Comparing Interviewer-Administered and Web-Based Food Frequency Questionnaires to Predict Energy Requirements in Adults
Identifieur interne : 000619 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000618; suivant : 000620Comparing Interviewer-Administered and Web-Based Food Frequency Questionnaires to Predict Energy Requirements in Adults
Auteurs : Didier Brassard [Canada] ; Simone Lemieux [Canada] ; Amélie Charest [Canada] ; Annie Lapointe [Canada] ; Patrick Couture ; Marie-Ève Labonté [Canada] ; Benoît Lamarche [Canada]Source :
- Nutrients [ 2072-6643 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
Traditional food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are influenced by systematic error, but web-based FFQ (WEB-FFQs) may mitigate this source of error. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of interview-based and web-based FFQs to assess energy requirements (mERs). The mER was measured in a series of controlled feeding trials in which participants daily received all foods and caloric drinks to maintain stable body weight over 4 to 6 weeks. FFQs assessing dietary intakes and hence mean energy intake were either interviewer-administered by a registered dietitian (IA-FFQ,
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DOI: 10.3390/nu10091292
PubMed: 30213092
PubMed Central: 6165380
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Labonté</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-10-01292">Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-10-01292">School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC G1V 0A6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lamarche, Benoit" sort="Lamarche, Benoit" uniqKey="Lamarche B" first="Benoît" last="Lamarche">Benoît Lamarche</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-10-01292">Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-10-01292">School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC G1V 0A6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">30213092</idno><idno type="pmc">6165380</idno><idno 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id="af1-nutrients-10-01292">Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-10-01292">School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC G1V 0A6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lemieux, Simone" sort="Lemieux, Simone" uniqKey="Lemieux S" first="Simone" last="Lemieux">Simone Lemieux</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-10-01292">Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-10-01292">School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC G1V 0A6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Charest, Amelie" sort="Charest, Amelie" uniqKey="Charest A" first="Amélie" last="Charest">Amélie Charest</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-10-01292">Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-10-01292">School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC G1V 0A6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lapointe, Annie" sort="Lapointe, Annie" uniqKey="Lapointe A" first="Annie" last="Lapointe">Annie Lapointe</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-10-01292">Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-10-01292">School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC G1V 0A6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Couture, Patrick" sort="Couture, Patrick" uniqKey="Couture P" first="Patrick" last="Couture">Patrick Couture</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-10-01292">Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Labonte, Marie Eve" sort="Labonte, Marie Eve" uniqKey="Labonte M" first="Marie-Ève" last="Labonté">Marie-Ève Labonté</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-10-01292">Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-10-01292">School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC G1V 0A6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lamarche, Benoit" sort="Lamarche, Benoit" uniqKey="Lamarche B" first="Benoît" last="Lamarche">Benoît Lamarche</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af1-nutrients-10-01292">Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-nutrients-10-01292">School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Canada</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>QC G1V 0A6</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Nutrients</title><idno type="eISSN">2072-6643</idno><imprint><date when="2018">2018</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Traditional food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are influenced by systematic error, but web-based FFQ (WEB-FFQs) may mitigate this source of error. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of interview-based and web-based FFQs to assess energy requirements (mERs). The mER was measured in a series of controlled feeding trials in which participants daily received all foods and caloric drinks to maintain stable body weight over 4 to 6 weeks. FFQs assessing dietary intakes and hence mean energy intake were either interviewer-administered by a registered dietitian (IA-FFQ, <italic>n</italic> = 127; control method) or self-administered using a web-based platform (WEB-FFQ, <italic>n</italic> = 200; test method), on a single occasion. Comparison between self-reported energy intake and mER revealed significant under-reporting with the IA-FFQ (−9.5%; 95% CI, −12.7 to −6.1) and with the WEB-FFQ (−11.0%; 95% CI, −15.4 to −6.4), but to a similar extent between FFQs (<italic>p</italic> = 0.62). However, a greater proportion of individuals were considered as accurate reporters of energy intake using the IA-FFQ compared with the WEB-FFQ (67.7% vs. 48.0%, respectively), while the prevalence of over-reporting was lower with the IA-FFQ than with the WEB-FFQ (6.3% vs. 17.5%, respectively). These results suggest less accurate prediction of true energy intake by a self-administered WEB-FFQ than with an IA-FFQ.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hebert, J R" uniqKey="Hebert J">J.R. Hébert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hurley, T G" uniqKey="Hurley T">T.G. Hurley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Steck, S E" uniqKey="Steck S">S.E. Steck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Miller, D R" uniqKey="Miller D">D.R. Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tabung, F K" uniqKey="Tabung F">F.K. Tabung</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peterson, K E" uniqKey="Peterson K">K.E. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Nutrients</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Nutrients</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">nutrients</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Nutrients</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2072-6643</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MDPI</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">30213092</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6165380</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/nu10091292</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">nutrients-10-01292</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Comparing Interviewer-Administered and Web-Based Food Frequency Questionnaires to Predict Energy Requirements in Adults</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7064-3066</contrib-id><name><surname>Brassard</surname><given-names>Didier</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-10-01292">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-10-01292">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lemieux</surname><given-names>Simone</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-10-01292">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-10-01292">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Charest</surname><given-names>Amélie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-10-01292">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-10-01292">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lapointe</surname><given-names>Annie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-10-01292">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-10-01292">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Couture</surname><given-names>Patrick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-10-01292">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9745-0443</contrib-id><name><surname>Labonté</surname><given-names>Marie-Ève</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-10-01292">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-10-01292">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="true">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4443-5378</contrib-id><name><surname>Lamarche</surname><given-names>Benoît</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-nutrients-10-01292">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-nutrients-10-01292">2</xref><xref rid="c1-nutrients-10-01292" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-nutrients-10-01292"><label>1</label>Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;<email>didier.brassard.1@ulaval.ca</email> (D.B.);<email>simone.lemieux@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (S.L.);<email>Amelie.Charest@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.C.);<email>Annie.Lapointe@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (A.L.);<email>patrick.couture@crchudequebec.ulaval.ca</email> (P.C.);<email>Marie-Eve.Labonte@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email> (M.-È.L.)</aff><aff id="af2-nutrients-10-01292"><label>2</label>School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-nutrients-10-01292"><label>*</label>Correspondence: <email>Benoit.Lamarche@fsaa.ulaval.ca</email>; Tel.: +1-418-656-2131 (ext. 4355)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>9</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>9</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>9</issue><elocation-id>1292</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>06</day><month>8</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>10</day><month>9</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2018 by the authors.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access"><license-p>Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>).</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Traditional food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are influenced by systematic error, but web-based FFQ (WEB-FFQs) may mitigate this source of error. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of interview-based and web-based FFQs to assess energy requirements (mERs). The mER was measured in a series of controlled feeding trials in which participants daily received all foods and caloric drinks to maintain stable body weight over 4 to 6 weeks. FFQs assessing dietary intakes and hence mean energy intake were either interviewer-administered by a registered dietitian (IA-FFQ, <italic>n</italic> = 127; control method) or self-administered using a web-based platform (WEB-FFQ, <italic>n</italic> = 200; test method), on a single occasion. Comparison between self-reported energy intake and mER revealed significant under-reporting with the IA-FFQ (−9.5%; 95% CI, −12.7 to −6.1) and with the WEB-FFQ (−11.0%; 95% CI, −15.4 to −6.4), but to a similar extent between FFQs (<italic>p</italic> = 0.62). However, a greater proportion of individuals were considered as accurate reporters of energy intake using the IA-FFQ compared with the WEB-FFQ (67.7% vs. 48.0%, respectively), while the prevalence of over-reporting was lower with the IA-FFQ than with the WEB-FFQ (6.3% vs. 17.5%, respectively). These results suggest less accurate prediction of true energy intake by a self-administered WEB-FFQ than with an IA-FFQ.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>food frequency questionnaire</kwd><kwd>dietary assessment</kwd><kwd>web</kwd><kwd>under-reporting</kwd><kwd>over-reporting</kwd><kwd>energy intake</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="nutrients-10-01292-f001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Flow chart of participants. FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; IA: interviewer-administered; rEI: reported energy intake.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-10-01292-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="nutrients-10-01292-f002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Log-binomial regression analysis showing prevalence ratios with 95% CI for under-reporting in: (<bold>a</bold>) women vs. men and; (<bold>b</bold>) in obese vs. non-obese individuals. Crude models are shown with circles and adjusted models are shown with triangles. Under-reporters are individuals of which their corresponding rEI:mER ratio is below 0.79. CI: confidence interval; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; IA: interviewer-administered.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="nutrients-10-01292-g002"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="nutrients-10-01292-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-10-01292-t001_Table 1</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Characteristics of the 327 men and women included in the analyses <sup>1</sup>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IA-FFQ</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WEB-FFQ</th><th rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic><sup>2</sup></th></tr><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic> = 127</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>N</italic> = 200</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Men</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 (40.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108 (54.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Women</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76 (59.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92 (46.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethnicity, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Caucasian</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">121 (95.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">172 (86.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Other</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (4.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (14.