Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium: a multifaceted approach to endometrial inflammation. Current insights and future directions</title><author><name sortKey="Drizi, Amal" sort="Drizi, Amal" uniqKey="Drizi A" first="Amal" last="Drizi">Amal Drizi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Independent consultant in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Algiers, Algeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Djokovic, Dusan" sort="Djokovic, Dusan" uniqKey="Djokovic D" first="Dusan" last="Djokovic">Dusan Djokovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nova Medical School – Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital S. Francisco Xavier – Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagana, Antonio Simone" sort="Lagana, Antonio Simone" uniqKey="Lagana A" first="Antonio Simone" last="Laganà">Antonio Simone Laganà</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Herendael, Bruno" sort="Van Herendael, Bruno" uniqKey="Van Herendael B" first="Bruno" last="Van Herendael">Bruno Van Herendael</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Stuivenberg General Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">32802019</idno><idno type="pmc">7422289</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7422289</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:7422289</idno><idno type="doi">10.5114/pm.2020.97863</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000313</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000313</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium: a multifaceted approach to endometrial inflammation. Current insights and future directions</title><author><name sortKey="Drizi, Amal" sort="Drizi, Amal" uniqKey="Drizi A" first="Amal" last="Drizi">Amal Drizi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Independent consultant in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Algiers, Algeria</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Djokovic, Dusan" sort="Djokovic, Dusan" uniqKey="Djokovic D" first="Dusan" last="Djokovic">Dusan Djokovic</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nova Medical School – Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital S. Francisco Xavier – Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lagana, Antonio Simone" sort="Lagana, Antonio Simone" uniqKey="Lagana A" first="Antonio Simone" last="Laganà">Antonio Simone Laganà</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4">Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Herendael, Bruno" sort="Van Herendael, Bruno" uniqKey="Van Herendael B" first="Bruno" last="Van Herendael">Bruno Van Herendael</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5">Department of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Stuivenberg General Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Przegla̜d Menopauzalny = Menopause Review</title><idno type="ISSN">1643-8876</idno><idno type="eISSN">2299-0038</idno><imprint><date when="2020">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>New insights into the complex and fine-regulated inflammatory mechanisms involved in the endometrium reveal multiple facets to the problem of endometrial inflammation. However, the entity termed chronic endometritis is to date restricted to infectious etiology and managed with antibiotics. Conversely, the concept of impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium (IISE) provides a more global approach to defective endometrial inflammation, considering both infectious and non-infectious etiology. A non-systematic review was done through a search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, The Cochrane Library, Health Technology Assessment Database and Web of Science, research registers. Pertinent original and review articles, published in English or French until December 31, 2019, were selected. A compelling body of evidence demonstrates transient, repeated and persistent IISE to be a major factor of most problematic disorders in obstetrics/gynecology, such as endometrial polyps, unexplained infertility, miscarriage, placenta-related pathology and endometrial cancer. When scheduled accordingly, hysteroscopy can play a key role in the IISE assessment. Robust data suggests the pertinence of minimal-effective anti-inflammatory regimens for therapeutic IISE targeting.</p><p>This review provides a comprehensive update on the multiple facets of inflammation in the endometrial physiology and pathology. Further research is needed to improve classification, diagnosis and treatment of IISE.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Medzhitov, R" uniqKey="Medzhitov R">R Medzhitov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ashley, N" uniqKey="Ashley N">N Ashley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weil, Z" uniqKey="Weil Z">Z Weil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nelson, R" uniqKey="Nelson R">R Nelson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, L" uniqKey="Chen L">L Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deng, H" uniqKey="Deng H">H Deng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cui, H" uniqKey="Cui H">H Cui</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hartemann Heurtier, A" uniqKey="Hartemann Heurtier A">A Hartemann-Heurtier</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deybach, C" uniqKey="Deybach C">C Deybach</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pahwa, R" uniqKey="Pahwa R">R Pahwa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jialal, I" uniqKey="Jialal I">I Jialal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Barnes, P" uniqKey="Barnes P">P Barnes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bianchi, M" uniqKey="Bianchi M">M Bianchi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Herwald, H" uniqKey="Herwald H">H Herwald</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egesten, A" uniqKey="Egesten A">A Egesten</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rai, V" uniqKey="Rai V">V Rai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agrawal, Dk" uniqKey="Agrawal D">DK Agrawal</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chaplin, D" uniqKey="Chaplin D">D Chaplin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weiss, G" uniqKey="Weiss G">G Weiss</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldsmith, Lt" uniqKey="Goldsmith L">LT Goldsmith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, Rn" uniqKey="Taylor R">RN Taylor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tang, D" uniqKey="Tang D">D Tang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kang, R" uniqKey="Kang R">R Kang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Coyne, Cb" uniqKey="Coyne C">CB Coyne</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Masouris, I" uniqKey="Masouris I">I Masouris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Klein, M" uniqKey="Klein M">M Klein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dyckhoff, S" uniqKey="Dyckhoff S">S Dyckhoff</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Janeway, Cj" uniqKey="Janeway C">CJ Janeway</name></author><author><name sortKey="Travers, P" uniqKey="Travers P">P Travers</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walport, M" uniqKey="Walport M">M Walport</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Den Haan, Jm" uniqKey="Den Haan J">JM den Haan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arens, R" uniqKey="Arens R">R Arens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Zelm, Mc" uniqKey="Van Zelm M">MC van Zelm</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jabbour, H" uniqKey="Jabbour H">H Jabbour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sales, K" uniqKey="Sales K">K Sales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Catalano, R" uniqKey="Catalano R">R Catalano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norman, J" uniqKey="Norman J">J Norman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Serhan, Cn" uniqKey="Serhan C">CN Serhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brain, Sd" uniqKey="Brain S">SD Brain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Buckley, Cd" uniqKey="Buckley C">CD Buckley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Serhan, C" uniqKey="Serhan C">C Serhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chiang, N" uniqKey="Chiang N">N Chiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Dyke, T" uniqKey="Van Dyke T">T van Dyke</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lawrence, T" uniqKey="Lawrence T">T Lawrence</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilroy, Dw" uniqKey="Gilroy D">DW Gilroy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Serhan, Cn" uniqKey="Serhan C">CN Serhan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petasis, Na" uniqKey="Petasis N">NA Petasis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sugimoto, Ma" uniqKey="Sugimoto M">MA Sugimoto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa, Lp" uniqKey="Sousa L">LP Sousa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pinho, V" uniqKey="Pinho V">V Pinho</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kumar, V" uniqKey="Kumar V">V Kumar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abbas, A" uniqKey="Abbas A">A Abbas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fausto, N" uniqKey="Fausto N">N Fausto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aster, J" uniqKey="Aster J">J Aster</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Medzhitov, R" uniqKey="Medzhitov R">R Medzhitov</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garn, H" uniqKey="Garn H">H Garn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bahn, S" uniqKey="Bahn S">S Bahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baune, Bt" uniqKey="Baune B">BT Baune</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Birben, E" uniqKey="Birben E">E Birben</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sahiner, Um" uniqKey="Sahiner U">UM Sahiner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sackesen, C" uniqKey="Sackesen C">C Sackesen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Andersen, C" uniqKey="Andersen C">C Andersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murphy, K" uniqKey="Murphy K">K Murphy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fernandez, M" uniqKey="Fernandez M">M Fernandez</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nair, A" uniqKey="Nair A">A Nair</name></author><author><name sortKey="Taylor, H" uniqKey="Taylor H">H Taylor</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maybinand, J" uniqKey="Maybinand J">J Maybinand</name></author><author><name sortKey="Critchley, H" uniqKey="Critchley H">H Critchley</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bulmer, Jn" uniqKey="Bulmer J">JN Bulmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morrison, L" uniqKey="Morrison L">L Morrison</name></author><author><name sortKey="Longfellow, M" uniqKey="Longfellow M">M Longfellow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jones, Rk" uniqKey="Jones R">RK Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bulmer, Jn" uniqKey="Bulmer J">JN Bulmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Searle, Rf" uniqKey="Searle R">RF Searle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Jy" uniqKey="Lee J">JY Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, M" uniqKey="Lee M">M Lee</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Sk" uniqKey="Lee S">SK Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Faas, Mm" uniqKey="Faas M">MM Faas</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Vos, P" uniqKey="De Vos P">P de Vos</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bashiri, A" uniqKey="Bashiri A">A Bashiri</name></author><author><name sortKey="Halper, K" uniqKey="Halper K">K Halper</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orvieto, R" uniqKey="Orvieto R">R Orvieto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wahab, M" uniqKey="Wahab M">M Wahab</name></author><author><name sortKey="Thompson, J" uniqKey="Thompson J">J Thompson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Al Azzawi, F" uniqKey="Al Azzawi F">F Al-Azzawi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Armstrong, G" uniqKey="Armstrong G">G Armstrong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Maybin, J" uniqKey="Maybin J">J Maybin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, A" uniqKey="Murray A">A Murray</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Biswas Shivhare, S" uniqKey="Biswas Shivhare S">S Biswas Shivhare</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bulmer, Jn" uniqKey="Bulmer J">JN Bulmer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Innes, Ba" uniqKey="Innes B">BA Innes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kitaya, K" uniqKey="Kitaya K">K Kitaya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yasuda, J" uniqKey="Yasuda J">J Yasuda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yagi, I" uniqKey="Yagi I">I Yagi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kodama, T" uniqKey="Kodama T">T Kodama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hara, T" uniqKey="Hara T">T Hara</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okamoto, E" uniqKey="Okamoto E">E Okamoto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jabbour, Hn" uniqKey="Jabbour H">HN Jabbour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sales, Kj" uniqKey="Sales K">KJ Sales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Op" uniqKey="Smith O">OP Smith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jabbour, Hn" uniqKey="Jabbour H">HN Jabbour</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sales, Kj" uniqKey="Sales K">KJ Sales</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Trenti, A" uniqKey="Trenti A">A Trenti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tedesco, S" uniqKey="Tedesco S">S Tedesco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boscaro, C" uniqKey="Boscaro C">C Boscaro</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Giannoni, E" uniqKey="Giannoni E">E Giannoni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guignard, L" uniqKey="Guignard L">L Guignard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Knaup Reymond, M" uniqKey="Knaup Reymond M">M Knaup Reymond</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roberston, S" uniqKey="Roberston S">S Roberston</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jin, M" uniqKey="Jin M">M Jin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yu, D" uniqKey="Yu D">D Yu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Munro, Mg" uniqKey="Munro M">MG Munro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Critchley, Ho" uniqKey="Critchley H">HO Critchley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Broder, Ms" uniqKey="Broder M">MS Broder</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Munro, Mg" uniqKey="Munro M">MG Munro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Critchley, Hod" uniqKey="Critchley H">HOD Critchley</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fraser, Is" uniqKey="Fraser I">IS Fraser</name></author><author><name sortKey="Committee, Fmd" uniqKey="Committee F">FMD Committee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wouts, M" uniqKey="Wouts M">M Wouts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duisterhout, J" uniqKey="Duisterhout J">J Duisterhout</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kuik, D" uniqKey="Kuik D">D