The annual Hajj pilgrimage—minimizing the risk of ill health in pilgrims from Europe and opportunity for driving the best prevention and health promotion guidelines
Identifieur interne : 000984 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000983; suivant : 000985The annual Hajj pilgrimage—minimizing the risk of ill health in pilgrims from Europe and opportunity for driving the best prevention and health promotion guidelines
Auteurs : Shuja Shafi [Royaume-Uni] ; Osman Dar [Royaume-Uni] ; Mishal Khan [Royaume-Uni, Singapour] ; Minal Khan [Royaume-Uni] ; Esam I. Azhar [Arabie saoudite] ; Brian Mccloskey [Royaume-Uni] ; Alimuddin Zumla [Royaume-Uni] ; Eskild Petersen [Danemark, Oman]Source :
- International Journal of Infectious Diseases [ 1201-9712 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Every year, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) hosts the Hajj pilgrimage, which is the largest mass gathering in the world held on a recurrent annual basis. Infectious disease outbreaks at the annual Hajj pilgrimage are uncommon and have been controlled to a great extent. Crush injuries and stampedes, which can pose major risks at mass gatherings, are infrequent during the Hajj relative to its size and logistical complexity. The KSA runs a well-coordinated, inter-sectoral approach for the planning, communication, public health, and safety issues regarding the Hajj. Planning for Hajj starts soon after the end of the current Hajj and the KSA Ministry of Hajj and Ministry of Health liaise with governments of all countries from which pilgrims come to the KSA. The KSA also provides regular updated Hajj travel advice and liaises closely with international public health organizations and Hajj travel agencies. Recent alerts were raised for the prevailing global threats from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola, influenza and other respiratory tract viruses, multidrug-resistant TB, and multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The value of the Hajj experience to planners of mass gatherings in sharing best practices is evident, but lessons can go beyond mass gatherings to inform other areas of public health that require inter-sectoral engagement, such as One Health and the control of antimicrobial resistance.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.013
PubMed: 27343984
PubMed Central: 7110525
Affiliations:
- Arabie saoudite, Danemark, Oman, Royaume-Uni, Singapour
- Angleterre, Grand Londres
- Londres
- University College de Londres, Université nationale de Singapour
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PMC:7110525Le document en format XML
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Azhar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0035">Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jeddah</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccloskey, Brian" sort="Mccloskey, Brian" uniqKey="Mccloskey B" first="Brian" last="Mccloskey">Brian Mccloskey</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0040">Global Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Health Department, Public Health England, 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Londres</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0050">Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Aarhus</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0055">The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Oman</country><wicri:regionArea>The Royal Hospital, Muscat</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Muscat</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27343984</idno><idno type="pmc">7110525</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7110525</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7110525</idno><idno 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xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Muslim Council of Great Britain, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Dar, Osman" sort="Dar, Osman" uniqKey="Dar O" first="Osman" last="Dar">Osman Dar</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0010">Public Health England, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Public Health England, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0015">Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Mishal" sort="Khan, Mishal" uniqKey="Khan M" first="Mishal" last="Khan">Mishal Khan</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0020">London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff0025">Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country><wicri:regionArea>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université nationale de Singapour</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Khan, Minal" sort="Khan, Minal" uniqKey="Khan M" first="Minal" last="Khan">Minal Khan</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0030">Imperial College London, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Imperial College London, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Azhar, Esam I" sort="Azhar, Esam I" uniqKey="Azhar E" first="Esam I." last="Azhar">Esam I. Azhar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0035">Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Arabie saoudite</country><wicri:regionArea>Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Jeddah</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mccloskey, Brian" sort="Mccloskey, Brian" uniqKey="Mccloskey B" first="Brian" last="Mccloskey">Brian Mccloskey</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="aff0040">Global Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Health Department, Public Health England, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="aff0045">Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName><orgName type="university">University College de Londres</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0050">Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>University of Aarhus</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff0055">The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Oman</country><wicri:regionArea>The Royal Hospital, Muscat</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Muscat</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">International Journal of Infectious Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1201-9712</idno><idno type="eISSN">1878-3511</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="lis0005"><list-item id="lsti0005"><label>•</label><p id="par0005">Every year, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) hosts the Hajj pilgrimage, which is the largest mass gathering in the world held on a recurrent annual basis.