Current epidemiological status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the world from 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018: a cross-sectional study
Identifieur interne : 000323 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 000322; suivant : 000324Current epidemiological status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the world from 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018: a cross-sectional study
Auteurs : Kazhal Mobaraki ; Jamal AhmadzadehSource :
- BMC Infectious Diseases [ 1471-2334 ] ; 2019.
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is considered to be responsible for a new viral epidemic and an emergent threat to global health security. This study describes the current epidemiological status of MERS-CoV in the world.
Epidemiological analysis was performed on data derived from all MERS-CoV cases recorded in the disease outbreak news on WHO website between 1.1.2017 and 17.1.2018. Demographic and clinical information as well as potential contacts and probable risk factors for mortality were extracted based on laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases.
A total of 229 MERS-CoV cases, including 70 deaths (30.5%), were recorded in the disease outbreak news on world health organization website over the study period. Based on available details in this study, the case fatality rate in both genders was 30.5% (70/229) [32.1% (55/171) for males and 25.8% (15/58) for females]. The disease occurrence was higher among men [171 cases (74.7%)] than women [58 cases (25.3%)]. Variables such as comorbidities and exposure to MERS-CoV cases were significantly associated with mortality in people affected with MERS-CoV infections, and adjusted odds ratio estimates were 2.2 (95% CI: 1.16, 7.03) and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.35, 8.20), respectively. All age groups had an equal chance of mortality.
In today’s “global village”, there is probability of MERS-CoV epidemic at any time and in any place without prior notice. Thus, health systems in all countries should implement better triage systems for potentially imported cases of MERS-CoV to prevent large epidemics.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3987-2
PubMed: 31029095
PubMed Central: 6487021
Links to Exploration step
PMC:6487021Le document en format XML
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p id="Par1">Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is considered to be responsible for a new viral epidemic and an emergent threat to global health security. This study describes the current epidemiological status of MERS-CoV in the world.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p id="Par2">Epidemiological analysis was performed on data derived from all MERS-CoV cases recorded in the disease outbreak news on WHO website between 1.1.2017 and 17.1.2018. Demographic and clinical information as well as potential contacts and probable risk factors for mortality were extracted based on laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p id="Par3">A total of 229 MERS-CoV cases, including 70 deaths (30.5%), were recorded in the disease outbreak news on world health organization website over the study period. Based on available details in this study, the case fatality rate in both genders was 30.5% (70/229) [32.1% (55/171) for males and 25.8% (15/58) for females]. The disease occurrence was higher among men [171 cases (74.7%)] than women [58 cases (25.3%)]. Variables such as comorbidities and exposure to MERS-CoV cases were significantly associated with mortality in people affected with MERS-CoV infections, and adjusted odds ratio estimates were 2.2 (95% CI: 1.16, 7.03) and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.35, 8.20), respectively. All age groups had an equal chance of mortality.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="Par4">In today’s “global village”, there is probability of MERS-CoV epidemic at any time and in any place without prior notice. Thus, health systems in all countries should implement better triage systems for potentially imported cases of MERS-CoV to prevent large epidemics.</p>
</sec>
</div>
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<pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">BMC Infect Dis</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">BMC Infect. Dis</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>BMC Infectious Diseases</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1471-2334</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>BioMed Central</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">31029095</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6487021</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">3987</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12879-019-3987-2</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Current epidemiological status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the world from 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018: a cross-sectional study</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mobaraki</surname>
<given-names>Kazhal</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Ahmadzadeh</surname>
<given-names>Jamal</given-names>
</name>
<address><phone>+98-9143444924</phone>
<email>ahmadzadeh.j@umsu.ac.ir</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff1"></xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0442 8645</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.412763.5</institution-id>
<institution>Epidemiologist in Social Determinants of Health Research Center,</institution>
<institution>Urmia University of Medical Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Resalat Street, Urmia, Iran</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>27</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>27</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<elocation-id>351</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>22</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2018</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>15</day>