Kuik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Schoemaker, J" uniqKey="Schoemaker J">J Schoemaker</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moreno, I" uniqKey="Moreno I">I Moreno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cicinelli, E" uniqKey="Cicinelli E">E Cicinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garcia Grau, I" uniqKey="Garcia Grau I">I Garcia-Grau</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Park, Hj" uniqKey="Park H">HJ Park</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, Ys" uniqKey="Kim Y">YS Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yoon, Tk" uniqKey="Yoon T">TK Yoon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ws" uniqKey="Lee W">WS Lee</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Di Spiezio Sardo, A" uniqKey="Di Spiezio Sardo A">A Di Spiezio Sardo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palma, F" uniqKey="Palma F">F Palma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Calagna, G" uniqKey="Calagna G">G Calagna</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yq" uniqKey="Chen Y">YQ Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fang, Rl" uniqKey="Fang R">RL Fang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, Yn" uniqKey="Luo Y">YN Luo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, Cq" uniqKey="Luo C">CQ Luo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cicinelli, E" uniqKey="Cicinelli E">E Cicinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vitagliano, A" uniqKey="Vitagliano A">A Vitagliano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kumar, A" uniqKey="Kumar A">A Kumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Puente, E" uniqKey="Puente E">E Puente</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alonso, L" uniqKey="Alonso L">L Alonso</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lagana, As" uniqKey="Lagana A">AS Laganà</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cicinelli, E" uniqKey="Cicinelli E">E Cicinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Resta, L" uniqKey="Resta L">L Resta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicoletti, R" uniqKey="Nicoletti R">R Nicoletti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cicinelli, E" uniqKey="Cicinelli E">E Cicinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Ziegler, D" uniqKey="De Ziegler D">D de Ziegler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicoletti, R" uniqKey="Nicoletti R">R Nicoletti</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Song, D" uniqKey="Song D">D Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, Tc" uniqKey="Li T">TC Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhang, Y" uniqKey="Zhang Y">Y Zhang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cicinelli, E" uniqKey="Cicinelli E">E Cicinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matteo, M" uniqKey="Matteo M">M Matteo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trojano, G" uniqKey="Trojano G">G Trojano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cicinelli, E" uniqKey="Cicinelli E">E Cicinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Matteo, M" uniqKey="Matteo M">M Matteo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tinelli, R" uniqKey="Tinelli R">R Tinelli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, L" uniqKey="Zhu L">L Zhu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Luo, F" uniqKey="Luo F">F Luo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hu, W" uniqKey="Hu W">W Hu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kitaya, K" uniqKey="Kitaya K">K Kitaya</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nagai, Y" uniqKey="Nagai Y">Y Nagai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arai, W" uniqKey="Arai W">W Arai</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cicinelli, E" uniqKey="Cicinelli E">E Cicinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trojano, G" uniqKey="Trojano G">G Trojano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mastromauro, M" uniqKey="Mastromauro M">M Mastromauro</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Ziegler, D" uniqKey="De Ziegler D">D de Ziegler</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pirtea, P" uniqKey="Pirtea P">P Pirtea</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galliano, D" uniqKey="Galliano D">D Galliano</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tamura, H" uniqKey="Tamura H">H Tamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kishi, H" uniqKey="Kishi H">H Kishi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kitade, M" uniqKey="Kitade M">M Kitade</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carp, Hj" uniqKey="Carp H">HJ Carp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Selmi, C" uniqKey="Selmi C">C Selmi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shoenfeld, Y" uniqKey="Shoenfeld Y">Y Shoenfeld</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Laird, Sm" uniqKey="Laird S">SM Laird</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tuckerman, Em" uniqKey="Tuckerman E">EM Tuckerman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cork, Ba" uniqKey="Cork B">BA Cork</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kemp, Mw" uniqKey="Kemp M">MW Kemp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newnham, Jp" uniqKey="Newnham J">JP Newnham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Challis, Jg" uniqKey="Challis J">JG Challis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goswami, B" uniqKey="Goswami B">B Goswami</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rajappa, M" uniqKey="Rajappa M">M Rajappa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, M" uniqKey="Sharma M">M Sharma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sharma, A" uniqKey="Sharma A">A Sharma</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gitas, G" uniqKey="Gitas G">G Gitas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Proppe, L" uniqKey="Proppe L">L Proppe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alkatout, I" uniqKey="Alkatout I">I Alkatout</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Livshits, A" uniqKey="Livshits A">A Livshits</name></author><author><name sortKey="Seidman, D" uniqKey="Seidman D">D Seidman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chakrabarti, S" uniqKey="Chakrabarti S">S Chakrabarti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chowdhury, S" uniqKey="Chowdhury S">S Chowdhury</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghosh, S" uniqKey="Ghosh S">S Ghosh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jonasson, J" uniqKey="Jonasson J">J Jonasson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brismar, K" uniqKey="Brismar K">K Brismar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sparen, P" uniqKey="Sparen P">P Sparen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Porpora, M" uniqKey="Porpora M">M Porpora</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lucchini, R" uniqKey="Lucchini R">R Lucchini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abballe, A" uniqKey="Abballe A">A Abballe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kelly, F" uniqKey="Kelly F">F Kelly</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fussell, J" uniqKey="Fussell J">J Fussell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ruder, E" uniqKey="Ruder E">E Ruder</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hartman, T" uniqKey="Hartman T">T Hartman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Goldman, M" uniqKey="Goldman M">M Goldman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Agarwal, A" uniqKey="Agarwal A">A Agarwal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aponte Mellado, A" uniqKey="Aponte Mellado A">A Aponte-Mellado</name></author><author><name sortKey="Premkumar, B" uniqKey="Premkumar B">B Premkumar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arck, P" uniqKey="Arck P">P Arck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansen, P" uniqKey="Hansen P">P Hansen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mulac Jericevic, B" uniqKey="Mulac Jericevic B">B Mulac Jericevic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nakamura, K" uniqKey="Nakamura K">K Nakamura</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sheps, S" uniqKey="Sheps S">S Sheps</name></author><author><name sortKey="Arck, P" uniqKey="Arck P">P Arck</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kyama, C" uniqKey="Kyama C">C Kyama</name></author><author><name sortKey="Debrock, S" uniqKey="Debrock S">S Debrock</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mwenda, J" uniqKey="Mwenda J">J Mwenda</name></author><author><name sortKey="D Ooghe, T" uniqKey="D Ooghe T">T D’Hooghe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miller, J" uniqKey="Miller J">J Miller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahn, S" uniqKey="Ahn S">S Ahn</name></author><author><name sortKey="Monsanto, S" uniqKey="Monsanto S">S Monsanto</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jiang, L" uniqKey="Jiang L">L Jiang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yan, Y" uniqKey="Yan Y">Y Yan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liu, Z" uniqKey="Liu Z">Z Liu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Vallve Juanico, J" uniqKey="Vallve Juanico J">J Vallvé-Juanico</name></author><author><name sortKey="Houshdaran, S" uniqKey="Houshdaran S">S Houshdaran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Giudice, Lc" uniqKey="Giudice L">LC Giudice</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lagana, As" uniqKey="Lagana A">AS Laganà</name></author><author><name sortKey="Garzon, S" uniqKey="Garzon S">S Garzon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gotte, M" uniqKey="Gotte M">M Götte</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carrarelli, P" uniqKey="Carrarelli P">P Carrarelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yen, C" uniqKey="Yen C">C Yen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Funghi, I" uniqKey="Funghi I">I Funghi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Harada, T" uniqKey="Harada T">T Harada</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khine, Y" uniqKey="Khine Y">Y Khine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kaponis, A" uniqKey="Kaponis A">A Kaponis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dueholm, M" uniqKey="Dueholm M">M Dueholm</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Stanekova, V" uniqKey="Stanekova V">V Stanekova</name></author><author><name sortKey="Woodman, R" uniqKey="Woodman R">R Woodman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tremellen, K" uniqKey="Tremellen K">K Tremellen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Troedsson, M" uniqKey="Troedsson M">M Troedsson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Christoffersen, M" uniqKey="Christoffersen M">M Christoffersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Troedsson, M" uniqKey="Troedsson M">M Troedsson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="England, G" uniqKey="England G">G England</name></author><author><name sortKey="Burgess, C" uniqKey="Burgess C">C Burgess</name></author><author><name sortKey="Freeman, S" uniqKey="Freeman S">S Freeman</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maischberger, E" uniqKey="Maischberger E">E Maischberger</name></author><author><name sortKey="Irwin, J" uniqKey="Irwin J">J Irwin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carrington, S" uniqKey="Carrington S">S Carrington</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duggan, V" uniqKey="Duggan V">V Duggan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Song, W" uniqKey="Song W">W Song</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, D" uniqKey="Kim D">D Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kim, M" uniqKey="Kim M">M Kim</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mike, N" uniqKey="Mike N">N Mike</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bird, G" uniqKey="Bird G">G Bird</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asquith, P" uniqKey="Asquith P">P Asquith</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nist, G" uniqKey="Nist G">G Nist</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Den Driesch, P" uniqKey="Von Den Driesch P">P von den Driesch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bernstein, J" uniqKey="Bernstein J">J Bernstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sugumaran, R" uniqKey="Sugumaran R">R Sugumaran</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bernstein, D" uniqKey="Bernstein D">D Bernstein</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bernstein, I" uniqKey="Bernstein I">I Bernstein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lieng, M" uniqKey="Lieng M">M Lieng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Istre, O" uniqKey="Istre O">O Istre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sandvik, L" uniqKey="Sandvik L">L Sandvik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Qvigstad, E" uniqKey="Qvigstad E">E Qvigstad</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Unal, B" uniqKey="Unal B">B Unal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Do An, S" uniqKey="Do An S">S Doğan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karaveli, F" uniqKey="Karaveli F">F Karaveli</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lieng, M" uniqKey="Lieng M">M Lieng</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhang, H" uniqKey="Zhang H">H Zhang</name></author><author><name sortKey="He, X" uniqKey="He X">X He</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tian, W" uniqKey="Tian W">W Tian</name></author><author><name sortKey="Song, X" uniqKey="Song X">X Song</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haque, M" uniqKey="Haque M">M Haque</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mneimneh, W" uniqKey="Mneimneh W">W Mneimneh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="American Association Of Gynecologic, Laparoscopists" uniqKey="American Association Of Gynecologic L">Laparoscopists American Association of Gynecologic</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Szeszko, L" uniqKey="Szeszko L">Ł Szeszko</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oszukowski, P" uniqKey="Oszukowski P">P Oszukowski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kisiel, A" uniqKey="Kisiel A">A Kisiel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wong, M" uniqKey="Wong M">M Wong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crnobrnja, B" uniqKey="Crnobrnja B">B Crnobrnja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Liberale, V" uniqKey="Liberale V">V Liberale</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pereira, N" uniqKey="Pereira N">N Pereira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petrini, Ac" uniqKey="Petrini A">AC Petrini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lekovich, Jp" uniqKey="Lekovich J">JP Lekovich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kanthi, Jm" uniqKey="Kanthi J">JM Kanthi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remadevi, C" uniqKey="Remadevi C">C Remadevi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sumathy, S" uniqKey="Sumathy S">S Sumathy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hassa, H" uniqKey="Hassa H">H Hassa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Korkmazer, E" uniqKey="Korkmazer E">E Korkmazer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tokgoz, V" uniqKey="Tokgoz V">V