Hajj-associated infections☆
Identifieur interne : 000B46 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000B45; suivant : 000B47Hajj-associated infections☆
Auteurs : A. Salmon-Rousseau [France] ; E. Piednoir [France] ; V. Cattoir [France] ; A. De La Blanchardière [France]Source :
- Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses [ 0399-077X ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The Hajj is the largest annual mass gathering event in the world, thus favoring the transmission of various infections: 183 different nationalities, high temperatures, coincidence with the start of the flu season in the Northern hemisphere, a long barefoot walk, tent-type accommodation, communal toilet facilities, absence of food control, and sharing of razors. Infections are the first cause of hospital admission, which often occurs in the home country of pilgrims.
Literature review on PubMed from 1952 to November 2015 on the epidemiology and prevention of infections contracted during the Hajj, using the keywords “Hajj” and “infections”.
Respiratory tract infections, ENT infections, influenza, pyogenic pneumonia, whooping cough, and tuberculosis are most frequently observed during the Hajj. Outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis have been reported in pilgrims and their contacts. Waterborne infections such as gastroenteritis and hepatitis A are common, despite the improvement of health conditions. Pyoderma and furuncles are also frequently observed. Recently, dengue fever, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever have emerged but no case of MERS-coronavirus, appeared in Saudi Arabia in 2012, have yet been observed during the 2012–2014 Hajj.
Prevention is based on compulsory meningococcal vaccination, vaccination against seasonal influenza and pneumococcal infections for pilgrims at high risk of contracting the infection, and on vaccination against hepatitis A. Updating immunization for diphtheria/tetanus
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2016.04.002
PubMed: 27230822
PubMed Central: 7131558
Affiliations:
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Salmon-Rousseau</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Basse-Normandie</region><settlement type="city">Caen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Piednoir, E" sort="Piednoir, E" uniqKey="Piednoir E" first="E." last="Piednoir">E. Piednoir</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Basse-Normandie</region><settlement type="city">Caen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cattoir, V" sort="Cattoir, V" uniqKey="Cattoir V" first="V." last="Cattoir">V. Cattoir</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0010">Service de microbiologie, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service de microbiologie, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Basse-Normandie</region><settlement type="city">Caen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="De La Blanchardiere, A" sort="De La Blanchardiere, A" uniqKey="De La Blanchardiere A" first="A." last="De La Blanchardière">A. De La Blanchardière</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0005">Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Région Normandie</region><region type="old region" nuts="2">Basse-Normandie</region><settlement type="city">Caen</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses</title><idno type="ISSN">0399-077X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1769-6690</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The Hajj is the largest annual mass gathering event in the world, thus favoring the transmission of various infections: 183 different nationalities, high temperatures, coincidence with the start of the flu season in the Northern hemisphere, a long barefoot walk, tent-type accommodation, communal toilet facilities, absence of food control, and sharing of razors. Infections are the first cause of hospital admission, which often occurs in the home country of pilgrims.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Literature review on PubMed from 1952 to November 2015 on the epidemiology and prevention of infections contracted during the Hajj, using the keywords “Hajj” and “infections”.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Respiratory tract infections, ENT infections, influenza, pyogenic pneumonia, whooping cough, and tuberculosis are most frequently observed during the Hajj. Outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis have been reported in pilgrims and their contacts. Waterborne infections such as gastroenteritis and hepatitis A are common, despite the improvement of health conditions. Pyoderma and furuncles are also frequently observed. Recently, dengue fever, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever have emerged but no case of MERS-coronavirus, appeared in Saudi Arabia in 2012, have yet been observed during the 2012–2014 Hajj.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Prevention is based on compulsory meningococcal vaccination, vaccination against seasonal influenza and pneumococcal infections for pilgrims at high risk of contracting the infection, and on vaccination against hepatitis A. Updating immunization for diphtheria/tetanus<bold>/</bold>poliomyelitis/pertussis and measles/mumps is also crucial and pilgrims must comply with hygiene precautions.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ould Rouis, B" uniqKey="Ould Rouis B">B. Ould Rouis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dif, S" uniqKey="Dif S">S. Dif</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tedjiza, M" uniqKey="Tedjiza M">M. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Med Mal Infect</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Med Mal Infect</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0399-077X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1769-6690</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Elsevier Masson SAS.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27230822</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7131558</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0399-077X(16)30010-5</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.medmal.2016.04.002</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Hajj-associated infections<sup><xref ref-type="fn" rid="d32e1127">☆</xref></sup></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="fr"><trans-title>Infections liées au Hadj</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0005"><name><surname>Salmon-Rousseau</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><email>salmonrousseau@hotmail.fr</email><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0010"><name><surname>Piednoir</surname><given-names>E.