<month>4</month>
<year>2019</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s). 2019</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/</ext-link>
) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p id="Par1">Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is considered to be responsible for a new viral epidemic and an emergent threat to global health security. This study describes the current epidemiological status of MERS-CoV in the world.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Methods</title>
<p id="Par2">Epidemiological analysis was performed on data derived from all MERS-CoV cases recorded in the disease outbreak news on WHO website between 1.1.2017 and 17.1.2018. Demographic and clinical information as well as potential contacts and probable risk factors for mortality were extracted based on laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p id="Par3">A total of 229 MERS-CoV cases, including 70 deaths (30.5%), were recorded in the disease outbreak news on world health organization website over the study period. Based on available details in this study, the case fatality rate in both genders was 30.5% (70/229) [32.1% (55/171) for males and 25.8% (15/58) for females]. The disease occurrence was higher among men [171 cases (74.7%)] than women [58 cases (25.3%)]. Variables such as comorbidities and exposure to MERS-CoV cases were significantly associated with mortality in people affected with MERS-CoV infections, and adjusted odds ratio estimates were 2.2 (95% CI: 1.16, 7.03) and 2.3 (95% CI: 1.35, 8.20), respectively. All age groups had an equal chance of mortality.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="Par4">In today’s “global village”, there is probability of MERS-CoV epidemic at any time and in any place without prior notice. Thus, health systems in all countries should implement better triage systems for potentially imported cases of MERS-CoV to prevent large epidemics.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus</kwd>
<kwd>Case fatality rate</kwd>
<kwd>Descriptive epidemiology</kwd>
<kwd>Disease outbreak</kwd>
<kwd>Emerging diseases</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© The Author(s) 2019</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body><sec id="Sec1"><title>Background</title>
<p id="Par9">Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection is considered to cause a new viral epidemic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR1">1</xref>
], and was first reported in a patient who died from a severe respiratory illness in a hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in June 2012 [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR2">2</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR3">3</xref>
]. From 1.1.2012 to 17.1.2018, world health organization (WHO) has notified a total of 2143 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV, including at least 750 deaths related to this infection from 27 countries around the world [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>
]. The origin of MERS-CoV has been widely discussed. Initially, a bat reservoir was posited based on phylogenetic similarity of certain bat coronaviruses with MERS-CoV. However, there has been no clear bat source of infection or a consistent history of contact with bats in known cases of MERS-CoV to date [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR5">5</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>
]. Another source such as dromedary was later introduced as a possible reservoir in some studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR7">7</xref>
–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR10">10</xref>
].</p>
<p id="Par10">Some studies have declared that all cases of MERS-CoV were directly or indirectly linked to residence or travel to 10 countries: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Iran, and Lebanon [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR6">6</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR11">11</xref>
]. The MERS-CoV infection has high mortality rates, especially in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes and renal failure, evoking global concern and intensive discussion in the media along with respiratory droplet route of its transmission [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>
]. Laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases have been reported during hospital-based cluster outbreaks between 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018, and cases are still detected throughout the year [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR4">4</xref>
]. The occurrence of a large number of MERS-CoV cases and their associated deaths in the world indicate that this disease must be considered as a severe threat to public health [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR13">13</xref>
] because millions of pilgrims from 184 countries converge in Saudi Arabia each year to perform Hajj and Umrah ceremony. Upon their return to home, pilgrims hold a ceremony attended by family members and friends. Oriental etiquette to share hospitality with others increases the transmission of probable MERS-CoV cases to others [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR12">12</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR14">14</xref>
]. Worldwide awareness of MERS-CoV is low, the disease has high intensity and lethality with unknown mode of transmission and source of MERS-CoV infection (i.e. whether zoonotic or human disease) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>
]. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement a research to identify some unknown epidemiological aspects and also determine the current epidemiological situation of MERS-CoV and its mortality risk factors in order to prevent, control and anticipate effective interventions.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec2"><title>Methods</title>