Tokgöz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oge, T" uniqKey="Oge T">T Öge</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Serhat, E" uniqKey="Serhat E">E Serhat</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cogendez, E" uniqKey="Cogendez E">E Cogendez</name></author><author><name sortKey="Asoglu, M" uniqKey="Asoglu M">M Asoglu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nappi, L" uniqKey="Nappi L">L Nappi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Indraccolo, U" uniqKey="Indraccolo U">U Indraccolo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Spiezio Sardo, A" uniqKey="Di Spiezio Sardo A">A Di Spiezio Sardo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Indraccolo, U" uniqKey="Indraccolo U">U Indraccolo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Barbieri, F" uniqKey="Barbieri F">F Barbieri</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zheng, Qm" uniqKey="Zheng Q">QM Zheng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mao, Hi" uniqKey="Mao H">HI Mao</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhao, Yj" uniqKey="Zhao Y">YJ Zhao</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carvahlo, F" uniqKey="Carvahlo F">F Carvahlo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aquiar, F" uniqKey="Aquiar F">F Aquiar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomioka, R" uniqKey="Tomioka R">R Tomioka</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, K" uniqKey="Kim K">K Kim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peng, R" uniqKey="Peng R">R Peng</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ro, Y" uniqKey="Ro Y">Y Ro</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robboy, S" uniqKey="Robboy S">S Robboy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Resta, L" uniqKey="Resta L">L Resta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cicinelli, E" uniqKey="Cicinelli E">E Cicinelli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lettini, T" uniqKey="Lettini T">T Lettini</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kajdaniuk, D" uniqKey="Kajdaniuk D">D Kajdaniuk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marek, B" uniqKey="Marek B">B Marek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Borgiel Marek, H" uniqKey="Borgiel Marek H">H Borgiel-Marek</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kos Kudla, B" uniqKey="Kos Kudla B">B Kos-Kudla</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Han, G" uniqKey="Han G">G Han</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, F" uniqKey="Li F">F Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Singh, T" uniqKey="Singh T">T Singh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sauty, A" uniqKey="Sauty A">A Sauty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aubert, J" uniqKey="Aubert J">J Aubert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Guadagni, F" uniqKey="Guadagni F">F Guadagni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferroni, P" uniqKey="Ferroni P">P Ferroni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Palmirotta, R" uniqKey="Palmirotta R">R Palmirotta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kirk, Sl" uniqKey="Kirk S">SL Kirk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Karlik, Sj" uniqKey="Karlik S">SJ Karlik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Afuwape, A" uniqKey="Afuwape A">A Afuwape</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kiriakidis, S" uniqKey="Kiriakidis S">S Kiriakidis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paleolog, E" uniqKey="Paleolog E">E Paleolog</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brechin, S" uniqKey="Brechin S">S Brechin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cameron, S" uniqKey="Cameron S">S Cameron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Paterson, A" uniqKey="Paterson A">A Paterson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arnes, M" uniqKey="Arnes M">M Arnes</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hvingel, B" uniqKey="Hvingel B">B Hvingel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Orbo, A" uniqKey="Orbo A">A Orbo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gitas, G" uniqKey="Gitas G">G Gitas</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ertan, K" uniqKey="Ertan K">K Ertan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rody, A" uniqKey="Rody A">A Rody</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Van Herendael, Bj" uniqKey="Van Herendael B">BJ van Herendael</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stevens, Mj" uniqKey="Stevens M">MJ Stevens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Flakiewicz Kula, A" uniqKey="Flakiewicz Kula A">A Flakiewicz-Kula</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hansch, C" uniqKey="Hansch C">C Hansch</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Roberge, S" uniqKey="Roberge S">S Roberge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nicolaides, Kh" uniqKey="Nicolaides K">KH Nicolaides</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demers, S" uniqKey="Demers S">S Demers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Morris, T" uniqKey="Morris T">T Morris</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stables, M" uniqKey="Stables M">M Stables</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hobbs, A" uniqKey="Hobbs A">A Hobbs</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schisterman, Ef" uniqKey="Schisterman E">EF Schisterman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silver, Rm" uniqKey="Silver R">RM Silver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Lesher, Ll" uniqKey="Lesher L">LL Lesher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Leitich, H" uniqKey="Leitich H">H Leitich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Egarter, C" uniqKey="Egarter C">C Egarter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Husslein, P" uniqKey="Husslein P">P Husslein</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Emeagi, J" uniqKey="Emeagi J">J Emeagi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Patni, S" uniqKey="Patni S">S Patni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tikum, H" uniqKey="Tikum H">H Tikum</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mander, A" uniqKey="Mander A">A Mander</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ahrens, Ka" uniqKey="Ahrens K">KA Ahrens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Silver, Rm" uniqKey="Silver R">RM Silver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mumford, Sl" uniqKey="Mumford S">SL Mumford</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yubero, S" uniqKey="Yubero S">S Yubero</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ramudo, L" uniqKey="Ramudo L">L Ramudo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manso, Ma" uniqKey="Manso M">MA Manso</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Dios, I" uniqKey="De Dios I">I De Dios</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Buttgereit, F" uniqKey="Buttgereit F">F Buttgereit</name></author><author><name sortKey="Da Silva, Ja" uniqKey="Da Silva J">JA da Silva</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boers, M" uniqKey="Boers M">M Boers</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gupta, P" uniqKey="Gupta P">P Gupta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhatia, V" uniqKey="Bhatia V">V Bhatia</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Moradan, S" uniqKey="Moradan S">S Moradan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ghorbani, R" uniqKey="Ghorbani R">R Ghorbani</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Beck, I" uniqKey="Beck I">I Beck</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boothroyd, C" uniqKey="Boothroyd C">C Boothroyd</name></author><author><name sortKey="Proctor, M" uniqKey="Proctor M">M Proctor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hughes, E" uniqKey="Hughes E">E Hughes</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Namdar Ahmadabad, H" uniqKey="Namdar Ahmadabad H">H Namdar Ahmadabad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kayvan Jafari, S" uniqKey="Kayvan Jafari S">S Kayvan Jafari</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nezafat Firizi, M" uniqKey="Nezafat Firizi M">M Nezafat Firizi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gaytan, M" uniqKey="Gaytan M">M Gaytán</name></author><author><name sortKey="Morales, C" uniqKey="Morales C">C Morales</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bellido, C" uniqKey="Bellido C">C Bellido</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lin, Yh" uniqKey="Lin Y">YH Lin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chen, Yh" uniqKey="Chen Y">YH Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chang, Hy" uniqKey="Chang H">HY Chang</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lichte, P" uniqKey="Lichte P">P Lichte</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pfeifer, R" uniqKey="Pfeifer R">R Pfeifer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Werner, B" uniqKey="Werner B">B Werner</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Straub, Rh" uniqKey="Straub R">RH Straub</name></author><author><name sortKey="Scholmerich, J" uniqKey="Scholmerich J">J Schölmerich</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zietz, B" uniqKey="Zietz B">B Zietz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mousavi, S" uniqKey="Mousavi S">S Mousavi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Moradi, M" uniqKey="Moradi M">M Moradi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Khorshidahmad, T" uniqKey="Khorshidahmad T">T Khorshidahmad</name></author><author><name sortKey="Motamedi, M" uniqKey="Motamedi M">M Motamedi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Downing, Lj" uniqKey="Downing L">LJ Downing</name></author><author><name sortKey="Strieter, Rm" uniqKey="Strieter R">RM Strieter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kadell, Am" uniqKey="Kadell A">AM Kadell</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Prz Menopauzalny</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Prz Menopauzalny</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">MR</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Przegla̜d Menopauzalny = Menopause Review</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1643-8876</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2299-0038</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Termedia Publishing House</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">32802019</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">7422289</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">97863</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5114/pm.2020.97863</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Review Paper</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium: a multifaceted approach to endometrial inflammation. Current insights and future directions</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Drizi</surname><given-names>Amal</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Djokovic</surname><given-names>Dusan</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Laganà</surname><given-names>Antonio Simone</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">4</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Herendael</surname><given-names>Bruno</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">5</xref></contrib><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label>Independent consultant in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Algiers, Algeria</aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nova Medical School – Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal</aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital S. Francisco Xavier – Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal</aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label>Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy</aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label>Department of Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery, Stuivenberg General Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium</aff></contrib-group><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">Corresponding author: <bold>Antonio Simone Laganà</bold>, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “Filippo Del Ponte” Hospital, University of Insubria, Piazza Biroldi 1, 21100, Varese, Italy, e-mail: <email>antoniosimone.lagana@uninsubria.it</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>7</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>100</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>30</day><month>3</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>14</day><month>4</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2020 Termedia</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/"><license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ext-link>)</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>New insights into the complex and fine-regulated inflammatory mechanisms involved in the endometrium reveal multiple facets to the problem of endometrial inflammation. However, the entity termed chronic endometritis is to date restricted to infectious etiology and managed with antibiotics. Conversely, the concept of impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium (IISE) provides a more global approach to defective endometrial inflammation, considering both infectious and non-infectious etiology. A non-systematic review was done through a search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, The Cochrane Library, Health Technology Assessment Database and Web of Science, research registers. Pertinent original and review articles, published in English or French until December 31, 2019, were selected. A compelling body of evidence demonstrates transient, repeated and persistent IISE to be a major factor of most problematic disorders in obstetrics/gynecology, such as endometrial polyps, unexplained infertility, miscarriage, placenta-related pathology and endometrial cancer. When scheduled accordingly, hysteroscopy can play a key role in the IISE assessment. Robust data suggests the pertinence of minimal-effective anti-inflammatory regimens for therapeutic IISE targeting.</p><p>This review provides a comprehensive update on the multiple facets of inflammation in the endometrial physiology and pathology. Further research is needed to improve classification, diagnosis and treatment of IISE.</p></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium</kwd><kwd>chronic endometritis</kwd><kwd>endometrial polyp</kwd><kwd>infertility</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="S1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Inflammation is a biological reaction to disrupted tissue homeostasis, triggered by any interfering factor [<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="ref4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers chronic inflammatory diseases as the greatest burden to human health, affecting any organ of the body and among the major causes of death worldwide [<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. However, its role in the pathogenesis of the reproductive system disorders is still debated [<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>]. Given the alarming epidemiology of chronic inflammation and the availability of suggestive data, non-microbial inflammation deserves further investigations to clarify whether it plays a key role (at least in part) for obstetric and gynecological disease.