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0010"><label>•</label><p id="par0010">Infectious disease outbreaks at the annual Hajj pilgrimage are uncommon and have been controlled to a great extent.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0015"><label>•</label><p id="par0015">Crush injuries and stampedes, which can pose major risks at mass gatherings, are infrequent during the Hajj relative to its size and logistical complexity.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0020"><label>•</label><p id="par0020">The KSA runs a well-coordinated, inter-sectoral approach for the planning, communication, public health, and safety issues regarding the Hajj. Planning for Hajj starts soon after the end of the current Hajj and the KSA Ministry of Hajj and Ministry of Health liaise with governments of all countries from which pilgrims come to the KSA.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0025"><label>•</label><p id="par0025">The KSA also provides regular updated Hajj travel advice and liaises closely with international public health organizations and Hajj travel agencies.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0030"><label>•</label><p id="par0030">Recent alerts were raised for the prevailing global threats from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola, influenza and other respiratory tract viruses, multidrug-resistant TB, and multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0035"><label>•</label><p id="par0035">The value of the Hajj experience to planners of mass gatherings in sharing best practices is evident, but lessons can go beyond mass gatherings to inform other areas of public health that require inter-sectoral engagement, such as One Health and the control of antimicrobial resistance.</p></list-item></list></p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smallwood, C A" uniqKey="Smallwood C">C.A. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Int J Infect Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Int. J. Infect. Dis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>International Journal of Infectious Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1201-9712</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1878-3511</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27343984</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7110525</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">S1201-9712(16)31097-9</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijid.2016.06.013</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The annual Hajj pilgrimage—minimizing the risk of ill health in pilgrims from Europe and opportunity for driving the best prevention and health promotion guidelines</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0005"><name><surname>Shafi</surname><given-names>Shuja</given-names></name><email>msshafi12@gmail.com</email><xref rid="aff0005" ref-type="aff">a</xref><xref rid="cor0005" ref-type="corresp">⁎</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0010"><name><surname>Dar</surname><given-names>Osman</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0010" ref-type="aff">b</xref><xref rid="aff0015" ref-type="aff">c</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0015"><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Mishal</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0020" ref-type="aff">d</xref><xref rid="aff0025" ref-type="aff">e</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0020"><name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>Minal</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0030" ref-type="aff">f</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0025"><name><surname>Azhar</surname><given-names>Esam I.</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0035" ref-type="aff">g</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0030"><name><surname>McCloskey</surname><given-names>Brian</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0040" ref-type="aff">h</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0035"><name><surname>Zumla</surname><given-names>Alimuddin</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0045" ref-type="aff">i</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" id="aut0040"><name><surname>Petersen</surname><given-names>Eskild</given-names></name><xref rid="aff0050" ref-type="aff">j</xref><xref rid="aff0055" ref-type="aff">k</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff0005"><label>a</label>Muslim Council of Great Britain, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff0010"><label>b</label>Public Health England, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff0015"><label>c</label>Chatham House Centre on Global Health Security, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff0020"><label>d</label>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff0025"><label>e</label>Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore</aff><aff id="aff0030"><label>f</label>Imperial College London, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff0035"><label>g</label>Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Centre, and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="aff0040"><label>h</label>Global Health Department, Public Health England, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff0045"><label>i</label>Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK</aff><aff id="aff0050"><label>j</label>Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Denmark</aff><aff id="aff0055"><label>k</label>The Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor0005"><label>⁎</label>Corresponding author. <email>msshafi12@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>22</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pmc-comment> PMC Release delay is 0 months and 0 days and was based on .