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age <sup>3</sup>, mean (SD) years</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40.9 (16.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44.5 (15.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 19–34, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (45.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67 (33.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 35–49, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (11.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (22.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> 50–70, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (43.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89 (44.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Time to completion, minutes</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42.9 (34.0 to 59.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body weight, mean (SD) kg</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.8 (16.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.6 (15.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass index, mean (SD) kg/m<sup>2</sup></td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25.8 (5.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.7 (4.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Normal, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69 (54.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (13.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Overweight, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31 (24.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">81 (40.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Obese, <italic>n</italic> (%)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (21.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92 (46.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Waist circumference, mean (SD) cm</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.4 (14.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.6 (11.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.0001</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup> Values are means (SD) for continuous variables except for time to completion which is median (interquartile range). FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; IA: interviewer-administered. <sup>2</sup><italic>p</italic> values indicate differences between the IA-FFQ and the WEB-FFQ, determined by Student’s <italic>t</italic> test or Chi-squared test. <sup>3</sup> Analyses were performed on log-transformed data.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="nutrients-10-01292-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-10-01292-t002_Table 2</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Comparison of reported energy intake (rEI) with measured energy requirement (mER) for maintenance of body weight during a controlled feeding phase of 4 to 6 weeks <sup>1</sup>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">rEI, kcal</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mER, kcal</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">∆ rEI-mER, kcal</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">∆ rEI-mER, % *</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spearman CC</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">IA-FFQ</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> All</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2413 ± 602</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2642 ± 558</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−229 (−324 to −133) †</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−9.5 (−12.7 to −6.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50 ‡</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"> Sex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Men</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2744 ± 605</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3161 ± 467</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−417 (−600 to −234) †</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−14.3 (−19.6 to −8.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.23</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Women</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2191 ± 491</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2294 ± 265</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−102 (−197 to −8) †</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.1 (−9.9 to −2.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.63 ‡</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"> BMI</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-obese</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2415 ± 610</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2594 ± 546</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−179 (−282 to −76) †</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−7.8 (−11.5 to −4.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.51 ‡</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Obese</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2409 ± 582</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2822 ± 573</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−413 (−649 to −176) †</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−15.3 (−21.9 to −8.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">WEB-FFQ</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> All</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2519 ± 962</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2684 ± 536</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−166 (−292 to −39) †</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−11.0 (−15.4 to −6.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.34 ‡</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"> Sex</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Men</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2764 ± 991</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3056 ± 414</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−292 (−469 to −116) †</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−14.9 (−20.5 to −8.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.40 ‡</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Women</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2231 ± 845</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2248 ± 265</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−17 (−198 to 163)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−6.3 (−13.1 to 1.1)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1"> BMI</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Non-obese</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2583 ± 1021</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2543 ± 520</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (−132 to 212)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−4.1 (−10.4 to 2.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.39 ‡</td></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Obese</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2443 ± 888</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2850 ± 508</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−407 (−585 to −230) †</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−18.5 (−24.3 to −12.