</p><p>This work aims to review the concept of impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium (IISE) as a multifaceted approach to the problem of endometrial inflammation, in contrast to the entity termed chronic endometritis (CE), currently restricted to infectious etiology and managed with antibiotics. It gives insights into the endometrial inflammation as a fundamental process, related to infectious and non-infectious factors, and involved both in physiologic and pathogenic conditions in obstetrics and gynecology, such as infertility, endometrial polyps, miscarriage and abnormal placentation-related diseases.</p></sec><sec sec-type="methods" id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p>A non-systematic review was done through a search on the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Global Health, The Cochrane Library (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Methodology Register), Health Technology Assessment Database and Web of Science, research registers (such as <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cliniclatrials.gov">www.cliniclatrials.gov</ext-link>); we used the medical subject heading (MeSH) term Inflammation (MeSH Unique ID: D007249) in combination with: Endometrium (MeSH Unique ID: D004717); Endometritis (MeSH Unique ID: D004716). We selected pertinent original and review articles, published in English or French until 31 December 2019, focusing about CE, endometriosis, endometrial polyps, infertility and placenta-related complications, endometrial inflammation assessment and pharmacological targeting.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>General features of the inflammatory response</title><p>Microbial pathogens, but also mechanical trauma, extreme temperatures, ischemia, hypoxia, foreign bodies, pollutants, toxic, irritant, metabolic and allergenic agents are potent activators of the inflammatory response [<xref rid="ref1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>]. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) are derived either from pathogens or damaged cells and subsequently recognized by the pattern-recognition-receptors of the host’s cells [<xref rid="ref7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>-<xref rid="ref9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>, <xref rid="ref12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>, <xref rid="ref13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>]. The innate immune system, involving a variety of soluble molecules (cytokines) and immune cells, is first triggered, leading to a cascade of vascular and immune reactions. Subsequently, 4 to 7 days later, the adaptive immune system is eventually involved and consists of a T or B-cells-mediated specific response against the antigen [<xref rid="ref10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="ref14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>-<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. The return to homeostasis is orchestrated by active pro-resolution pathways, limiting damage to the cells by clearing leukocytes and tissue debris, thus allowing prompt restoration of tissue and vascular functions [<xref rid="ref18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>-<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref>).</p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 1</label><caption><p>Schematic illustration of acute inflammation orchestrated by the innate and adaptive immune system</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="MR-19-97863-g001"></graphic></fig><p>Acute inflammation lasts less than 2 weeks and is characterized by 5 cardinal clinical signs: redness (<italic>rubor</italic>), heat (<italic>calor</italic>), edema (<italic>tumor</italic>), pain (<italic>dolor</italic>) and loss of function (<italic>functio laesa)</italic> [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. Ideally, this results in a <italic>restitutio ad intergrum</italic> of the tissue. However, inflammation could evolve, after a subacute 2-to-6-week phase, to chronicity, displaying different symptoms, as the acute inflammation cardinal signs become mild or absent. These include constant fatigue, sleep disorders, depression, mood disorders, gastrointestinal complaints, weight gain, frequent infections, allergies and body pain [<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. Chronic inflammation is characterized by different cellular, vascular and histological features [<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. Furthermore, various causes and different mechanisms explain its pathogenesis [<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>, <xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>-<xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>). The challenging deeper understanding of the inflammatory response in its molecular, humoral, cellular and histopathological aspects should contribute to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies of inflammation-mediated pathologies.</p><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 2</label><caption><p>Causes, mechanisms and features of chronic inflammation</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="MR-19-97863-g002"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="S4"><title>The physiological inflammatory state of normal endometrium</title><p>A vast amount of literature acknowledges inflammation as a key mechanism in physiological reproductive events, such as menstruation, ovulation, implantation and gestation [<xref rid="ref3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="ref29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>-<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. Endometrial physiology underlies a cyclical injury-healing process, displaying all the hallmarks of a self-limiting inflammation [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]. Leukocytes are scattered in the stroma with aggregations around the glands [<xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>] in a menstrual cycle-dependent fashion: their proportion among stromal cells ranges from 8% in proliferative endometrium to 32% in early pregnancy decidua [<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>]. Neutrophils are the prominent leukocytes during menstruation and start increasing after progesterone withdrawal in late secretory phase [<xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]. Macrophages, eosinophils and activated mast cells have a similar distribution, yet in smaller proportions [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>]. The other main leukocytes of normal endometrium are CD56<sup>+</sup> uterine natural killer (uNK) cells which account for 2% of stromal cells in proliferative endometrium, 17% during late secretory phase and more than 70% of endometrial leukocytes at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy where they play a role in trophoblast invasion and increased spiral artery blood flow [<xref rid="ref31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>-<xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>, <xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="ref39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>]. They are however characterized by gradual decrease of their cytotoxic activity until suppression in late secretory phase and early stage of pregnancy, thus allowing a favorable environment for implantation [<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>].</p><p>Studies have revealed fluctuating time-dependent quantitative and qualitative changes of the recruited leukocytes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>), the involved cytokines and the vascular aspects throughout the menstrual cycle and pregnancy [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>-<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="ref34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>, <xref rid="ref36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>-<xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>]. The vascular changes mainly consist of vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, increased capillary permeability and angiogenesis. Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8 and peptide growth factors are demonstrated to have a key role in reproductive physiology and pathology, mainly via the prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="ref41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>, <xref rid="ref42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated the key role of active pro-resolution pathways aimed to control inflammation, thus allowing resumption of normal reproductive functions [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>-<xref rid="ref21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]. Exacerbated activation of pro-inflammatory pathways and/or failure of pro-resolution pathways have already been described as a cause of reproductive disorders [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>].</p><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 3</label><caption><p>Time-dependent fluctuations of the main endometrial leukocyte populations throughout the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="MR-19-97863-g003"></graphic></fig><p>The impact of estradiol and progesterone on inflammation has also been demonstrated as their receptors are expressed in all the cells of the innate and the adaptive immune systems [<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="ref43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>-<xref rid="ref46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]. They can suppress the production and secretion of several pro-inflammatory markers, such as IL-6 and IL-1β [<xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>, <xref rid="ref46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>]. Furthermore, progesterone decreases the cytotoxic activity of uNK-cells during secretory phase and pregnancy; and when decreased, it causes activation of some pro-inflammatory mediators and neutrophils recruitment in the endometrium [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>, <xref rid="ref37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>, <xref rid="ref47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>].</p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>The concept of impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium</title><p>The delicate balance of pro-inflammatory and pro-resolution mechanisms in normal endometrium is well documented, thus explaining how over-activation of inflammation is as problematic as its suppression [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]. An objective assessment of “normal endometrial inflammatory state” requires considering the time-changing quantitative and qualitative inflammatory patterns of the endometrium. However, to date this evaluation is totally operator-dependent with a consistent inter-observer variability. The diagnosis should rely on objective scores though, considering the stromal edema, the vascular patterns as well as the distribution and counts of the endometrial inflammatory markers for each reproductive phase. The observation of a “late-secretory-phase-pattern” during proliferative phase, for instance, may indicate an “impaired inflammatory state of the endometrium” (IISE).</p><p>IISE is a more appropriate terminology than “endometritis”, especially because the latter literally means “inflammation of the endometrium”, regardless of its causative factor. Yet, inflammation is already a consistent part of normal endometrium, the term “impaired” is thus more convenient for anomaly.</p><p>Depending on the nature of the causative factor and the attenuating circumstances, the IISE is transient, repeated or persistent. A transient IISE is an “out-of-phase” inflammatory disorder caused by any interfering factor. In fact, the monthly chance of pregnancy in the average young and healthy fertile human couple is around 30% [<xref rid="ref48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]. A transient IISE partially explains this low percentage. If persistent or recurrent, an IISE can have considerable consequences on fertility. It is well established today that repeated acute inflammation is one of the forms of chronic inflammation [<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>].</p><p>However, to date, most acknowledged forms of impaired endometrial inflammation only consider germs or foreign bodies as causative factors. “Acute endometritis”, for instance, is defined as an acute response to pathogens. It is characterized by excessive exudation and leukocyte infiltration, predominantly granulocytes [<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>]. Specific endometritis is characterized by specific granulomatous lesions, such as the foreign body granuloma and the tuberculosis granuloma [<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]. Immunological changes are also described in category E of abnormal uterine bleeding of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO AUB-E), previously denominated dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Among these changes: impaired prostaglandin activity [<xref rid="ref41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>, <xref rid="ref42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>, <xref rid="ref46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>, <xref rid="ref47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>], in addition to increased CD56<sup>+</sup> cells during proliferative and early secretory phases (5% of stromal cells instead of 2%) [<xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>].</p><p>“Persistent or recurrent IISE” is a more accurate terminology than CE. To date, CE is an anatomo-clinical entity displaying a number of paradoxical features. In fact, histological diagnosis of CE is mainly based on the presence of plasma cells, normally absent or very low in the endometrium [<xref rid="ref23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>, <xref rid="ref49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>-<xref rid="ref54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]. Therefore, this definition does not take into consideration the other impaired inflammatory parameters of the endometrium.</p><p>In addition, hysteroscopic diagnosis of CE is consensually based on the presence of strawberry pattern, focal hyperemia, hemorrhagic spots, micro-polyps and stromal edema [<xref rid="ref51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>, <xref rid="ref53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>, <xref rid="ref55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>, <xref rid="ref56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>] (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref>). However, it is well established in immunology that hyperemia and edema are typical cardinal signs for acute inflammation, not the chronic one which is rather silent [<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="ref24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>]. The presence of acute inflammation signs can be explained though by the fact that chronic inflammation makes perfect ground for repeated acute episodes. CE has already been histologically demonstrated in patients free of hysteroscopic signs, since negative predictive values range from 83 to 89%, i.e. in about 10 to 20% of patients with normal hysteroscopy, there was histological evidence of CE [<xref rid="ref55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>-<xref rid="ref57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]. Limited observer agreement is a possible explanation. Nonetheless, recent literature concludes that absence of hysteroscopic features does not rule out CE [<xref rid="ref57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]. Conversely, positive predictive values range from 42 to 94%, which is low in most studies [<xref rid="ref57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>]. This indicates either a transient IISE, or limited histological diagnostic tools due to the absence of a rigorous definition of endometrial inflammatory patterns.