Genetic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-Cov) and Widespread Seroprevalence among Camels in Kenya
Identifieur interne : 000573 ( Pmc/Checkpoint ); précédent : 000572; suivant : 000574Genetic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-Cov) and Widespread Seroprevalence among Camels in Kenya
Auteurs : Sheila Ommeh [Kenya] ; Wei Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Ali Zohaib [République populaire de Chine] ; Jing Chen [République populaire de Chine] ; Huajun Zhang [République populaire de Chine] ; Ben Hu [République populaire de Chine] ; Xing-Yi Ge [République populaire de Chine] ; Xing-Lou Yang [République populaire de Chine] ; Moses Masika [Kenya] ; Vincent Obanda [Kenya] ; Yun Luo [République populaire de Chine] ; Shan Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Cecilia Waruhiu [République populaire de Chine] ; Bei Li [République populaire de Chine] ; Yan Zhu [République populaire de Chine] ; Desterio Ouma [Kenya] ; Vincent Odendo [Kenya] ; Lin-Fa Wang [Singapour] ; Danielle E. Anderson [Singapour] ; Jacqueline Lichoti [Kenya] ; Erick Mungube [Kenya] ; Francis Gakuya [Kenya] ; Peng Zhou [République populaire de Chine] ; Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa [Kenya] ; Bing Yan [République populaire de Chine] ; Bernard Agwanda [Kenya] ; Zheng-Li Shi [République populaire de Chine]Source :
- Virologica Sinica [ 1674-0769 ] ; 2018.
Abstract
We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. Currently, MERS-CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. Previous studies of MERS-CoV in Kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies. We conducted active nationwide cross-sectional surveillance of camels and humans in Kenya, targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1,163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018. A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels (82.37%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 79.50–84.91). More female camels were significantly seropositive (74.28%, 95% CI 71.14–77.19) than male camels (
The online version of this article (10.1007/s12250-018-0076-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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DOI: 10.1007/s12250-018-0076-4
PubMed: 30570714
PubMed Central: 6335226
Affiliations:
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<author><name sortKey="Mungube, Erick" sort="Mungube, Erick" uniqKey="Mungube E" first="Erick" last="Mungube">Erick Mungube</name>
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Nairobi, 57811-00200 Kenya</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Gakuya, Francis" sort="Gakuya, Francis" uniqKey="Gakuya F" first="Francis" last="Gakuya">Francis Gakuya</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Peng" sort="Zhou, Peng" uniqKey="Zhou P" first="Peng" last="Zhou">Peng Zhou</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Ngeiywa, Kisa Juma" sort="Ngeiywa, Kisa Juma" uniqKey="Ngeiywa K" first="Kisa-Juma" last="Ngeiywa">Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Yan, Bing" sort="Yan, Bing" uniqKey="Yan B" first="Bing" last="Yan">Bing Yan</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Agwanda, Bernard" sort="Agwanda, Bernard" uniqKey="Agwanda B" first="Bernard" last="Agwanda">Bernard Agwanda</name>
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<author><name sortKey="Shi, Zheng Li" sort="Shi, Zheng Li" uniqKey="Shi Z" first="Zheng-Li" last="Shi">Zheng-Li Shi</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Genetic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-Cov) and Widespread Seroprevalence among Camels in Kenya</title>
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Nairobi, 62000-00200 Kenya</nlm:aff>
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<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Wei" sort="Zhang, Wei" uniqKey="Zhang W" first="Wei" last="Zhang">Wei Zhang</name>
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Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
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</affiliation>
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<author><name sortKey="Zohaib, Ali" sort="Zohaib, Ali" uniqKey="Zohaib A" first="Ali" last="Zohaib">Ali Zohaib</name>
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<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Jing" sort="Chen, Jing" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jing" last="Chen">Jing Chen</name>
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</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhang, Huajun" sort="Zhang, Huajun" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Huajun" last="Zhang">Huajun Zhang</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
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<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hu, Ben" sort="Hu, Ben" uniqKey="Hu B" first="Ben" last="Hu">Ben Hu</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ge, Xing Yi" sort="Ge, Xing Yi" uniqKey="Ge X" first="Xing-Yi" last="Ge">Xing-Yi Ge</name>
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<institution>College of Biology,</institution>