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.27 ‡</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup> Values are means (SD) or means (95% CI). BMI: body mass index; CC: correlation coefficient; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; IA: interviewer-administered; mER: measured energy requirement; rEI: reported energy intake; ∆: delta. * Mean percentage differences between rEI and mER were calculated as 100× exponential (mean of log rEI − mean log mER value) – 100; † Indicates a significant difference with mean rEI as determined by mixed models, <italic>p</italic> < 0.05. Analyses were performed on log-transformed data. ‡ Indicates a significant correlation, <italic>p</italic> < 0.05.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="nutrients-10-01292-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="pii">nutrients-10-01292-t003_Table 3</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Prevalence of under- and over-reporting of energy intake according to agreement with measured energy requirements <sup>1</sup>.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FFQ Method</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>n</italic></th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Under-Reporters</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Accurate Reporters</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Over-Reporters</th><th align="center" valign="middle" style="border-top:solid thin;border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p *</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">All</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">127</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.0 (18.6 to 34.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.7 (58.9 to 75.7)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.3 (2.8 to 12.0)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.0005</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WEB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">200</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.5 (27.9 to 41.5)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.0 (40.9 to 55.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.5 (12.5 to 23.5)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">Sex</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"> Men</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3 (20.8 to 47.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">60.8 (46.1 to 74.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.9 (1.2 to 16.2)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.12</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WEB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38.0 (28.8 to 47.8)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.3 (36.7 to 56.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.7 (9.5 to 24.0)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"> Women</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.1 (12.5 to 31.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">72.4 (60.9 to 82.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.6 (2.2 to 14.7)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.0063</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WEB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.4 (21.3 to 40.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50.0 (39.4 to 60.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">19.6 (12.0 to 29.2)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="7" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1">BMI</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"> Non-obese</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.0 (16.0 to 33.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">69.0 (59.0 to 77.9)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.0 (2.9 to 13.9)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.0019</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WEB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">108</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.1 (16.4 to 33.3)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51.9 (42.0 to 61.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24.1 (16.4 to 33.3)</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2" align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1"> Obese</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">IA</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33.3 (16.5 to 54.0)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63.0 (42.4 to 80.6)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7 (0.1 to 19.0)</td><td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" colspan="1">0.24</td></tr><tr><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WEB</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">92</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.7 (36.3 to 57.4)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.5 (33.2 to 54.2)</td><td align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom:solid thin" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.8 (4.6 to 17.8)</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p><sup>1</sup> Values are percentages (95% CI). Accurate reporters are individuals of which their corresponding rEI:mER ratio are within the 95% confidence limits of an agreement ratio of 1.00. Under-reporters and over-reporters had a ratio below 0.79 and above 1.21, respectively. BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence intervals; FFQ: food frequency questionnaire; IA: interviewer-administered; mER: measured energy requirements; rEI: self-reported energy intake. * <italic>p</italic> values indicate at least one significant difference between the IA-FFQ and the WEB-FFQ as determined by the Chi-squared test.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc><affiliations><list><country><li>Canada</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Couture, Patrick" sort="Couture, Patrick" uniqKey="Couture P" first="Patrick" last="Couture">Patrick Couture</name></noCountry><country name="Canada"><noRegion><name sortKey="Brassard, Didier" sort="Brassard, Didier" uniqKey="Brassard D" first="Didier" last="Brassard">Didier Brassard</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Charest, Amelie" sort="Charest, Amelie" uniqKey="Charest A" first="Amélie" last="Charest">Amélie Charest</name><name sortKey="Labonte, Marie Eve" sort="Labonte, Marie Eve" uniqKey="Labonte M" first="Marie-Ève" last="Labonté">Marie-Ève Labonté</name><name sortKey="Lamarche, Benoit" sort="Lamarche, Benoit" uniqKey="Lamarche B" first="Benoît" last="Lamarche">Benoît Lamarche</name><name sortKey="Lapointe, Annie" sort="Lapointe, Annie" uniqKey="Lapointe A" first="Annie" last="Lapointe">Annie Lapointe</name><name sortKey="Lemieux, Simone" sort="Lemieux, Simone" uniqKey="Lemieux S" first="Simone" last="Lemieux">Simone Lemieux</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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