<p id="Par11">Permission was obtained from WHO to conduct this analytical-descriptive epidemiological study. Using census method, data related to laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases between 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018 were extracted from disease outbreak news on MERS-CoV from WHO website as follows. Demographic information such as age, gender, reporting country, city, health care worker; clinical data and exposure status of MERS-CoV cases including comorbidities, exposure to camels, camel milk consumption, exposure to MERS-CoV cases, day/month of symptom onset, day/month of first hospitalization, day/month of laboratory confirmation, final outcome (dead or survived) of MERS-CoV cases were recorded.</p>
<sec id="Sec3"><title>Statistical analysis</title>
<p id="Par12">All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 21 (IBM Inc., Armonk, NY, USA). Quantitative measurement was expressed by medians and qualitative variables were presented as absolute frequency and percentage. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval in order to assess the probable relationship between risk factors and final outcome (dead/survived) of laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases. <italic>P</italic>
values of less than 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.</p>
</sec>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec4"><title>Results</title>
<p id="Par13">A total of 229 MERS-CoV cases, including 70 deaths (30.5%), were recorded in the disease outbreak news on WHO website from 1.1.2017 to 17.1.2018. Based on available details in this research, case fatality rate (CFR), which was calculated by the number of deaths per total number of cases in both genders, was 30.5% (70/229) [32.1% (55/171) for males and 25.8% (15/58) for females].</p>
<p id="Par14">Overall, the disease occurrence was higher among men [171 cases (74.7%)] in comparison to women [58 cases (25.3%)], as well as in people with comorbidities (151 cases [65.9%] relative to people lacking comorbidities [44 cases (19.2%), in those with exposure to camels [77 cases (33.6%) than those without exposure to camels [26 cases (11.4%)], in individuals consuming camel milk [61 cases (26.6%)] than those not consuming it [28 cases (12.2%)] and also in people who had exposure to MERS-CoV cases [59 cases (25.8%) relative to people not exposed to MERS-CoV cases [24 cases (10.5)].</p>
<p id="Par15">The median age of subjects was 53.2 years (range: 10–89 years). To assess the effect of several potential risk factors on death in morbid cases related to MERS-CoV infection, we used OR index in order to better understand the mechanism of this relationship, and we reported both crude and adjusted OR. Based on this indicator, variables such as comorbidities and exposure to MERS-CoV cases were significantly associated with mortality in affected people with MERS-CoV infections (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>
).<table-wrap id="Tab1"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>Background data and the effect of various potential risk factors on death related to MERS-CoV infection in morbid cases in the world</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th>Characteristic</th>
<th>Subgroup</th>
<th>Frequency (%)</th>
<th>Number of deaths (%)</th>
<th>Crude OR [95% CI]</th>
<th>Adjusted OR [95% CI]</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td rowspan="8">Age (year)</td>
<td>10-19<sup>a</sup>
</td>
<td>8(3.5)</td>
<td>1(1.4)</td>
<td>1.00</td>
<td>1.00</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>20–29</td>
<td>18(7.9)</td>
<td>3(4.3)</td>
<td>0.7 [0.06, 8.15]</td>
<td>0.7 [0.06, 8.47]<sup>c</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>30–39</td>
<td>30(13.1)</td>
<td>4(5.7)</td>
<td>0.9 [0.08, 9.68]</td>
<td>0.9 [0.9, 10,24]<sup>c</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>40–49</td>
<td>30(13.1)</td>
<td>3(4.3)</td>
<td>1.2 [0.11, 14.33]</td>
<td>1.3 [0.11, 14.79]<sup>c</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>50–59</td>
<td>54(23.6)</td>
<td>20(28.6)</td>
<td>0.2 [0.02, 2.12]</td>
<td>0.2 [0.02, 2.31]<sup>c</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>60–69</td>
<td>42(18.3)</td>
<td>13(18.6)</td>
<td>0.3 [0.03, 2.86]</td>
<td>0.3 [0.03, 3.10]<sup>c</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>70–79</td>
<td>36(15.7)</td>
<td>20(28.6)</td>
<td>0.1 [0.01, 1.02]</td>
<td>0.1 [0.01, 1.07]<sup>c</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>80–89</td>
<td>11(4.8)</td>
<td>6(8.6)</td>
<td>0.1 [0.01, 1.32]</td>
<td>0.1 [0.01, 1.35]<sup>c</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Sex</td>
<td>Male</td>
<td>171(74.7)</td>
<td>55(78.6)</td>
<td rowspan="2">0.7 [0.37, 1.43]</td>
<td rowspan="2">0.7 [0.38, 1.59]<sup>d</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Female</td>
<td>58(25.3)</td>
<td>15(21.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="2">Health care worker</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>25(10.9)</td>
<td>0(41.7)</td>
<td rowspan="2">0.6 [0.59, 0.72]</td>
<td rowspan="2">0.6 [0.49, 0.88]<sup>e</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>No</td>
<td>204(89.1)</td>
<td>70(34.3)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3">Comorbidities<sup>b</sup>
</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>151(65.9)</td>
<td>63(41.7)</td>
<td rowspan="3">3.7 [1.58, 9.03]</td>
<td rowspan="3">2.2 [1.16, 7.03]<sup>f</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>No</td>
<td>44(19.2)</td>
<td>7(15.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Not available</td>
<td>34(14.8)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3">Exposure to camels</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>77(33.6)</td>
<td>30(39.0)</td>
