Proanthocyanidins and other flavonoids in relation to endometrial cancer risk: a case–control study in Italy
Identifieur interne : 001188 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 001187; suivant : 001189Proanthocyanidins and other flavonoids in relation to endometrial cancer risk: a case–control study in Italy
Auteurs : M. Rossi [Italie] ; V. Edefonti [Italie] ; M. Parpinel [Italie] ; P. Lagiou [Grèce, États-Unis] ; M. Franchi [Italie] ; M. Ferraroni [Italie] ; A. Decarli [Italie] ; A. Zucchetto [Italie] ; D. Serraino [Italie] ; L. Dal Maso [Italie] ; E. Negri [Italie] ; C. La Vecchia [Italie]Source :
- British Journal of Cancer [ 0007-0920 ] ; 2013.
Abstract
Because of their antioxidant and antimutagenic properties, flavonoids may reduce cancer risk. Some flavonoids have antiestrogenic effects that can inhibit the growth and proliferation of endometrial cancer cells.
In order to examine the relation between dietary flavonoids and endometrial cancer, we analysed data from an Italian case–control study including 454 incident, histologically confirmed endometrial cancers and 908 hospital-based controls. Information was collected through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. We applied data on food and beverage composition to estimate the intake of flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavones, and proanthocyanidins. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from multiple logistic regression models conditioned on age and study centre and adjusted for major confounding factors.
Women in the highest quartile category of proanthocyanidins with ⩾3 mers
High consumption of selected proanthocyanidins may reduce endometrial cancer risk.
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.447
PubMed: 23922105
PubMed Central: 3790154
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Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>S. C. Statistica Medica, Biometria e Bioinformatica, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zucchetto, A" sort="Zucchetto, A" uniqKey="Zucchetto A" first="A" last="Zucchetto">A. Zucchetto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics</institution>, via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Serraino, D" sort="Serraino, D" uniqKey="Serraino D" first="D" last="Serraino">D. Serraino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics</institution>, via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dal Maso, L" sort="Dal Maso, L" uniqKey="Dal Maso L" first="L" last="Dal Maso">L. Dal Maso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics</institution>, via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Negri, E" sort="Negri, E" uniqKey="Negri E" first="E" last="Negri">E. Negri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri</institution>, via G. La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="La Vecchia, C" sort="La Vecchia, C" uniqKey="La Vecchia C" first="C" last="La Vecchia">C. La Vecchia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri</institution>, via G. La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan</institution>, via G. 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Rossi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri</institution>, via G. La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Edefonti, V" sort="Edefonti, V" uniqKey="Edefonti V" first="V" last="Edefonti">V. Edefonti</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Parpinel, M" sort="Parpinel, M" uniqKey="Parpinel M" first="M" last="Parpinel">M. Parpinel</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff3"><institution>Unit of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Udine</institution>, ple Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagiou, P" sort="Lagiou, P" uniqKey="Lagiou P" first="P" last="Lagiou">P. Lagiou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff4"><institution>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School</institution>, 75 M Asias Street, Goudi GR-115-27 Athens,<country>Greece</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff5"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115,<country>USA</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Franchi, M" sort="Franchi, M" uniqKey="Franchi M" first="M" last="Franchi">M. Franchi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri</institution>, via G. La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ferraroni, M" sort="Ferraroni, M" uniqKey="Ferraroni M" first="M" last="Ferraroni">M. Ferraroni</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Decarli, A" sort="Decarli, A" uniqKey="Decarli A" first="A" last="Decarli">A. Decarli</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff6"><institution>S. C. Statistica Medica, Biometria e Bioinformatica, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zucchetto, A" sort="Zucchetto, A" uniqKey="Zucchetto A" first="A" last="Zucchetto">A. Zucchetto</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics</institution>, via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Serraino, D" sort="Serraino, D" uniqKey="Serraino D" first="D" last="Serraino">D. Serraino</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics</institution>, via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dal Maso, L" sort="Dal Maso, L" uniqKey="Dal Maso L" first="L" last="Dal Maso">L. Dal Maso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff7"><institution>Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics</institution>, via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Negri, E" sort="Negri, E" uniqKey="Negri E" first="E" last="Negri">E. Negri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri</institution>, via G. La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="La Vecchia, C" sort="La Vecchia, C" uniqKey="La Vecchia C" first="C" last="La Vecchia">C. La Vecchia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff1"><institution>Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri</institution>, via G. La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff2"><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea># see nlm:aff country strict</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">British Journal of Cancer</title><idno type="ISSN">0007-0920</idno><idno type="eISSN">1532-1827</idno><imprint><date when="2013">2013</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background:</title><p>Because of their antioxidant and antimutagenic properties, flavonoids may reduce cancer risk. Some flavonoids have antiestrogenic effects that can inhibit the growth and proliferation of endometrial cancer cells.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>In order to examine the relation between dietary flavonoids and endometrial cancer, we analysed data from an Italian case–control study including 454 incident, histologically confirmed endometrial cancers and 908 hospital-based controls. Information was collected through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. We applied data on food and beverage composition to estimate the intake of flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavones, and proanthocyanidins. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from multiple logistic regression models conditioned on age and study centre and adjusted for major confounding factors.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>Women in the highest quartile category of proanthocyanidins with ⩾3 mers <italic>vs</italic> the first three quartile categories had an OR for endometrial cancer of 0.66 (95% CI=0.48–0.89). For no other class of flavonoids, a significant overall association was found. There was a suggestion of an inverse association for flavanones and isoflavones among women with body mass index <25 kg m<sup>−2</sup>, and, for flavanones, among parous or non-users of hormone-replacement therapy women.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>High consumption of selected proanthocyanidins may reduce endometrial cancer risk.