><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/ coronavirus/mers/.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="CR4"><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Choi</surname><given-names>J.</given-names></name><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>W. 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