Rapid phylogenetic and functional classification of short genomic fragments with signature peptides
Identifieur interne : 000989 ( Ncbi/Merge ); précédent : 000988; suivant : 000990Rapid phylogenetic and functional classification of short genomic fragments with signature peptides
Auteurs : Joel Berendzen [États-Unis] ; William J. Bruno [États-Unis] ; Judith D. Cohn [États-Unis] ; Nicolas W. Hengartner [États-Unis] ; Cheryl R. Kuske [États-Unis] ; Benjamin H. Mcmahon [États-Unis] ; Murray A. Wolinsky [États-Unis] ; Gary Xie [États-Unis]Source :
- BMC Research Notes [ 1756-0500 ] ; 2012.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Alignement de séquences, Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes, Analyse de séquence d'ADN, Bases de données génétiques, DNA-directed RNA polymerases (), DNA-directed RNA polymerases (génétique), Génome bactérien, Microbiologie du sol, Métagénomique (), Oligopeptides (), Oligopeptides (génétique), Phylogénie, Protéines bactériennes (), Protéines bactériennes (génétique), Similitude de séquences d'acides nucléiques, Spécificité d'espèce, Séquence nucléotidique, Transcriptome.
- MESH :
- génétique : DNA-directed RNA polymerases, Oligopeptides, Protéines bactériennes.
- Alignement de séquences, Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes, Analyse de séquence d'ADN, Bases de données génétiques, DNA-directed RNA polymerases, Génome bactérien, Microbiologie du sol, Métagénomique, Oligopeptides, Phylogénie, Protéines bactériennes, Similitude de séquences d'acides nucléiques, Spécificité d'espèce, Séquence nucléotidique, Transcriptome.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Bacterial Proteins (classification), Bacterial Proteins (genetics), Base Sequence, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases (classification), DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases (genetics), Databases, Genetic, Gene Expression Profiling, Genome, Bacterial, Metagenomics (methods), Oligopeptides (classification), Oligopeptides (genetics), Phylogeny, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Soil Microbiology, Species Specificity, Transcriptome.
- MESH :
- chemical , classification : Bacterial Proteins, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, Oligopeptides.
- chemical , genetics : Bacterial Proteins, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, Oligopeptides.
- methods : Metagenomics.
- Base Sequence, Databases, Genetic, Gene Expression Profiling, Genome, Bacterial, Phylogeny, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Soil Microbiology, Species Specificity, Transcriptome.
Abstract
Classification is difficult for shotgun metagenomics data from environments such as soils, where the diversity of sequences is high and where reference sequences from close relatives may not exist. Approaches based on sequence-similarity scores must deal with the confounding effects that inheritance and functional pressures exert on the relation between scores and phylogenetic distance, while approaches based on sequence alignment and tree-building are typically limited to a small fraction of gene families. We describe an approach based on finding one or more exact matches between a read and a precomputed set of peptide 10-mers.
At even the largest phylogenetic distances, thousands of 10-mer peptide exact matches can be found between pairs of bacterial genomes. Genes that share one or more peptide 10-mers typically have high reciprocal BLAST scores. Among a set of 403 representative bacterial genomes, some 20 million 10-mer peptides were found to be shared. We assign each of these peptides as a signature of a particular node in a phylogenetic reference tree based on the RNA polymerase genes. We classify the phylogeny of a genomic fragment (e.g., read) at the most specific node on the reference tree that is consistent with the phylogeny of observed signature peptides it contains. Using both synthetic data from four newly-sequenced soil-bacterium genomes and ten real soil metagenomics data sets, we demonstrate a sensitivity and specificity comparable to that of the MEGAN metagenomics analysis package using BLASTX against the NR database. Phylogenetic and functional similarity metrics applied to real metagenomics data indicates a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 400 for distinguishing among environments. Our method assigns ~6.6 Gbp/hr on a single CPU, compared with 25 kbp/hr for methods based on BLASTX against the NR database.