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adami, H" uniqKey="Adami H">H Adami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hunter, D" uniqKey="Hunter D">D Hunter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trichopoulos, D" uniqKey="Trichopoulos D">D Trichopoulos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bagchi, D" uniqKey="Bagchi D">D Bagchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bagchi, M" uniqKey="Bagchi M">M Bagchi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stohs, Sj" uniqKey="Stohs S">SJ Stohs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Das, Dk" uniqKey="Das 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Br J Cancer</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Br. J. Cancer</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>British Journal of Cancer</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0007-0920</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1532-1827</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Nature Publishing Group</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23922105</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3790154</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pii">bjc2013447</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/bjc.2013.447</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Epidemiology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Proanthocyanidins and other flavonoids in relation to endometrial cancer risk: a case–control study in Italy</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running">Flavonoids and endometrial cancer</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="caf1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Edefonti</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Parpinel</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lagiou</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Franchi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ferraroni</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Decarli</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">6</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zucchetto</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Serraino</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dal Maso</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">7</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Negri</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>La Vecchia</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri</institution>, via G. La Masa, 19, 20156 Milan,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution>Unit of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Udine</institution>, ple Kolbe 4, 33100 Udine,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><institution>Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School</institution>, 75 M Asias Street, Goudi GR-115-27 Athens,<country>Greece</country></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><institution>Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health</institution>, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115,<country>USA</country></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label><institution>S. C. Statistica Medica, Biometria e Bioinformatica, Fondazione IRCSS Istituto Nazionale Tumori di Milano</institution>, via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan,<country>Italy</country></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label><institution>Centro di Riferimento Oncologico IRCCS, Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics</institution>, via F. Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano,<country>Italy</country></aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="caf1"><label>*</label>E-mail <email>marta.rossi@marionegri.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>08</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>109</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1914</fpage><lpage>1920</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2013</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2013</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2013 Cancer Research UK</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Cancer Research UK</copyright-holder><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"><license-p>From twelve months after its original publication, this work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec><title>Background:</title><p>Because of their antioxidant and antimutagenic properties, flavonoids may reduce cancer risk. Some flavonoids have antiestrogenic effects that can inhibit the growth and proliferation of endometrial cancer cells.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods:</title><p>In order to examine the relation between dietary flavonoids and endometrial cancer, we analysed data from an Italian case–control study including 454 incident, histologically confirmed endometrial cancers and 908 hospital-based controls. Information was collected through a validated food-frequency questionnaire. We applied data on food and beverage composition to estimate the intake of flavanols, flavanones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, flavones, isoflavones, and proanthocyanidins. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated from multiple logistic regression models conditioned on age and study centre and adjusted for major confounding factors.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>Women in the highest quartile category of proanthocyanidins with ⩾3 mers <italic>vs</italic> the first three quartile categories had an OR for endometrial cancer of 0.66 (95% CI=0.48–0.89). For no other class of flavonoids, a significant overall association was found. There was a suggestion of an inverse association for flavanones and isoflavones among women with body mass index <25 kg m<sup>−2</sup>, and, for flavanones, among parous or non-users of hormone-replacement therapy women.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion:</title><p>High consumption of selected proanthocyanidins may reduce endometrial cancer risk.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>endometrial cancer</kwd><kwd>flavonoids</kwd><kwd>proanthocyanidins</kwd><kwd>risk</kwd><kwd>diet</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="tbl1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 454 cases of endometrial cancer and 908 controls, contrasting the fourth quartile category to the first three quartile categories combined, for energy-adjusted intakes of flavonoids: Italy, 1992–2006</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char="."></col><col align="char" char=""></col><col align="char" char=""></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></th><th colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Quartile category</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>Median</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn1">a</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"><bold>75% percentile</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn1">a</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>I–III</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>IV</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Flavanols (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">36.6<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">69.1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">350 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">104 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.99 (0.74–1.32)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Flavanones (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">32.3<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">54.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">362 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">92 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.78 (0.58–1.05)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Flavonols (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">18.7<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">24.