<institution>Hunan University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Changsha, 410006 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Changsha</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yang, Xing Lou" sort="Yang, Xing Lou" uniqKey="Yang X" first="Xing-Lou" last="Yang">Xing-Lou Yang</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Masika, Moses" sort="Masika, Moses" uniqKey="Masika M" first="Moses" last="Masika">Moses Masika</name>
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<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10604.33</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Medical Microbiology,</institution>
<institution>University of Nairobi,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 30197-00100 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Obanda, Vincent" sort="Obanda, Vincent" uniqKey="Obanda V" first="Vincent" last="Obanda">Vincent Obanda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1318 3051</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452592.d</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 40241-00100 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Luo, Yun" sort="Luo, Yun" uniqKey="Luo Y" first="Yun" last="Luo">Yun Luo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 1925</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Shan" sort="Li, Shan" uniqKey="Li S" first="Shan" last="Li">Shan Li</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 1925</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waruhiu, Cecilia" sort="Waruhiu, Cecilia" uniqKey="Waruhiu C" first="Cecilia" last="Waruhiu">Cecilia Waruhiu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 1925</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Bei" sort="Li, Bei" uniqKey="Li B" first="Bei" last="Li">Bei Li</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 1925</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhu, Yan" sort="Zhu, Yan" uniqKey="Zhu Y" first="Yan" last="Zhu">Yan Zhu</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 1925</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ouma, Desterio" sort="Ouma, Desterio" uniqKey="Ouma D" first="Desterio" last="Ouma">Desterio Ouma</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9682 2316</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419751.f</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 57811-00200 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Odendo, Vincent" sort="Odendo, Vincent" uniqKey="Odendo V" first="Vincent" last="Odendo">Vincent Odendo</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9682 2316</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419751.f</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 57811-00200 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Lin Fa" sort="Wang, Lin Fa" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lin-Fa" last="Wang">Lin-Fa Wang</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0385 0924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.428397.3</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Services Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Singapore, 169857 Singapore</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anderson, Danielle E" sort="Anderson, Danielle E" uniqKey="Anderson D" first="Danielle E." last="Anderson">Danielle E. Anderson</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff7"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0385 0924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.428397.3</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Services Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Singapore, 169857 Singapore</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Singapour</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Singapore</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lichoti, Jacqueline" sort="Lichoti, Jacqueline" uniqKey="Lichoti J" first="Jacqueline" last="Lichoti">Jacqueline Lichoti</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.463427.0</institution-id>
<institution>Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock,</institution>
<institution>Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and Irrigation,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 34188-00100 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mungube, Erick" sort="Mungube, Erick" uniqKey="Mungube E" first="Erick" last="Mungube">Erick Mungube</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff6"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9682 2316</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419751.f</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 57811-00200 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gakuya, Francis" sort="Gakuya, Francis" uniqKey="Gakuya F" first="Francis" last="Gakuya">Francis Gakuya</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff5"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1318 3051</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452592.d</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 40241-00100 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhou, Peng" sort="Zhou, Peng" uniqKey="Zhou P" first="Peng" last="Zhou">Peng Zhou</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 1925</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ngeiywa, Kisa Juma" sort="Ngeiywa, Kisa Juma" uniqKey="Ngeiywa K" first="Kisa-Juma" last="Ngeiywa">Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff8"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.463427.0</institution-id>