Classification by exact matching against a precomputed list of signature peptides provides comparable results to existing techniques for reads longer than about 300 bp and does not degrade severely with shorter reads. Orders of magnitude faster than existing methods, the approach is suitable now for inclusion in analysis pipelines and appears to be extensible in several different directions.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-460
PubMed: 22925230
PubMed Central: 3772700
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PMC:3772700Le document en format XML
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins (classification)</term>
<term>Bacterial Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases (classification)</term>
<term>DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases (genetics)</term>
<term>Databases, Genetic</term>
<term>Gene Expression Profiling</term>
<term>Genome, Bacterial</term>
<term>Metagenomics (methods)</term>
<term>Oligopeptides (classification)</term>
<term>Oligopeptides (genetics)</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Sequence Alignment</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term>
<term>Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid</term>
<term>Soil Microbiology</term>
<term>Species Specificity</term>
<term>Transcriptome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Alignement de séquences</term>
<term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term>
<term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term>
<term>Bases de données génétiques</term>
<term>DNA-directed RNA polymerases ()</term>
<term>DNA-directed RNA polymerases (génétique)</term>
<term>Génome bactérien</term>
<term>Microbiologie du sol</term>
<term>Métagénomique ()</term>
<term>Oligopeptides ()</term>
<term>Oligopeptides (génétique)</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes ()</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes (génétique)</term>
<term>Similitude de séquences d'acides nucléiques</term>
<term>Spécificité d'espèce</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Transcriptome</term>
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<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term>
<term>DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases</term>
<term>Oligopeptides</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term>
<term>DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases</term>
<term>Oligopeptides</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>DNA-directed RNA polymerases</term>
<term>Oligopeptides</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Metagenomics</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Databases, Genetic</term>
<term>Gene Expression Profiling</term>
<term>Genome, Bacterial</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Sequence Alignment</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term>
<term>Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid</term>
<term>Soil Microbiology</term>
<term>Species Specificity</term>
<term>Transcriptome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Alignement de séquences</term>
<term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term>
<term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term>
<term>Bases de données génétiques</term>
<term>DNA-directed RNA polymerases</term>
<term>Génome bactérien</term>
<term>Microbiologie du sol</term>
<term>Métagénomique</term>
<term>Oligopeptides</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes</term>
<term>Similitude de séquences d'acides nucléiques</term>
<term>Spécificité d'espèce</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Classification is difficult for shotgun metagenomics data from environments such as soils, where the diversity of sequences is high and where reference sequences from close relatives may not exist. Approaches based on sequence-similarity scores must deal with the confounding effects that inheritance and functional pressures exert on the relation between scores and phylogenetic distance, while approaches based on sequence alignment and tree-building are typically limited to a small fraction of gene families. We describe an approach based on finding one or more exact matches between a read and a precomputed set of peptide 10-mers.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>At even the largest phylogenetic distances, thousands of 10-mer peptide exact matches can be found between pairs of bacterial genomes. Genes that share one or more peptide 10-mers typically have high reciprocal BLAST scores. Among a set of 403 representative bacterial genomes, some 20 million 10-mer peptides were found to be shared. We assign each of these peptides as a signature of a particular node in a phylogenetic reference tree based on the RNA polymerase genes. We classify the phylogeny of a genomic fragment (e.g., read) at the most specific node on the reference tree that is consistent with the phylogeny of observed signature peptides it contains. Using both synthetic data from four newly-sequenced soil-bacterium genomes and ten real soil metagenomics data sets, we demonstrate a sensitivity and specificity comparable to that of the MEGAN metagenomics analysis package using BLASTX against the NR database. Phylogenetic and functional similarity metrics applied to real metagenomics data indicates a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 400 for distinguishing among environments. Our method assigns ~6.6 Gbp/hr on a single CPU, compared with 25 kbp/hr for methods based on BLASTX against the NR database.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Classification by exact matching against a precomputed list of signature peptides provides comparable results to existing techniques for reads longer than about 300 bp and does not degrade severely with shorter reads. Orders of magnitude faster than existing methods, the approach is suitable now for inclusion in analysis pipelines and appears to be extensible in several different directions.