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">328 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">126 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.11 (0.83–1.47)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Anthocyanidins (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">8.2<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">15.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">342 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">112 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.09 (0.82–1.45)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Flavones (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.5<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">0.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">346 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">108 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.91 (0.68–1.21)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Isoflavones (<italic>μ</italic>g per day)<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn3">c</xref><hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">42.4<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">58.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">350 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">104 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.84 (0.62–1.14)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Proanthocyanidins <3 mers (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">67.2<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">92.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">350 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">104 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.96 (0.72–1.29)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Monomers (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">28.7<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">40.6<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">344 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">110 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.01 (0.76–1.35)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Dimers (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">38.3<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">52.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">355 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">99 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.91 (0.68–1.22)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Proanthocyanidins ⩾3 mers (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">215.9<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">292.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">374 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">80 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.66 (0.48–0.89)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Trimers (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">16.9<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">23.2<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">364 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">90 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.73 (0.54–0.98)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">4–6 mers (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">57.1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">77.7<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">366 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">88 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.74 (0.55–1.01)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">7–10 mers (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">45.5<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">62.9<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">372 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">82 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.70 (0.52–0.95)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">>10 mers (mg)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">96.8<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">130.4<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">372 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">82 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.64 (0.47–0.87)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Total flavonoids (mg per day)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">408.7<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50">527.0<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Cases:controls<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> <hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">365 : 681<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">89 : 227<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t1-fn2">b</xref> (95% CI)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> </td><td align="char" valign="top" char="." charoff="50"> </td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">1</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.82 (0.61–1.10)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t1-fn1"><label>a</label><p>Median and third quartile of energy-adjusted flavonoids among controls plus the mean of flavonoid raw values (computed among controls). For isoflavones, median and third quartile of the raw values were presented.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn2"><label>b</label><p>Estimated from multiple logistic regression models, conditioned on study centre and quinquennia of age, and adjusted for the year of interview, education, body mass index, history of diabetes, age at menarche, menopausal status/age at menopausal status, parity, oral contraceptive use, and hormone-replacement therapy use.</p></fn><fn id="t1-fn3"><label>c</label><p>The OR for isoflavones was estimated entering into the model the fourth quartile category based on the raw values of isoflavones and total energy intake separately.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="tbl2"><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of 454 cases of endometrial cancer and 908 controls, according to the fourth quartile category <italic>vs</italic> the first three quartile categories combined, for energy-adjusted intakes of flavonoids, in strata of various covariates: Italy, 1992–2006</title></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left"></col><col align="center"></col><col align="char" char="("></col><col align="char" char="("></col><col align="char" char="("></col><col align="char" char="("></col></colgroup><thead valign="bottom"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"> <hr></hr></th><th colspan="4" align="center" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50"><bold>OR<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn1">a</xref> (95% CI) IV <italic>vs</italic> I–III quartile category</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"> </th><th align="center" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Cases:controls</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50"><bold>Flavanones</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50"><bold>Isoflavones</bold><xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn2">b</xref></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50"><bold>Proanthocyanidins</bold>⩾<bold>3 mers</bold></th><th align="center" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50"><bold>Total flavonoids</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody valign="top"><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Age (years)</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><55</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">126 : 252</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.09 (0.63–1.89)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.95 (0.52–1.75)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.75 (0.40–1.42)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.12 (0.64–1.95)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">⩾55–<70</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">247 : 494</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.65 (0.43–0.99)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.89 (0.58–1.38)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.64 (0.42–0.98)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.71 (0.47–1.09)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">⩾70<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">81 : 162<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.82 (0.33–2.00)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.49 (0.20–1.20)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.68 (0.28–1.64)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.78 (0.32–1.90)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>BMI (kg m<sup>−2</sup>)</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><25</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">131 : 420</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.64 (0.39–1.04)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.59 (0.34–1.02)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.60 (0.35–1.01)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.72 (0.44–1.17)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">⩾25–<30</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">155 : 348</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.74 (0.43–1.25)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.13 (0.68–1.87)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.63 (0.38–1.07)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.78 (0.47–1.29)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">⩾30<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">168 : 140<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.91 (0.48–1.71)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.13 (0.57–2.26)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.91 (0.45–1.82)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.18 (0.57–2.44)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Menopausal status</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Pre/peri</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">89 : 179</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.97 (0.48–1.99)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.65 (0.32–1.32)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.84 (0.38–1.86)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.98 (0.48–1.98)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Post<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">365 : 729<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.78 (0.55–1.09)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.87 (0.61–1.24)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.63 (0.45–0.89)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.72 (0.52–1.01)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>Parity</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">0</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">68 : 126</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.27<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn3">c</xref> (0.58–2.78)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.31 (0.52–3.29)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.81 (0.34–1.92)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.09 (0.51–2.32)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">⩾1<hr></hr></td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">386 : 782<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.70<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn3">c</xref> (0.50–0.97)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.86 (0.62–1.20)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.68 (0.49–0.95)<hr></hr></td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.77 (0.55–1.08)<hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td colspan="6" align="left" valign="top" charoff="50"><bold>HRT use</bold><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">Yes</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">49 : 78</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">2.77<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn3">c</xref> (1.00–7.62)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.39 (0.09–1.66)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.04 (0.35–3.10)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">1.17 (0.41–3.35)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top" charoff="50">No</td><td align="center" valign="top" charoff="50">405 : 830</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.70<xref ref-type="fn" rid="t2-fn3">c</xref> (0.51–0.96)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.88 (0.64–1.21)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.62 (0.45–0.87)</td><td align="char" valign="top" char="(" charoff="50">0.79 (0.57–1.08)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="t2-fn1"><label>a</label><p>Estimated from multiple logistic regression models, conditioned on study centre and quinquennia of age, and adjusted for year of interview, education, body mass index (BMI), history of diabetes, age at menarche, menopausal status age at menopausal status, parity, oral contraceptive use, and hormone-replacement therapy use (HRT).</p></fn><fn id="t2-fn2"><label>b</label><p>The ORs for isoflavones were estimated entering into the models the fourth quartile category based on the raw values of isoflavones and total energy intake separately.</p></fn><fn id="t2-fn3"><label>c</label><p><italic>P</italic> for heterogeneity for flavanones was 0.036 in strata of parity and 0.087 in strata of HRT use; <italic>P</italic> for heterogeneity was >0.1 in all other strata and flavonoids in the table.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Grèce</li><li>Italie</li><li>États-Unis</li></country></list><tree><country name="Italie"><noRegion><name sortKey="Rossi, M" sort="Rossi, M" uniqKey="Rossi M" first="M" last="Rossi">M. Rossi</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Dal Maso, L" sort="Dal Maso, L" uniqKey="Dal Maso L" first="L" last="Dal Maso">L. Dal Maso</name><name sortKey="Decarli, A" sort="Decarli, A" uniqKey="Decarli A" first="A" last="Decarli">A. Decarli</name><name sortKey="Decarli, A" sort="Decarli, A" uniqKey="Decarli A" first="A" last="Decarli">A. Decarli</name><name sortKey="Edefonti, V" sort="Edefonti, V" uniqKey="Edefonti V" first="V" last="Edefonti">V. Edefonti</name><name sortKey="Ferraroni, M" sort="Ferraroni, M" uniqKey="Ferraroni M" first="M" last="Ferraroni">M. Ferraroni</name><name sortKey="Franchi, M" sort="Franchi, M" uniqKey="Franchi M" first="M" last="Franchi">M. Franchi</name><name sortKey="La Vecchia, C" sort="La Vecchia, C" uniqKey="La Vecchia C" first="C" last="La Vecchia">C. La Vecchia</name><name sortKey="La Vecchia, C" sort="La Vecchia, C" uniqKey="La Vecchia C" first="C" last="La Vecchia">C. La Vecchia</name><name sortKey="Negri, E" sort="Negri, E" uniqKey="Negri E" first="E" last="Negri">E. Negri</name><name sortKey="Parpinel, M" sort="Parpinel, M" uniqKey="Parpinel M" first="M" last="Parpinel">M. Parpinel</name><name sortKey="Rossi, M" sort="Rossi, M" uniqKey="Rossi M" first="M" last="Rossi">M. Rossi</name><name sortKey="Serraino, D" sort="Serraino, D" uniqKey="Serraino D" first="D" last="Serraino">D. Serraino</name><name sortKey="Zucchetto, A" sort="Zucchetto, A" uniqKey="Zucchetto A" first="A" last="Zucchetto">A. Zucchetto</name><name sortKey="Zucchetto, A" sort="Zucchetto, A" uniqKey="Zucchetto A" first="A" last="Zucchetto">A. Zucchetto</name></country><country name="Grèce"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lagiou, P" sort="Lagiou, P" uniqKey="Lagiou P" first="P" last="Lagiou">P. Lagiou</name></noRegion></country><country name="États-Unis"><noRegion><name sortKey="Lagiou, P" sort="Lagiou, P" uniqKey="Lagiou P" first="P" last="Lagiou">P. 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