<institution>Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock,</institution>
<institution>Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and Irrigation,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 34188-00100 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff9">Kenya Camel Association, Nairobi, 30095-00100 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Kenya Camel Association, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yan, Bing" sort="Yan, Bing" uniqKey="Yan B" first="Bing" last="Yan">Bing Yan</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 1925</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Agwanda, Bernard" sort="Agwanda, Bernard" uniqKey="Agwanda B" first="Bernard" last="Agwanda">Bernard Agwanda</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff10"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.425505.3</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Zoology,</institution>
<institution>National Museums of Kenya,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 40658-00100 Kenya</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Nairobi</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shi, Zheng Li" sort="Shi, Zheng Li" uniqKey="Shi Z" first="Zheng-Li" last="Shi">Zheng-Li Shi</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 1925</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Wuhan</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Virologica Sinica</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1674-0769</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1995-820X</idno>
<imprint><date when="2018">2018</date>
</imprint>
</series>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p id="Par1">We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. Currently, MERS-CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. Previous studies of MERS-CoV in Kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies. We conducted active nationwide cross-sectional surveillance of camels and humans in Kenya, targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1,163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018. A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels (82.37%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 79.50–84.91). More female camels were significantly seropositive (74.28%, 95% CI 71.14–77.19) than male camels (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.001) (53.74%, 95% CI 48.48–58.90). Only 11 camel nasal swabs were positive for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences showed that Kenyan MERS-CoV clustered within sub-clade C2, which is associated with the African clade, but did not contain signature deletions of <italic>orf4b</italic>
in African viruses. None of the human plasma screened contained neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. This study confirms the geographically widespread occurrence of MERS-CoV in Kenyan camels. Further one-health surveillance approaches in camels, wildlife, and human populations are needed.</p>
<sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (10.1007/s12250-018-0076-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Virol Sin</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Virologica Sinica</journal-title>
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<issn pub-type="epub">1995-820X</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Springer Singapore</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Singapore</publisher-loc>
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<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">6335226</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">76</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12250-018-0076-4</article-id>
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<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff3">3</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yang</surname>
<given-names>Xing-Lou</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Masika</surname>
<given-names>Moses</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff4">4</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Obanda</surname>
<given-names>Vincent</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Luo</surname>
<given-names>Yun</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Shan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Waruhiu</surname>
<given-names>Cecilia</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Bei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname>
<given-names>Yan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ouma</surname>
<given-names>Desterio</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Odendo</surname>
<given-names>Vincent</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname>
<given-names>Lin-Fa</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Anderson</surname>
<given-names>Danielle E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff7">7</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lichoti</surname>
<given-names>Jacqueline</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8">8</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mungube</surname>
<given-names>Erick</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff6">6</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gakuya</surname>