<td rowspan="3">2.1 [0.76, 5.90]</td>
<td rowspan="3">1.7 [.60, 5.05]<sup>f</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>No</td>
<td>26(11.4)</td>
<td>6(23.1)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Not available</td>
<td>126(55.0)</td>
<td>34(27.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3">Camel milk consumption</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>61(26.6)</td>
<td>25(41.0)</td>
<td rowspan="3">2.5 [0.90, 7.18]</td>
<td rowspan="3">2.0 [.68, 6.14]<sup>f</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>No</td>
<td>28(12.2)</td>
<td>6(21.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Not available</td>
<td>140(61.1)</td>
<td>39(27.9)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td rowspan="3">Exposure to MERS-CoV cases</td>
<td>Yes</td>
<td>59(25.8)</td>
<td>6(10.2)</td>
<td rowspan="3">3.3 [1.95, 7.35]</td>
<td rowspan="3">2.3 [1.35, 8.20]<sup>f</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>No</td>
<td>24(10.5)</td>
<td>10(41.7)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Not available</td>
<td>146(63.8)</td>
<td>54(37.0)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><p><sup>a</sup>
Was chosen as a reference age group</p>
<p><sup>b</sup>
Diabetes, heart disease, chronic bronchitis and other chronic lung diseases</p>
<p><sup>c</sup>
Adjusted for sex, <sup>d</sup>
adjusted for sex, <sup>e</sup>
adjusted for exposure to camels and exposure to MERS-CoV cases, <sup>f</sup>
adjusted for age and sex</p>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p id="Par16">Six countries were affected with MERS during the period of this study. The majority of cases (approximately 93.9%) with highest mortality (98.6%) as well as 100% of female cases have been reported from Saudi Arabia (Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>
).<table-wrap id="Tab2"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Distribution frequency and deaths of MERS-CoV cases by country (as of January 1, 2017 to January 17, 2018)</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th></th>
<th colspan="3">Number of cases (<italic>n</italic>
= 229)</th>
<th colspan="3">Number of deaths (<italic>n</italic>
= 70)</th>
</tr>
<tr><th>Reporting country</th>
<th>Male n (%)</th>
<th>Female n (%)</th>
<th>Total n (%)</th>
<th>Male n (%)</th>
<th>Female n (%)</th>
<th>Total n (%)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td>Saudi Arabia</td>
<td>157(91.8)</td>
<td>58(100.0)</td>
<td>215(93.9)</td>
<td>54(34.4)</td>
<td>15(25.9)</td>
<td>69(98.6)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>UAE<sup>a</sup>
</td>
<td>7(4.1)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>7(3.1)</td>
<td>1(1.8)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>1(1.4)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Qatar</td>
<td>3(1.8)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>3(1.3)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Oman</td>
<td>2(1.2)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>2(.9)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Lebanon</td>
<td>1(.6)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>1(.4)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>Malaysia</td>
<td>1(.6)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>1(.4)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
<td>0(0.0)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><p><sup>a</sup>
United Arab Emirates</p>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</p>
<p id="Par17">The epidemic curve of laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS between 1.1.2017 and 17.1.2018 is shown in Fig. <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>
. It can easily be seen that two peaks are evident in this period: the first at the beginning of April 2017 and the second at the beginning of July 2017. Our results indicate that the number of MERS-CoV cases remained constant from the beginning of September 2017 to the end of January 2018.<fig id="Fig1"><label>Fig. 1</label>
<caption><p>Epidemic curve of confirmed MERS-CoV cases (n = 229) (January 1, 2017, and January 17, 2018)</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="12879_2019_3987_Fig1_HTML" id="MO1"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
<p id="Par18">Figure <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>
shows that the region of Riyadh, Dawmet Aljandal and Wadi Aldwaser in Saudi Arabia; Al Ain and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates; Sharqiyah and Al Musanaa Batinah in Oman have had the highest occurrence of MERS-CoV infections. This figure also indicates that Riyadh, Buridah and Jeddah in Saudi Arabia had the highest number of deaths in comparison to other cities in different countries. In fact, Saudi Arabia is still the epicenter of this infection worldwide.<fig id="Fig2"><label>Fig. 2</label>
<caption><p>The last distribution of MERS-CoV cases in affected cities in the world (January 1, 2012, and January 17, 2018)</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="12879_2019_3987_Fig2_HTML" id="MO2"></graphic>
</fig>
</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec5"><title>Discussion</title>
<p id="Par19">The findings have important implications for infection control practice. Especially, we found evidence that was contrary to many studies declaring that the high mortality rates are related to MERS infection with increasing age [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR16">16</xref>
–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR18">18</xref>
]. Our results on MERS-CoV cases in global level showed that all age groups are somewhat at risk of death from this infection. The chance of mortality in MERS-CoV cases in all age groups is fairly equal. Therefore, in the care and treatment of MERS-CoV cases, our results suggest that this important point is better to be considered on behalf of health care staff. In this study, we observed a higher disease occurrence and death of MERS-CoV in men than in women (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>