</p><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Fig. 4</label><caption><p>Hysteroscopic signs of what is termed chronic endometritis. A) micropolyps; B) hyperemia: red spots and petechiae; C) spontaneous bleeding and stromal edema; D) “chronic endometritis-like” redness and edema at day 14 of the menstrual cycle: progestin-only contraception</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="MR-19-97863-g004"></graphic></fig><p>Furthermore, germs and/or altered microbiota are, to date, the unique cause admitted for chronic inflammation in human endometrium, and exclusively managed with antibiotics [<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="ref49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>, <xref rid="ref53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>-<xref rid="ref56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>, <xref rid="ref58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>-<xref rid="ref60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]. Despite absence of evidence of pathogens in 25% of women diagnosed for CE [<xref rid="ref56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>], and despite hysteroscopic persistence of CE after antibiogram-based antibiotic therapy in 28% of patients [<xref rid="ref59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>], only germs are targeted, and never inflammation as an independent process, nor the other possible causes of impaired inflammation.</p><p>Migration of circulating B lymphocytes to the endometrial stromal compartment has been found to be induced by gram-negative bacteria [<xref rid="ref54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>]. However, the growing concept of microbiota has demonstrated a potential co-existence between microorganisms and healthy endometrium without causing disease [<xref rid="ref50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>, <xref rid="ref60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>]. Underlying conditions predisposing to impaired endometrial inflammation are susceptible of altering the microenvironment, leading to impaired microbiota or pathogens, thus causing a vicious circle. For that matter, recently published results of a trans-sectional preliminary analysis of an ongoing case-control study [<xref rid="ref61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>], evaluated with DNA sequencing the endometrial and vaginal microbiota during the implantation window in patients suffering from repeated implantation failure (RIF) versus control group. Despite limited number of enrolled patients (28 in RIF and 18 in control group), one of the main findings was that endometrial microbiota, and not the vaginal one, showed a marked variance between the individuals. One confounding factor claimed to explain it was the different types of cycles (natural, hCG-triggered and hormone replacement cycles).</p><p>Regarding non-infectious inflammatory etiology, a higher prevalence of CE was correlated with endometriosis, a history of prolonged menstrual bleeding episodes, infertility, abortion and fallopian tube obstruction [<xref rid="ref52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>, <xref rid="ref62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]. Furthermore, there is evidence regarding the impact of non-infectious conditions on the endometrial fine-regulated inflammatory balance. In fact, multiple impaired inflammatory mechanisms of the endometrium have been demonstrated in heavy menstrual bleeding, abnormal implantation/placentation–related issues, such as infertility, recurrent miscarriage, congenital anomalies, stillbirth, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction and pregnancy-induced hypertension. They consist of increased uNK-cells during proliferative and early secretory phases; higher percentage of uNK-cells expressing activation-antigens; elevated levels of T helper (Th) 1 cells contrasting with low Th2-cells and over-activation of the prostaglandin inflammatory pathway [<xref rid="ref33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>-<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="ref38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>-<xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>, <xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>, <xref rid="ref63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>-<xref rid="ref67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>]. There is clear evidence that controlled immune functions play a pivotal role in initiating a normal pregnancy, as they modulate the decidual response, cytokine balance, vascular adaptation, epithelial embryo attachment, trophoblast invasion, placental morphogenesis and also immune tolerance [<xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>]. It is well documented that any disequilibrium in favor of suppressed or excessive inflammation in the endometrium significantly affects fertility or placental morphogenesis, subsequently leading to the above-cited gestational disorders [<xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>, <xref rid="ref67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>].</p><p>In addition, analysis of the acknowledged risk factors for preeclampsia by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guideline [<xref rid="ref68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>] shows that most of them are risk factors for chronic inflammation too: age of 35 years or older, body mass index greater than 30, chronic hypertension, type 1 or 2 diabetes, renal disease and autoimmune disease (such as systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome).</p><p>Metabolic disorders, such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity, have been ascertained to over activate the immune system, causing leukocyte activation, with greater numbers of leukocytes with pro-inflammatory phenotypes, thus explaining predisposition to chronic inflammatory diseases [<xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="ref27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>]. They are well established risk factors for endometrial cancer too, which is already acknowledged as a chronic inflammation-mediated condition [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>, <xref rid="ref70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]. They are also significantly associated with increased risk of abnormal uterine bleeding, fertility issues as well as miscarriage and stillbirth, with remarkable improvement obtained with stricter metabolic control [<xref rid="ref71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>-<xref rid="ref73" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>].</p><p>The oxidative stress, mediated by toxic habits (such as smoking), excessive pollution, allergies, sleep disorders and increasing age, is also demonstrated to predispose to chronic inflammatory state. Correlation with unexplained infertility, spontaneous abortion, recurrent pregnancy loss and preeclampsia has been documented [<xref rid="ref5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="ref74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>-<xref rid="ref77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>].</p><p>Additionally, the physiological effect of sex hormones on endometrial inflammation may explain both transient and persistent IISE in case of hormonal imbalances [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>-<xref rid="ref44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>, <xref rid="ref78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>]. The borderline between “hormone-dependent” and “inflammation-mediated” disorder thus becomes blurred, as hormone imbalances induce impaired inflammation. Conversely, the latter alters hormone receptors’ expression both in epithelial and stromal cells, thus maintaining a vicious circle [<xref rid="ref54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>].</p><p>Stress was also demonstrated to induce localized inflammation in the uterus and cause an immune–endocrine disequilibrium involved in infertility, miscarriage, late pregnancy complications and impaired fetal development, mainly via elevated levels of cortisol as well as significant reduction in progesterone levels followed by impaired activity of uNK-cells [<xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="ref78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>, <xref rid="ref79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>].</p><p>In endometriosis, altered expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors has been associated with resistance to progesterone and over-expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Auto-antibodies against endometrial cells have also been described in endometriosis [<xref rid="ref32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>, <xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="ref63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>, <xref rid="ref80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>-<xref rid="ref82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>]. Recent data found in patients with endometriosis a different behavior of some endometrial immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells). The latter display more pro-inflammatory properties, compared to women without the disease [<xref rid="ref83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>, <xref rid="ref84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>].</p><p>In adenomyotic nodules, high levels of inflammatory and neurogenic mediators have been reported [<xref rid="ref85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]. The latter is demonstrated to be correlated with a higher incidence of implantation failure and abnormal placentation-related complications like miscarriage and pregnancy-induced hypertension [<xref rid="ref64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>, <xref rid="ref86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>-<xref rid="ref88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>].</p><p>Auto-immune, allergenic and chronic inflammatory diseases directly interfere with the immune system and are correlated with decreased fertility [<xref rid="ref11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>, <xref rid="ref25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="ref28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>, <xref rid="ref35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>]. Even in the absence of a clinically overt autoimmune disease, anti-phospholipid, anti-thyroid, or antinuclear autoantibodies have been reported to be correlated with implantation failure and early pregnancy loss, especially when associated to vasculitis [<xref rid="ref65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>].</p><p>Semen-induced inflammation is another possible cause for IISE that has never been properly assessed in human reproductive medicine. In several animal species however, a transient post-mating uterine inflammation, triggered by semen components, is considered physiological [<xref rid="ref89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>-<xref rid="ref91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>]. It becomes pathological in case of inflammatory disequilibrium in favor of pro-inflammation, which is demonstrated to cause persistent endometritis, correlated with decreased fertility, requiring treatment like immuno-stimulants and corticosteroids [<xref rid="ref92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>]. In humans, the only acknowledged form of semen-induced inflammation is semen allergy, a rare and most likely underrated condition, poorly known by practitioners and thus, poorly investigated [<xref rid="ref93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>-<xref rid="ref96" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>].</p><p>Furthermore, endometrial polyp (EP) is an anatomo-clinical entity that appears strongly related to IISE. It is a benign hyperplastic overgrowth of endometrial glands and stroma affecting 7.8% to 50% of women, with a prevalence of malignancy ranging from 1 to 3%, particularly in post-menopausal patients [<xref rid="ref97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>-<xref rid="ref103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>]. Spontaneous regression has been reported in 6.3 to 25% of cases [<xref rid="ref97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>, <xref rid="ref104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>]. Although its etiopathogenesis is still unknown, it is usually presented as a hormone-related condition [<xref rid="ref103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>, <xref rid="ref105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>, <xref rid="ref106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]. Yet, there is to date sufficient evidence indicating an inflammation-mediated pathogenesis, especially as hormonal imbalances are demonstrated to interfere with the inflammatory state of the endometrium [<xref rid="ref65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>, <xref rid="ref99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>, <xref rid="ref106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]. Risk factors for EP are those for chronic inflammation: increasing age, menopause, obesity and hypertension [<xref rid="ref99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>, <xref rid="ref102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]. Higher prevalence of EP has been reported in women with diabetes mellitus [<xref rid="ref107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>-<xref rid="ref109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>], adenomyosis [<xref rid="ref110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>], endometriosis [<xref rid="ref111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>] and CE [<xref rid="ref112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>, <xref rid="ref113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]. In addition, studies have demonstrated increased expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in EP [<xref rid="ref101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>, <xref rid="ref113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>, <xref rid="ref114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>]. Both are important pro-inflammatory mediators identified in many chronic inflammatory diseases [<xref rid="ref115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>-<xref rid="ref120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>]. The prevalence of EP in patients with IUD does not seem to have been assessed. Meanwhile, studies have reported cases for ParaGard copper and levonorgestrel IUD [<xref rid="ref121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>], despite therapeutic properties of this latter on endometrial hyperplasia [<xref rid="ref122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>]. The causal relationship between EP and infertility has been confirmed in only one randomized trial [<xref rid="ref102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]. The acknowledged explanation is that EPs cause endometrial inflammation and sometimes constitute a mechanical barrier to sperm transportation or embryo implantation [<xref rid="ref102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>, <xref rid="ref103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>, <xref rid="ref105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>]. Current evidence rather indicates EP as an inflammation-mediated neo-process, subsequently maintaining the inflammatory state. This vicious circle partially explains why resection of EP is associated with increased rates of pregnancy in infertile women [<xref rid="ref100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>, <xref rid="ref102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>].