</given-names></name><email>emmanuel.piednoir@ch-avranches-granville.fr</email><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0015"><name><surname>Cattoir</surname><given-names>V.</given-names></name><email>cattoir-v@chu-caen.fr</email><xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">b</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0020"><name><surname>de La Blanchardière</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><email>delablanchardiere-a@chu-caen.fr</email><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="cor0005" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0005"><label>a</label>Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France</aff><aff id="aff0010"><label>b</label>Service de microbiologie, CHU de Caen, avenue Côte-de-Nacre, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0005"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding author. <email>delablanchardiere-a@chu-caen.fr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>24</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>10</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>5</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>346</fpage><lpage>354</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>16</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="rev-recd"><day>6</day><month>1</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>4</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Elsevier Masson SAS</copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract id="abs0010"><sec><title>Background</title><p>The Hajj is the largest annual mass gathering event in the world, thus favoring the transmission of various infections: 183 different nationalities, high temperatures, coincidence with the start of the flu season in the Northern hemisphere, a long barefoot walk, tent-type accommodation, communal toilet facilities, absence of food control, and sharing of razors. Infections are the first cause of hospital admission, which often occurs in the home country of pilgrims.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Literature review on PubMed from 1952 to November 2015 on the epidemiology and prevention of infections contracted during the Hajj, using the keywords “Hajj” and “infections”.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Respiratory tract infections, ENT infections, influenza, pyogenic pneumonia, whooping cough, and tuberculosis are most frequently observed during the Hajj. Outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis have been reported in pilgrims and their contacts. Waterborne infections such as gastroenteritis and hepatitis A are common, despite the improvement of health conditions. Pyoderma and furuncles are also frequently observed. Recently, dengue fever, Alkhumra hemorrhagic fever, and Rift Valley fever have emerged but no case of MERS-coronavirus, appeared in Saudi Arabia in 2012, have yet been observed during the 2012–2014 Hajj.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Prevention is based on compulsory meningococcal vaccination, vaccination against seasonal influenza and pneumococcal infections for pilgrims at high risk of contracting the infection, and on vaccination against hepatitis A. Updating immunization for diphtheria/tetanus<bold>/</bold>poliomyelitis/pertussis and measles/mumps is also crucial and pilgrims must comply with hygiene precautions.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="fr"><title>Résumé</title><sec><title>Contexte</title><p>Le Hadj, plus grand rassemblement au monde, est propice aux infections : 183 nationalités, température élevée, coïncidence avec la grippe en Occident, longue marche pieds nus, logement en tentes, toilettes collectives, absence de contrôle sanitaire alimentaire, rasoirs à usage multiple. Les infections, qui souvent n’apparaissent qu’après le retour, sont la première cause d’hospitalisation.</p></sec><sec><title>Méthodes</title><p>Revue systématique de la littérature consacrée à l’épidémiologie et à la prévention des infections contractées lors du Hadj, de 1952 à novembre 2015, en combinant les termes « Hadj » et « infections ».</p></sec><sec><title>Résultats</title><p>Lors du Hadj, les infections respiratoires dominent, avec les infections ORL, la grippe, les pneumopathies à pyogènes, la coqueluche et la tuberculose. Des épidémies de méningite ont été rapportées chez les pélerins et leurs contacts. Les infections d’origine hydriques (gastroenterites, hépatites aiguës) demeurent fréquentes malgré l’amélioration des conditions d’hygiène. Les pyodermites et furoncles sont fréquents. Depuis quelques années, la dengue, la fièvre hémorragique Alkhumra et la fièvre de la vallée du Rift émergent. La menace du MERS-coronavirus, apparue en Arabie saoudite en 2012, n’a pas été confirmée au cours des Hadj de 2012 à 2014.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>La prévention repose sur la mise à jour du calendrier vaccinal (DTP, coqueluche<bold>,</bold> rougeole, oreillons, rubéole), la vaccination obligatoire antiméningococcique, mais également sur les vaccinations antigrippale et antipneumococcique pour les personnes à risque, la vaccination contre l’hépatite A, et sur les précautions d’hygiène que les pèlerins, bien que souvent âgés et atteints de comorbidités, adoptent de manière irrégulière.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group id="kwd0005"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Hajj</kwd><kwd>Infections</kwd><kwd>Mecca</kwd><kwd>Pilgrimage</kwd><kwd>Vaccination</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="fr" id="kwd0010"><title>Mots clés</title><kwd>Hadj</kwd><kwd>Infections</kwd><kwd>La Mecque</kwd><kwd>Pèlerinage</kwd><kwd>Vaccination</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>France</li></country><region><li>Basse-Normandie</li><li>Région Normandie</li></region><settlement><li>Caen</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="France"><region name="Région Normandie"><name sortKey="Salmon Rousseau, A" sort="Salmon Rousseau, A" uniqKey="Salmon Rousseau A" first="A." last="Salmon-Rousseau">A. Salmon-Rousseau</name></region><name sortKey="Cattoir, V" sort="Cattoir, V" uniqKey="Cattoir V" first="V." last="Cattoir">V. Cattoir</name><name sortKey="De La Blanchardiere, A" sort="De La Blanchardiere, A" uniqKey="De La Blanchardiere A" first="A." last="De La Blanchardière">A. De La Blanchardière</name><name sortKey="Piednoir, E" sort="Piednoir, E" uniqKey="Piednoir E" first="E." last="Piednoir">E. Piednoir</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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