<given-names>Francis</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff5">5</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhou</surname>
<given-names>Peng</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ngeiywa</surname>
<given-names>Kisa-Juma</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff8">8</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff9">9</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yan</surname>
<given-names>Bing</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4135-4537</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Agwanda</surname>
<given-names>Bernard</given-names>
</name>
<address><phone>+254-722280955</phone>
<email>bagwanda@museums.or.ke</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff10">10</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8089-163X</contrib-id>
<name><surname>Shi</surname>
<given-names>Zheng-Li</given-names>
</name>
<address><phone>+86-27-87197240</phone>
<email>zlshi@wh.iov.cn</email>
</address>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="Aff1"><label>1</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9146 7108</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.411943.a</institution-id>
<institution>Institute for Biotechnology Research, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 62000-00200 Kenya</aff>
<aff id="Aff2"><label>2</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1798 1925</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.439104.b</institution-id>
<institution>CAS Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens and Biosafety,</institution>
<institution>Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Wuhan, 430071 China</aff>
<aff id="Aff3"><label>3</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.67293.39</institution-id>
<institution>College of Biology,</institution>
<institution>Hunan University,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Changsha, 410006 China</aff>
<aff id="Aff4"><label>4</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 2019 0495</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10604.33</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Medical Microbiology,</institution>
<institution>University of Nairobi,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 30197-00100 Kenya</aff>
<aff id="Aff5"><label>5</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 1318 3051</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.452592.d</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 40241-00100 Kenya</aff>
<aff id="Aff6"><label>6</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0000 9682 2316</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.419751.f</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Research Institute, Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Research Organization,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 57811-00200 Kenya</aff>
<aff id="Aff7"><label>7</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 0385 0924</institution-id>
<institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.428397.3</institution-id>
<institution>Veterinary Services Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Singapore, 169857 Singapore</aff>
<aff id="Aff8"><label>8</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.463427.0</institution-id>
<institution>Directorate of Veterinary Services, State Department of Livestock,</institution>
<institution>Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock Fisheries and Irrigation,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 34188-00100 Kenya</aff>
<aff id="Aff9"><label>9</label>
Kenya Camel Association, Nairobi, 30095-00100 Kenya</aff>
<aff id="Aff10"><label>10</label>
<institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.425505.3</institution-id>
<institution>Department of Zoology,</institution>
<institution>National Museums of Kenya,</institution>
</institution-wrap>
Nairobi, 40658-00100 Kenya</aff>
</contrib-group>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="pmc-release"><day>20</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month>
<year>2018</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>33</volume>
<issue>6</issue>
<fpage>484</fpage>
<lpage>492</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>11</day>
<month>10</month>
<year>2018</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2018</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>© The Author(s) 2018</copyright-statement>
<license license-type="OpenAccess"><license-p><bold>Open Access</bold>
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract id="Abs1"><p id="Par1">We describe the first genome isolation of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Kenya. This fatal zoonotic pathogen was first described in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. Epidemiological and molecular evidence revealed zoonotic transmission from camels to humans and between humans. Currently, MERS-CoV is classified by the WHO as having high pandemic potential requiring greater surveillance. Previous studies of MERS-CoV in Kenya mainly focused on site-specific and archived camel and human serum samples for antibodies. We conducted active nationwide cross-sectional surveillance of camels and humans in Kenya, targeting both nasal swabs and plasma samples from 1,163 camels and 486 humans collected from January 2016 to June 2018. A total of 792 camel plasma samples were positive by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest prevalence was observed in adult camels (82.37%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 79.50–84.91). More female camels were significantly seropositive (74.28%, 95% CI 71.14–77.19) than male camels (<italic>P</italic>