</p><p>Very importantly, gynecological malignancies, mainly cervical and endometrial ones, have also been demonstrated to be related to chronic inflammation, be it mediated by infectious or non-infectious conditions [<xref rid="ref17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>, <xref rid="ref69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>, <xref rid="ref70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>, <xref rid="ref123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>]. This highlights the long-term importance of proper diagnosis and management of chronic inflammation.</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>IISE assessment and management: future perspectives</title><p>To date, there are no guidelines allowing proper assessment or management of endometrial inflammation. Elaborating clinical scores to assess the global inflammatory risk for patients appears pertinent. The patient’s clinical assessment should consider: her age, lifestyle, body mass index, blood pressure, atopy, stress factor, chronic inflammation signs, as well as a medical history of inflammation-mediated diseases and abnormal placentation-related disorders. Hysteroscopy should be scheduled during proliferative phase, as inflammation-hallmarks are the poorest at this stage.</p><p>Acute inflammation signs suggest either a transient or a persistent IISE. Absence of signs should not exclude persistent IISE as it is normally macroscopically silent. If semen-allergy is suspected, introducing the concept of “post coital hysteroscopy” appears relevant and remains to define in order to assess post-coital inflammation both macroscopically (redness, edema) and microscopically (assessment of mast-cells and eosinophils’ distribution). More attention has to be given to micro-hysteroscopy as it already defines vascular patterns for the endometrium [<xref rid="ref124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>]. Further research is highly needed, also for histopathology that should be revised and based on normal and impaired inflammatory patterns, and performed by trained pathologists. Despite its cost, the superiority of immunohistochemistry is indisputable as it allows a better identification of the positively stained cells for all antigens [<xref rid="ref52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>].</p><p>The optimal inflammatory balance allowing a proper implantation and progression of a healthy pregnancy seems quite delicate. In fact, spontaneous resolution of reproductive issues may occur without any medication. This highlights the importance of a healthy lifestyle, such as weight loss, controlling metabolic diseases, exercise and/or reduced stress.</p><p>Etiologic context must be targeted whenever possible. Anti-inflammatory therapy has to be considered as well. There is increasing evidence about its effectiveness in animal models for instance [<xref rid="ref19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>, <xref rid="ref92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>]. In humans, several authors stress the necessity of introducing effective therapies capable of modulating the immune endometrial reproductive functions [<xref rid="ref30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>, <xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>, <xref rid="ref80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>-<xref rid="ref82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>, <xref rid="ref85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>]. In order to restore the normal endometrial inflammatory balance, minimal effective doses of pro-resolving anti-inflammatory drugs appear more relevant.</p><p>Although anti-inflammatory therapy has poorly been considered in the management of impaired endometrial inflammation, there is suggestive data highlighting the benefits of some molecules, such as low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Its mechanism of action in the prevention of preeclampsia has never been elucidated [<xref rid="ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>] although there is evidence demonstrating its pro-resolving anti-inflammatory effect [<xref rid="ref22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>, <xref rid="ref126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>]. Depending on the modalities of prescription, encouraging outcomes were reported regarding perinatal death, preeclampsia, fetal growth, preterm birth and fecundability [<xref rid="ref125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>, <xref rid="ref127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>-<xref rid="ref129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]. Furthermore, it is very often well-tolerated by women, fetuses and neonates [<xref rid="ref130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>].</p><p>Corticosteroids’ pro-resolving anti-inflammatory properties are widely demonstrated as well [<xref rid="ref67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>, <xref rid="ref131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>-<xref rid="ref133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]. Positive live birth outcomes in unexplained infertility and idiopathic recurrent miscarriage were obtained with low (or medium) dose of dexamethasone, prednisolone or prednisone, yet with low evidence level [<xref rid="ref67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>, <xref rid="ref132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>, <xref rid="ref134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>, <xref rid="ref135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]. Nevertheless, many adverse maternal and fetal effects were reported in the studies where corticosteroids were administered at high doses [<xref rid="ref45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>, <xref rid="ref136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>]. Moreover, other molecules need to be assessed such as non-steroid-anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), whose prolonged prescription could oppose to follicle rupture though [<xref rid="ref137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>]. Prostaglandin E2 inhibitors have already been suggested to decrease the inflammatory environment caused by endometriosis and thus enhance endometrial receptivity for improved implantation [<xref rid="ref138" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>]; metformin and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), have been found to have anti-inflammatory properties [<xref rid="ref135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>, <xref rid="ref139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>, <xref rid="ref140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]. Finally low-dose heparin, used in antiphospholipid autoimmune syndrome, has shown safe and effective anti-inflammatory properties in addition to its anticoagulant effect [<xref rid="ref141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>, <xref rid="ref142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>].</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusions" id="S7"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Endometrial inflammation is a complex key-part of the endometrial physiology, regulated by a fine-regulated balance between pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mechanisms, and involved in all reproductive events.</p><p>Infectious agents should no longer be considered as the only disturbing agent causing IISE. Any condition interfering with the immune system could result in a transient, repeated or persistent IISE. The latter could display very poor clinical and paraclinical signs. Optimal diagnostic and therapeutic tools remain to determine, yet, minimal effective doses of inflammation-pro-resolving therapies appear promising. Further research is needed for a better assessment of the inflammatory pathways involved in the reproductive tract, as well as the hysteroscopic and pathological patterns of normal and impaired endometrium, in order to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment of obstetric and gynecological disorders.</p></sec></body><back><sec id="S8" sec-type="COI-statement"><title>Disclosure</title><p>The authors report no conflict of interest.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Medzhitov</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Origin and physiological roles of inflammation</article-title>. <source>Nature</source><year>2008</year>; <volume>454</volume>: <fpage>428</fpage>-<lpage>435</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18650913</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ashley</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Weil</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Nelson</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inflammation: Mechanisms, Costs, and Natural Variation</article-title>. <source>Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst</source><year>2012</year>; <volume>43</volume>: <fpage>385</fpage>-<lpage>406</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Cui</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs</article-title>. <source>Oncotarget</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>9</volume>: <fpage>7204</fpage>-<lpage>7218</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29467962</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hartemann-Heurtier</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Deybach</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs et diabète sucré</article-title>. <source>Sang Thrombose Vaisseaux</source>. <year>2004</year>; <volume>16</volume>: <fpage>393</fpage>-<lpage>402</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="web"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pahwa</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Jialal</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chronic inflammation</article-title>. <source>StatPearls Publishing</source>. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493173/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Barnes</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Pathophysiology of allergic inflammation</article-title>. <source>Immunol Rev</source><year>2011</year>; <volume>242</volume>: <fpage>31</fpage>-<lpage>50</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21682737</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bianchi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: all we need to know about danger</article-title>. <source>J Leukoc Biol</source><year>2007</year>; <volume>81</volume>: <fpage>1</fpage>-<lpage>5</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Herwald</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Egesten</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>On PAMPs and DAMPs</article-title>. <source>J Innate Immun</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>8</volume>: <fpage>427</fpage>-<lpage>428</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27522675</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Rai</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Agrawal</surname><given-names>DK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The role of damage-and pathogen-associated molecular patterns in inflammation-mediated vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques</article-title>. <source>Can J Physiol Pharmacol</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>95</volume>: <fpage>1245</fpage>-<lpage>1253</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28746820</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chaplin</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Overview of the immune response</article-title>. <source>J Allergy Clin Immunol</source><year>2010</year>; <volume>125</volume>: <fpage>S3</fpage>-<lpage>23</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20176265</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Weiss</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Goldsmith</surname><given-names>LT</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>RN</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Inflammation in reproductive disorders</article-title>. <source>Reprod Sci</source><year>2009</year>; <volume>16</volume>: <fpage>216</fpage>-<lpage>229</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19208790</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tang</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kang</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Coyne</surname><given-names>CB</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>PAMPs and DAMPs: signal 0s that spur autophagy and immunity</article-title>. <source>Immunol Rev</source><year>2012</year>; <volume>249</volume>: <fpage>158</fpage>-<lpage>175</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22889221</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Masouris</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Klein</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Dyckhoff</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Inhibition of DAMP signaling as an effective adjunctive treatment strategy in pneumococcal meningitis</article-title>. <source>J Neuroinflammation</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>14</volume>: <fpage>214</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29096648</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Janeway</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Travers</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Walport</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>Principles of innate and adaptive immunity</chapter-title> In: <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Janeway</surname><given-names>CA</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Travers</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Walport</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Shlomchik</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group> (eds.), <source>Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease (5<sup>th</sup> ed.)</source>. <publisher-name>Garland Science Taylor & Francis, Inc.