). A possible explanation for a higher disease occurrence and mortality of MERS-CoV among men is that men are likely to spend more time outdoors and hence have a higher risk of exposure to a source of infection.</p>
<p id="Par20">The evidence linking MERS-CoV transmission between camels and humans cannot be ignored. Several studies have shown that persons with direct and indirect contact with dromedary camels had a significantly higher risk of MERS-CoV infection. Our finding was inconsistent with other studies that did not mention such evidence (Table <xref rid="Tab1" ref-type="table">1</xref>
). Random error may be one of the reasons for obtaining this result since there were not details of exposure to camels and camel milk consumption for laboratory-confirmed MERS-CoV cases.</p>
<p id="Par21">Our research is consistent with many studies that provided evidence of human-to-human transmission for MERS-CoV infection [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR15">15</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR19">19</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CR20">20</xref>
]. Figure <xref rid="Fig1" ref-type="fig">1</xref>
shows two peaks during June until September, which coincides with the largest mass gathering of Muslims around the world in Saudi Arabia to perform Hajj and Umrah ceremony. This finding highlights the effect of congregation in the spread of MERS-CoV infection.</p>
<p id="Par22">Our findings in Table <xref rid="Tab2" ref-type="table">2</xref>
and Fig. <xref rid="Fig2" ref-type="fig">2</xref>
show that most cases are reported from Saudi Arabia after about 7 years since the start of MERS-CoV pandemic (June 2012 to January 17, 2018). So, it seems necessary that epidemiologic investigations are conducted by Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia and international partners to better understand the transmission patterns of MERS-CoV.</p>
<p id="Par23">This study had a number of limitations. Assessment of the relationship between mortality related to MERS-CoV infection and some potential risk factor requires reliable sources of mortality data. We used the data recorded in the disease outbreak news on MERS-CoV from WHO website. The quality and accuracy of this data depend primarily on quality of the recorded data reported by national IHR focal point from different countries to WHO. In this study, the researcher was unable to verify the accuracy of the data, which potentially results in information bias. In addition, information for some of the variables was not available and the number of missing data was high, which might introduce a negligible selection bias in results. Another limitation of this research was that possible misclassification of cases may occur due to the respondent’s declarations such as exposure to camels, camel milk consumption, and exposure to MERS-CoV cases, which potentially occurs as a result of measurement bias.</p>
<p id="Par24">Despite the above limitations, the current analytical-descriptive epidemiological study may have a number of implications for health care policy by using the global data. It also reminds us that effective national and international preparedness plans should be in place as well as measures to prevent, control and predict such viral outbreaks, improve patient management, and ensure global health security.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Sec6"><title>Conclusions</title>
<p id="Par25">The results of this analytical-descriptive epidemiological study revealed and confirmed some potential risk factors for MERS-CoV cases, which were reported as a possible risk factor in previous research studies. In fact, it reminds us that there is probability of MERS-CoV epidemic at any time and in any place without prior notice in today’s “global village”.</p>
</sec>
</body>
<back><glossary><title>Abbreviations</title>
<def-list><def-item><term>MERS-CoV</term>
<def><p id="Par5">Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus</p>
</def>
</def-item>
<def-item><term>OR</term>
<def><p id="Par6">Odds Ratio</p>
</def>
</def-item>
<def-item><term>UAE</term>
<def><p id="Par7">United Arab Emirates</p>
</def>
</def-item>
<def-item><term>WHO</term>
<def><p id="Par8">World Health Organization</p>
</def>
</def-item>
</def-list>
</glossary>
<ack><p>The authors take this opportunity to thank all the WHO personnel as well as reporting countries with confirmed MERS cases for data collection and sending the data to WHO. We thank Rana Sidani senior communication officer in WHO regional office for the Eastern Mediterranean (Cairo, Egypt) for their guidance, help and permission to extract the data. This paper is dedicated to Arsam Ahmadzadeh and Anil Ahmadzadeh.</p>
<sec id="FPar1"><title>Funding</title>
<p id="Par26">As a epidemiological analysis on WHO data, this study did not need financial support.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="FPar2" sec-type="data-availability"><title>Availability of data and materials</title>
<p id="Par27">The dataset used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.</p>
</sec>
</ack>
<notes notes-type="author-contribution"><title>Authors’ contributions</title>
<p>KM and JA designed the study and performed the search and data extraction. JA analyzed the data. KM and JA wrote the manuscript. JA edited the draft. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.</p>
</notes>
<notes><title>Ethics approval and consent to participate</title>
<p id="Par28">Not applicable.</p>
</notes>
<notes><title>Consent for publication</title>
<p id="Par29">Not applicable.</p>
</notes>
<notes notes-type="COI-statement"><title>Competing interests</title>
<p id="Par30">The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p>
</notes>
<notes><title>Publisher’s Note</title>
<p id="Par31">Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p>
</notes>
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