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<author><name sortKey="Cohn, Judith D" sort="Cohn, Judith D" uniqKey="Cohn J" first="Judith D" last="Cohn">Judith D. Cohn</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I3">Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, MS B256, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, MS B256, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Nouveau-Mexique</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hengartner, Nicolas W" sort="Hengartner, Nicolas W" uniqKey="Hengartner N" first="Nicolas W" last="Hengartner">Nicolas W. Hengartner</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I3">Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, MS B256, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Computer, Computational, and Statistical Sciences Division, MS B256, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Nouveau-Mexique</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuske, Cheryl R" sort="Kuske, Cheryl R" uniqKey="Kuske C" first="Cheryl R" last="Kuske">Cheryl R. Kuske</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I4">Bioscience Division, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bioscience Division, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Nouveau-Mexique</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Benjamin H" sort="Mcmahon, Benjamin H" uniqKey="Mcmahon B" first="Benjamin H" last="Mcmahon">Benjamin H. Mcmahon</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I2">Theoretical Division, MS K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Theoretical Division, MS K710, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Nouveau-Mexique</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolinsky, Murray A" sort="Wolinsky, Murray A" uniqKey="Wolinsky M" first="Murray A" last="Wolinsky">Murray A. Wolinsky</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I4">Bioscience Division, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bioscience Division, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Nouveau-Mexique</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, Gary" sort="Xie, Gary" uniqKey="Xie G" first="Gary" last="Xie">Gary Xie</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="I4">Bioscience Division, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Bioscience Division, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545</wicri:regionArea>
<placeName><region type="state">Nouveau-Mexique</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">BMC Research Notes</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1756-0500</idno>
<imprint><date when="2012">2012</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
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<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title>
<p>Classification is difficult for shotgun metagenomics data from environments such as soils, where the diversity of sequences is high and where reference sequences from close relatives may not exist. Approaches based on sequence-similarity scores must deal with the confounding effects that inheritance and functional pressures exert on the relation between scores and phylogenetic distance, while approaches based on sequence alignment and tree-building are typically limited to a small fraction of gene families. We describe an approach based on finding one or more exact matches between a read and a precomputed set of peptide 10-mers.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Results</title>
<p>At even the largest phylogenetic distances, thousands of 10-mer peptide exact matches can be found between pairs of bacterial genomes. Genes that share one or more peptide 10-mers typically have high reciprocal BLAST scores. Among a set of 403 representative bacterial genomes, some 20 million 10-mer peptides were found to be shared. We assign each of these peptides as a signature of a particular node in a phylogenetic reference tree based on the RNA polymerase genes. We classify the phylogeny of a genomic fragment (e.g., read) at the most specific node on the reference tree that is consistent with the phylogeny of observed signature peptides it contains. Using both synthetic data from four newly-sequenced soil-bacterium genomes and ten real soil metagenomics data sets, we demonstrate a sensitivity and specificity comparable to that of the MEGAN metagenomics analysis package using BLASTX against the NR database. Phylogenetic and functional similarity metrics applied to real metagenomics data indicates a signal-to-noise ratio of approximately 400 for distinguishing among environments. Our method assigns ~6.6 Gbp/hr on a single CPU, compared with 25 kbp/hr for methods based on BLASTX against the NR database.</p>
</sec>
<sec><title>Conclusions</title>
<p>Classification by exact matching against a precomputed list of signature peptides provides comparable results to existing techniques for reads longer than about 300 bp and does not degrade severely with shorter reads. Orders of magnitude faster than existing methods, the approach is suitable now for inclusion in analysis pipelines and appears to be extensible in several different directions.</p>
</sec>
</div>
</front>
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<pubmed><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Rapid phylogenetic and functional classification of short genomic fragments with signature peptides.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Berendzen, Joel" sort="Berendzen, Joel" uniqKey="Berendzen J" first="Joel" last="Berendzen">Joel Berendzen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Physics Division, MS D454, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM87545, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Physics Division, MS D454, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM87545</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Los Alamos NM87545</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruno, William J" sort="Bruno, William J" uniqKey="Bruno W" first="William J" last="Bruno">William J. Bruno</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cohn, Judith D" sort="Cohn, Judith D" uniqKey="Cohn J" first="Judith D" last="Cohn">Judith D. Cohn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hengartner, Nicolas W" sort="Hengartner, Nicolas W" uniqKey="Hengartner N" first="Nicolas W" last="Hengartner">Nicolas W. Hengartner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuske, Cheryl R" sort="Kuske, Cheryl R" uniqKey="Kuske C" first="Cheryl R" last="Kuske">Cheryl R. Kuske</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Benjamin H" sort="Mcmahon, Benjamin H" uniqKey="Mcmahon B" first="Benjamin H" last="Mcmahon">Benjamin H. Mcmahon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolinsky, Murray A" sort="Wolinsky, Murray A" uniqKey="Wolinsky M" first="Murray A" last="Wolinsky">Murray A. Wolinsky</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, Gary" sort="Xie, Gary" uniqKey="Xie G" first="Gary" last="Xie">Gary Xie</name>