</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>New York</publisher-loc><year>2001</year>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>den Haan</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Arens</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>van Zelm</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The activation of the adaptive immune system: cross-talk between antigen-presenting cells, T cells and B cells</article-title>. <source>Immunol Lett</source><year>2014</year>; <volume>162</volume>: <fpage>103</fpage>-<lpage>112</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25455596</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="web"><collab>Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)</collab>. <article-title>The innate and adaptive immune systems</article-title>. <source>InformedHealth.org [Internet]</source>, <year>2006</year><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279396/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jabbour</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sales</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Catalano</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Norman</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inflammatory pathways in female reproductive health and disease. Focus on Vascular Function in Female Reproduction</article-title>. <source>Reproduction</source><year>2009</year>; <volume>138</volume>: <fpage>903</fpage>-<lpage>919</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19793840</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Serhan</surname><given-names>CN</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Brain</surname><given-names>SD</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Buckley</surname><given-names>CD</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Resolution of inflammation: state of the art, definitions and terms</article-title>. <source>FASEB J</source>. <year>2007</year>; <volume>21</volume>: <fpage>325</fpage>-<lpage>332</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17267386</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Serhan</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Chiang</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>van Dyke</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Resolving inflammation: dual anti-inflammatory and proresolution lipid mediators</article-title>. <source>Nat Rev Immunol</source><year>2008</year>; <volume>8</volume>: <fpage>349</fpage>-<lpage>361</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18437155</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lawrence</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Gilroy</surname><given-names>DW</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chronic inflammation: a failure of resolution?</article-title><source>Int J Exp Pathol</source><year>2007</year>; <volume>88</volume>: <fpage>85</fpage>-<lpage>94</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17408451</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Serhan</surname><given-names>CN</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Petasis</surname><given-names>NA</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Resolvins and protectins in inflammation resolution</article-title>. <source>Chem Rev</source><year>2011</year>; <volume>111</volume>: <fpage>5922</fpage>-<lpage>5943</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21766791</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sugimoto</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sousa</surname><given-names>LP</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Pinho</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset?</article-title><source>Front Immunol</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>7</volume>: <fpage>160</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27199985</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Abbas</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Fausto</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Aster</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><chapter-title>Pathologic basis of disease (8<sup>th</sup> ed.)</chapter-title><source>Saunders</source>, <publisher-loc>Philadelphia</publisher-loc><year>2010</year>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Medzhitov</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inflammation 2010: new adventures of an old flame</article-title>. <source>Cell</source><year>2010</year>; <volume>140</volume>: <fpage>771</fpage>-<lpage>776</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20303867</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Garn</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bahn</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Baune</surname><given-names>BT</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Current concepts in chronic inflammatory diseases: Interactions between microbes, cellular metabolism, and inflammation</article-title>. <source>J Allergy Clin Immunol</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>138</volume>: <fpage>47</fpage>-<lpage>56</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27373325</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Birben</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sahiner</surname><given-names>UM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sackesen</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense</article-title>. <source>World Allergy Organ J</source><year>2012</year>; <volume>5</volume>: <fpage>9</fpage>-<lpage>19</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23268465</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Andersen</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Murphy</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Fernandez</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Immunity</article-title>. <source>Adv Nutr</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>7</volume>: <fpage>66</fpage>-<lpage>75</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26773015</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><article-title>[Editorial]. A current view on inflammation. Evolving mechanistic and conceptual understanding of inflammation drives insight into human disease and new approaches for therapy</article-title>. <source>Nat Immunol</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>18</volume>: <fpage>825</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28722714</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nair</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Taylor</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The Mechanism of Menstruation</article-title>. In: <source>Amenorrhea: A case-Based, Clinical Guide</source>, <person-group person-group-type="editor"><name name-style="western"><surname>Santoro</surname><given-names>NF</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Neal-Perry</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name></person-group>(eds.). <publisher-name>Springer Science + Business Media</publisher-name>, <publisher-loc>New-York</publisher-loc><year>2010</year>: <fpage>21</fpage>-<lpage>34</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Maybinand</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Critchley</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Menstrual physiology: implications for endometrial pathology and beyond</article-title>. <source>Human Reprod Update</source><year>2015</year>; <volume>21</volume>: <fpage>748</fpage>-<lpage>761</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bulmer</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Morrison</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Longfellow</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Granulated lymphocytes in human endometrium: histochemical and immunohistochemical studies</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod</source><year>1991</year>; <volume>6</volume>: <fpage>791</fpage>-<lpage>798</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1757516</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>RK</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bulmer</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Searle</surname><given-names>RF</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Phenotypic and functional studies of leukocytes in human endometrium and endometriosis</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod Update</source><year>1998</year>; <volume>4</volume>: <fpage>702</fpage>-<lpage>709</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10027623</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>JY</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>SK</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Role of endometrial immune cells in implantation</article-title>. <source>Clin Exp Reprod Med</source><year>2011</year>; <volume>38</volume>: <fpage>119</fpage>-<lpage>125</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22384430</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Faas</surname><given-names>MM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>de Vos</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Uterine NK cells and macrophages in pregnancy</article-title>. <source>Placenta</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>56</volume>: <fpage>44</fpage>-<lpage>52</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28284455</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bashiri</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Halper</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Orvieto</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Recurrent Implantation Failure-update overview on etiology, diagnosis, treatment and future directions</article-title>. <source>Reprod Biol Endocrinol</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>16</volume>: <fpage>121</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30518389</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wahab</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Al-Azzawi</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The distribution of endometrial leukocytes and their proliferation markers in trimegestone-treated postmenopausal women compared to the endometrium of the natural cycle: a dose-ranging study</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod</source><year>1999</year>; <volume>14</volume>: <fpage>1201</fpage>-<lpage>1206</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10325261</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Armstrong</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Maybin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Endometrial apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration during menstruation exhibits spatial and temporal dynamics that are recapitulated in a mouse model</article-title>. <source>Sci Rep</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>7</volume>: <fpage>17416</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29234102</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Biswas Shivhare</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bulmer</surname><given-names>JN</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Innes</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Menstrual cycle distribution of uterine natural killer cells is altered in heavy menstrual bleeding</article-title>. <source>J Reprod Immunol</source><year>2015</year>; <volume>112</volume>: <fpage>88</fpage>-<lpage>94</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26398782</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref39"><label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kitaya</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Yasuda</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Yagi</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>IL-15 expression at human endometrium and decidua</article-title>. <source>Biol Reprod</source><year>2000</year>; <volume>63</volume>: <fpage>683</fpage>-<lpage>687</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10952908</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref40"><label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kodama</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hara</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Okamoto</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Characteristic changes of large granular lymphocytes that strongly express CD56 in endometrium during the menstrual cycle and early pregnancy</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod</source><year>1998</year>; <volume>13</volume>: <fpage>1036</fpage>-<lpage>1043</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9619567</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref41"><label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jabbour</surname><given-names>HN</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sales</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>OP</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Prostaglandin receptors are mediators of vascular function in endometrial pathologies</article-title>. <source>Mol Cell Endocrinol</source><year>2006</year>; <volume>252</volume>: <fpage>191</fpage>-<lpage>200</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16701939</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref42"><label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jabbour</surname><given-names>HN</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sales</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prostaglandin receptor signalling and function in human endometrial pathology</article-title>. <source>Trends Endocrinol Metab</source><year>2004</year>; <volume>15</volume>: <fpage>398</fpage>-<lpage>404</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15380812</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref43"><label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Trenti</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Tedesco</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Boscaro</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Estrogen, Angiogenesis, Immunity and Cell Metabolism: Solving the Puzzle</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>. <year>2018</year>; <volume>19</volume>: <fpage>859</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref44"><label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Giannoni</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Guignard</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Knaup Reymond</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Estradiol and progesterone strongly inhibit the innate immune response of mononuclear cells in newborns</article-title>. <source>Infect Immun</source><year>2011</year>; <volume>79</volume>: <fpage>2690</fpage>-<lpage>2698</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21518785</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref45"><label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Roberston</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Jin</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Corticosteroid therapy in assisted reproduction–immune suppression is a faulty premise</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>31</volume>: <fpage>2164</fpage>-<lpage>2173</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27591233</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref46"><label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Munro</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Critchley</surname><given-names>HO</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Broder</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>FIGO classification