</pmc-comment>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>47</volume><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>8</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>8</day><month>6</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder></copyright-holder><license><license-p>Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="author-highlights" id="abs0005"><title>Highlights</title><p><list list-type="simple" id="lis0005"><list-item id="lsti0005"><label>•</label><p id="par0005">Every year, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) hosts the Hajj pilgrimage, which is the largest mass gathering in the world held on a recurrent annual basis.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0010"><label>•</label><p id="par0010">Infectious disease outbreaks at the annual Hajj pilgrimage are uncommon and have been controlled to a great extent.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0015"><label>•</label><p id="par0015">Crush injuries and stampedes, which can pose major risks at mass gatherings, are infrequent during the Hajj relative to its size and logistical complexity.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0020"><label>•</label><p id="par0020">The KSA runs a well-coordinated, inter-sectoral approach for the planning, communication, public health, and safety issues regarding the Hajj. Planning for Hajj starts soon after the end of the current Hajj and the KSA Ministry of Hajj and Ministry of Health liaise with governments of all countries from which pilgrims come to the KSA.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0025"><label>•</label><p id="par0025">The KSA also provides regular updated Hajj travel advice and liaises closely with international public health organizations and Hajj travel agencies.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0030"><label>•</label><p id="par0030">Recent alerts were raised for the prevailing global threats from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebola, influenza and other respiratory tract viruses, multidrug-resistant TB, and multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria.</p></list-item><list-item id="lsti0035"><label>•</label><p id="par0035">The value of the Hajj experience to planners of mass gatherings in sharing best practices is evident, but lessons can go beyond mass gatherings to inform other areas of public health that require inter-sectoral engagement, such as One Health and the control of antimicrobial resistance.</p></list-item></list></p></abstract><abstract id="abs0010"><title>Summary</title><p>Mass gatherings at religious events can pose major public health challenges, particularly the transmission of infectious diseases. Every year the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) hosts the Hajj pilgrimage, the largest gathering held on an annual basis where over 2 million people come to KSA from over 180 countries. Living together in crowded conditions exposes the pilgrims and the local population to a range infectious diseases. Respiratory and gastrointestinal tract bacterial and viral infections can spread rapidly and affect attendees of mass gatherings. Lethal infectious disease outbreaks were common during Hajj in the 19th and 20th centuries although they have now been controlled to a great extent by the huge investments made by the KSA into public health prevention and surveillance programs. The KSA provides regular updated Hajj travel advice and health regulations through international public health agencies such as the WHO, Public Health England, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Hajj travel agencies. During the Hajj, an additional 25 000 health workers are deployed; there are eight hospitals in Makkah and Mina complete with state-of-the-art surgical wards and intensive care units made specifically available for pilgrims. All medical facilities offer high quality of care, and services are offered free to Hajj pilgrims to ensure the risks of ill health to all pilgrims and KSA residents are minimal. A summary of the key health issues that arise in pilgrims from Europe during Hajj and of the KSA Hajj guidelines, together with other factors that may play a role in reducing the risks to pilgrims and to wider global health security, is provided herein.</p></abstract><kwd-group id="kwd0005"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Mass agthering</kwd><kwd>Hajj</kwd><kwd>public health</kwd><kwd>prevention</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Arabie saoudite</li><li>Danemark</li><li>Oman</li><li>Royaume-Uni</li><li>Singapour</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Grand Londres</li></region><settlement><li>Londres</li></settlement><orgName><li>University College de Londres</li><li>Université nationale de Singapour</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Shafi, Shuja" sort="Shafi, Shuja" uniqKey="Shafi S" first="Shuja" last="Shafi">Shuja Shafi</name></region><name sortKey="Dar, Osman" sort="Dar, Osman" uniqKey="Dar O" first="Osman" last="Dar">Osman Dar</name><name sortKey="Dar, Osman" sort="Dar, Osman" uniqKey="Dar O" first="Osman" last="Dar">Osman Dar</name><name sortKey="Khan, Minal" sort="Khan, Minal" uniqKey="Khan M" first="Minal" last="Khan">Minal Khan</name><name sortKey="Khan, Mishal" sort="Khan, Mishal" uniqKey="Khan M" first="Mishal" last="Khan">Mishal Khan</name><name sortKey="Mccloskey, Brian" sort="Mccloskey, Brian" uniqKey="Mccloskey B" first="Brian" last="Mccloskey">Brian Mccloskey</name><name sortKey="Zumla, Alimuddin" sort="Zumla, Alimuddin" uniqKey="Zumla A" first="Alimuddin" last="Zumla">Alimuddin Zumla</name></country><country name="Singapour"><noRegion><name sortKey="Khan, Mishal" sort="Khan, Mishal" uniqKey="Khan M" first="Mishal" last="Khan">Mishal Khan</name></noRegion></country><country name="Arabie saoudite"><noRegion><name sortKey="Azhar, Esam I" sort="Azhar, Esam I" uniqKey="Azhar E" first="Esam I." last="Azhar">Esam I. Azhar</name></noRegion></country><country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name></noRegion></country><country name="Oman"><noRegion><name sortKey="Petersen, Eskild" sort="Petersen, Eskild" uniqKey="Petersen E" first="Eskild" last="Petersen">Eskild Petersen</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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