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<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Rapid phylogenetic and functional classification of short genomic fragments with signature peptides.</title>
<author><name sortKey="Berendzen, Joel" sort="Berendzen, Joel" uniqKey="Berendzen J" first="Joel" last="Berendzen">Joel Berendzen</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Physics Division, MS D454, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM87545, USA.</nlm:affiliation>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Physics Division, MS D454, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos NM87545</wicri:regionArea>
<wicri:noRegion>Los Alamos NM87545</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruno, William J" sort="Bruno, William J" uniqKey="Bruno W" first="William J" last="Bruno">William J. Bruno</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cohn, Judith D" sort="Cohn, Judith D" uniqKey="Cohn J" first="Judith D" last="Cohn">Judith D. Cohn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hengartner, Nicolas W" sort="Hengartner, Nicolas W" uniqKey="Hengartner N" first="Nicolas W" last="Hengartner">Nicolas W. Hengartner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kuske, Cheryl R" sort="Kuske, Cheryl R" uniqKey="Kuske C" first="Cheryl R" last="Kuske">Cheryl R. Kuske</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcmahon, Benjamin H" sort="Mcmahon, Benjamin H" uniqKey="Mcmahon B" first="Benjamin H" last="Mcmahon">Benjamin H. Mcmahon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolinsky, Murray A" sort="Wolinsky, Murray A" uniqKey="Wolinsky M" first="Murray A" last="Wolinsky">Murray A. Wolinsky</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xie, Gary" sort="Xie, Gary" uniqKey="Xie G" first="Gary" last="Xie">Gary Xie</name>
</author>
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<series><title level="j">BMC research notes</title>
<idno type="eISSN">1756-0500</idno>
<imprint><date when="2012" type="published">2012</date>
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<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins (classification)</term>
<term>Bacterial Proteins (genetics)</term>
<term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases (classification)</term>
<term>DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases (genetics)</term>
<term>Databases, Genetic</term>
<term>Gene Expression Profiling</term>
<term>Genome, Bacterial</term>
<term>Metagenomics (methods)</term>
<term>Oligopeptides (classification)</term>
<term>Oligopeptides (genetics)</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Sequence Alignment</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term>
<term>Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid</term>
<term>Soil Microbiology</term>
<term>Species Specificity</term>
<term>Transcriptome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Alignement de séquences</term>
<term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term>
<term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term>
<term>Bases de données génétiques</term>
<term>DNA-directed RNA polymerases ()</term>
<term>DNA-directed RNA polymerases (génétique)</term>
<term>Génome bactérien</term>
<term>Microbiologie du sol</term>
<term>Métagénomique ()</term>
<term>Oligopeptides ()</term>
<term>Oligopeptides (génétique)</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes ()</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes (génétique)</term>
<term>Similitude de séquences d'acides nucléiques</term>
<term>Spécificité d'espèce</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Transcriptome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="classification" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term>
<term>DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases</term>
<term>Oligopeptides</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="genetics" xml:lang="en"><term>Bacterial Proteins</term>
<term>DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases</term>
<term>Oligopeptides</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="génétique" xml:lang="fr"><term>DNA-directed RNA polymerases</term>
<term>Oligopeptides</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Metagenomics</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Base Sequence</term>
<term>Databases, Genetic</term>
<term>Gene Expression Profiling</term>
<term>Genome, Bacterial</term>
<term>Phylogeny</term>
<term>Sequence Alignment</term>
<term>Sequence Analysis, DNA</term>
<term>Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid</term>
<term>Soil Microbiology</term>
<term>Species Specificity</term>
<term>Transcriptome</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Alignement de séquences</term>
<term>Analyse de profil d'expression de gènes</term>
<term>Analyse de séquence d'ADN</term>
<term>Bases de données génétiques</term>
<term>DNA-directed RNA polymerases</term>
<term>Génome bactérien</term>
<term>Microbiologie du sol</term>
<term>Métagénomique</term>
<term>Oligopeptides</term>
<term>Phylogénie</term>
<term>Protéines bactériennes</term>
<term>Similitude de séquences d'acides nucléiques</term>
<term>Spécificité d'espèce</term>
<term>Séquence nucléotidique</term>
<term>Transcriptome</term>
</keywords>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Classification is difficult for shotgun metagenomics data from environments such as soils, where the diversity of sequences is high and where reference sequences from close relatives may not exist. Approaches based on sequence-similarity scores must deal with the confounding effects that inheritance and functional pressures exert on the relation between scores and phylogenetic distance, while approaches based on sequence alignment and tree-building are typically limited to a small fraction of gene families. We describe an approach based on finding one or more exact matches between a read and a precomputed set of peptide 10-mers.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
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