< 0.001) (53.74%, 95% CI 48.48–58.90). Only 11 camel nasal swabs were positive for MERS-CoV by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences showed that Kenyan MERS-CoV clustered within sub-clade C2, which is associated with the African clade, but did not contain signature deletions of <italic>orf4b</italic>
in African viruses. None of the human plasma screened contained neutralizing antibodies against MERS-CoV. This study confirms the geographically widespread occurrence of MERS-CoV in Kenyan camels. Further one-health surveillance approaches in camels, wildlife, and human populations are needed.</p>
<sec><title>Electronic supplementary material</title>
<p>The online version of this article (10.1007/s12250-018-0076-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.</p>
</sec>
</abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title>
<kwd>Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)</kwd>
<kwd>One-health</kwd>
<kwd>Public health</kwd>
<kwd>Zoonosis</kwd>
<kwd>Kenya</kwd>
</kwd-group>
<custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-copyright-statement</meta-name>
<meta-value>© Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS 2018</meta-value>
</custom-meta>
</custom-meta-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
</pmc>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Kenya</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Singapour</li>
</country>
</list>
<tree><country name="Kenya"><noRegion><name sortKey="Ommeh, Sheila" sort="Ommeh, Sheila" uniqKey="Ommeh S" first="Sheila" last="Ommeh">Sheila Ommeh</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Agwanda, Bernard" sort="Agwanda, Bernard" uniqKey="Agwanda B" first="Bernard" last="Agwanda">Bernard Agwanda</name>
<name sortKey="Gakuya, Francis" sort="Gakuya, Francis" uniqKey="Gakuya F" first="Francis" last="Gakuya">Francis Gakuya</name>
<name sortKey="Lichoti, Jacqueline" sort="Lichoti, Jacqueline" uniqKey="Lichoti J" first="Jacqueline" last="Lichoti">Jacqueline Lichoti</name>
<name sortKey="Masika, Moses" sort="Masika, Moses" uniqKey="Masika M" first="Moses" last="Masika">Moses Masika</name>
<name sortKey="Mungube, Erick" sort="Mungube, Erick" uniqKey="Mungube E" first="Erick" last="Mungube">Erick Mungube</name>
<name sortKey="Ngeiywa, Kisa Juma" sort="Ngeiywa, Kisa Juma" uniqKey="Ngeiywa K" first="Kisa-Juma" last="Ngeiywa">Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa</name>
<name sortKey="Ngeiywa, Kisa Juma" sort="Ngeiywa, Kisa Juma" uniqKey="Ngeiywa K" first="Kisa-Juma" last="Ngeiywa">Kisa-Juma Ngeiywa</name>
<name sortKey="Obanda, Vincent" sort="Obanda, Vincent" uniqKey="Obanda V" first="Vincent" last="Obanda">Vincent Obanda</name>
<name sortKey="Odendo, Vincent" sort="Odendo, Vincent" uniqKey="Odendo V" first="Vincent" last="Odendo">Vincent Odendo</name>
<name sortKey="Ouma, Desterio" sort="Ouma, Desterio" uniqKey="Ouma D" first="Desterio" last="Ouma">Desterio Ouma</name>
</country>
<country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Zhang, Wei" sort="Zhang, Wei" uniqKey="Zhang W" first="Wei" last="Zhang">Wei Zhang</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Chen, Jing" sort="Chen, Jing" uniqKey="Chen J" first="Jing" last="Chen">Jing Chen</name>
<name sortKey="Ge, Xing Yi" sort="Ge, Xing Yi" uniqKey="Ge X" first="Xing-Yi" last="Ge">Xing-Yi Ge</name>
<name sortKey="Hu, Ben" sort="Hu, Ben" uniqKey="Hu B" first="Ben" last="Hu">Ben Hu</name>
<name sortKey="Li, Bei" sort="Li, Bei" uniqKey="Li B" first="Bei" last="Li">Bei Li</name>
<name sortKey="Li, Shan" sort="Li, Shan" uniqKey="Li S" first="Shan" last="Li">Shan Li</name>
<name sortKey="Luo, Yun" sort="Luo, Yun" uniqKey="Luo Y" first="Yun" last="Luo">Yun Luo</name>
<name sortKey="Shi, Zheng Li" sort="Shi, Zheng Li" uniqKey="Shi Z" first="Zheng-Li" last="Shi">Zheng-Li Shi</name>
<name sortKey="Waruhiu, Cecilia" sort="Waruhiu, Cecilia" uniqKey="Waruhiu C" first="Cecilia" last="Waruhiu">Cecilia Waruhiu</name>
<name sortKey="Yan, Bing" sort="Yan, Bing" uniqKey="Yan B" first="Bing" last="Yan">Bing Yan</name>
<name sortKey="Yang, Xing Lou" sort="Yang, Xing Lou" uniqKey="Yang X" first="Xing-Lou" last="Yang">Xing-Lou Yang</name>
<name sortKey="Zhang, Huajun" sort="Zhang, Huajun" uniqKey="Zhang H" first="Huajun" last="Zhang">Huajun Zhang</name>
<name sortKey="Zhou, Peng" sort="Zhou, Peng" uniqKey="Zhou P" first="Peng" last="Zhou">Peng Zhou</name>
<name sortKey="Zhu, Yan" sort="Zhu, Yan" uniqKey="Zhu Y" first="Yan" last="Zhu">Yan Zhu</name>
<name sortKey="Zohaib, Ali" sort="Zohaib, Ali" uniqKey="Zohaib A" first="Ali" last="Zohaib">Ali Zohaib</name>
</country>
<country name="Singapour"><noRegion><name sortKey="Wang, Lin Fa" sort="Wang, Lin Fa" uniqKey="Wang L" first="Lin-Fa" last="Wang">Lin-Fa Wang</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Anderson, Danielle E" sort="Anderson, Danielle E" uniqKey="Anderson D" first="Danielle E." last="Anderson">Danielle E. Anderson</name>
</country>
</tree>
</affiliations>
</record>
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