system (PALM-COEIN) for causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in nongravid women of reproductive age</article-title>. <source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet</source><year>2011</year>; <volume>113</volume>: <fpage>3</fpage>-<lpage>13</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21345435</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref47"><label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Munro</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Critchley</surname><given-names>HOD</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Fraser</surname><given-names>IS</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Committee</surname><given-names>FMD</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The two FIGO systems for normal and abnormal uterine bleeding symptoms and classification of causes of abnormal uterine bleeding in the reproductive years: 2018 revisions</article-title>. <source>Int J Gynaecol Obstet</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>143</volume>: <fpage>393</fpage>-<lpage>408</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30198563</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref48"><label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wouts</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Duisterhout</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kuik</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Schoemaker</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The chance of spontaneous conception for the infertile couple referred to an academic clinic for reproductive endocrinology and fertility in The Netherlands</article-title>. <source>Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol</source><year>1987</year>; <volume>26</volume>: <fpage>243</fpage>-<lpage>250</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3428471</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref49"><label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Moreno</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Cicinelli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Garcia-Grau</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>The diagnosis of chronic endometritis in infertile asymptomatic women: a comparative study of histology, microbial cultures, hysteroscopy, and molecular microbiology</article-title>. <source>Am J Obstet Gynecol</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>218</volume>: <fpage>602.e1</fpage>-<lpage>e16</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29477653</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref50"><label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Park</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Yoon</surname><given-names>TK</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>WS</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Chronic endometritis and infertility</article-title>. <source>Clin Exp Reprod Med</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>43</volume> (<issue>Suppl. 4</issue>): <fpage>185</fpage>-<lpage>192</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28090456</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref51"><label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Di Spiezio Sardo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Palma</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Calagna</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Chronic Endometritis</article-title>. In: <source>Genital Infections and Infertility</source>. <publisher-name>IntechOpen</publisher-name><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5772/63023</pub-id>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref52"><label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>YQ</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Fang</surname><given-names>RL</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Luo</surname><given-names>YN</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Luo</surname><given-names>CQ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Analysis of the diagnostic value of CD138 for chronic endometritis, the risk factors for the pathogenesis of chronic endometritis and the effect of chronic endometritis on pregnancy: a cohort study</article-title>. <source>BMC Womens Health</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>16</volume>: <fpage>60</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27596852</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref53"><label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cicinelli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Vitagliano</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Unified diagnostic criteria for chronic endometritis at fluid hysteroscopy: proposal and reliability evaluation through an international randomized-controlled observer study</article-title>. <source>Fertil Steril</source><year>2019</year>; <volume>112</volume>: <fpage>162</fpage>-<lpage>73.e2</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31104760</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref54"><label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Puente</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Alonso</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Laganà</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Chronic Endometritis: Old Problem, Novel Insights and Future Challenges</article-title>. <source>Int J Fertil Steril</source><year>2020</year>; <volume>13</volume>: <fpage>250</fpage>-<lpage>256</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31710184</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref55"><label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cicinelli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Resta</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Nicoletti</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Endometrial micropolyps at fluid hysteroscopy suggest the existence of chronic endometritis</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod</source><year>2005</year>; <volume>20</volume>: <fpage>1386</fpage>-<lpage>1389</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15734762</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref56"><label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cicinelli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>de Ziegler</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Nicoletti</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Chronic endometritis: correlation among hysteroscopic, histologic, and bacteriologic findings in a prospective trial with 2190 consecutive office hysteroscopies</article-title>. <source>Fertil Steril</source><year>2008</year>; <volume>89</volume>: <fpage>677</fpage>-<lpage>684</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17531993</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref57"><label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Song</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>TC</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Correlation between hysteroscopy findings and chronic endometritis</article-title>. <source>Fertil Steril</source><year>2019</year>; <volume>111</volume>: <fpage>772</fpage>-<lpage>779</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30683588</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref58"><label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cicinelli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Matteo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Trojano</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Chronic endometritis in patients with unexplained infertility: Prevalence and effects of antibiotic treatment on spontaneous conception</article-title>. <source>Am J Reprod Immunol</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>79</volume>: <fpage>e12782</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref59"><label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cicinelli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Matteo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Tinelli</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Chronic endometritis due to common bacteria is prevalent in women with recurrent miscarriage as confirmed by improved pregnancy outcome after antibiotic treatment</article-title>. <source>Reprod Sci</source><year>2014</year>; <volume>21</volume>: <fpage>640</fpage>-<lpage>647</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24177713</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref60"><label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Luo</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hu</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Bacterial communities in the womb during healthy pregnancy</article-title>. <source>Front Microbiol</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>9</volume>: <fpage>2163</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30237795</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref61"><label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kitaya</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Nagai</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Arai</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Characterization of microbiota in endometrial fluid and vaginal secretions in infertile women with repeated implantation failure</article-title>. <source>Mediators Inflamm</source><year>2019</year>; <volume>2019</volume>: <fpage>4893437</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31249472</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref62"><label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Cicinelli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Trojano</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Mastromauro</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Higher prevalence of chronic endometritis in women with endometriosis: a possible etiopathogenetic link</article-title>. <source>Fertil Steril</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>108</volume>: <fpage>289</fpage>-<lpage>95.e1</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28624114</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref63"><label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>de Ziegler</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Pirtea</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Galliano</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Optimal uterine anatomy and physiology necessary for normal implantation and placentation</article-title>. <source>Fertil Steril</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>105</volume>: <fpage>844</fpage>-<lpage>854</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26926252</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref64"><label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Tamura</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kishi</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kitade</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Complications and outcomes of pregnant women with adenomyosis in Japan</article-title>. <source>Reprod Med Biol</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>16</volume>: <fpage>330</fpage>-<lpage>336</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29259486</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref65"><label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carp</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Selmi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Shoenfeld</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The autoimmune bases of infertility and pregnancy loss</article-title>. <source>J Autoimmun</source><year>2012</year>; <volume>38</volume>: <fpage>J266</fpage>-<lpage>274</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22284905</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref66"><label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Laird</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Tuckerman</surname><given-names>EM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Cork</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>A review of immune cells and molecules in women with recurrent miscarriage</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod Update</source><year>2003</year>; <volume>9</volume>: <fpage>163</fpage>-<lpage>174</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12751778</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref67"><label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kemp</surname><given-names>MW</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Newnham</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Challis</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>The clinical use of corticosteroids in pregnancy</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod Update</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>22</volume>: <fpage>240</fpage>-<lpage>259</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26590298</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref68"><label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><article-title>ACOG Committee opinion N° 743. Low-dose aspirin use during pregnancy</article-title>. <source>Obstet Gynecol</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>132</volume>: <fpage>e44</fpage>-<lpage>52</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29939940</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref69"><label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Goswami</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Rajappa</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sharma</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inflammation: its role and interplay in the development of cancer, with special focus on gynecological malignancies</article-title>. <source>Int J Gynecol Cancer</source><year>2008</year>; <volume>18</volume>: <fpage>591</fpage>-<lpage>599</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17944921</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref70"><label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gitas</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Proppe</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Alkatout</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Accuracy of frozen section at early clinical stage of endometrioid endometrial cancer: a retrospective analysis in Germany</article-title>. <source>Arch Gynecol Obstet</source><year>2019</year>; <volume>300</volume>: <fpage>169</fpage>-<lpage>174</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31006842</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref71"><label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Livshits</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Seidman</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Fertility issues in women with diabetes</article-title>. <source>Womens Health (Lond)</source><year>2009</year>; <volume>5</volume>: <fpage>701</fpage>-<lpage>707</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19863473</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref72"><label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Chakrabarti</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Chowdhury</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Ghosh</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Stillbirth and miscarriage associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus</article-title>. <source>Int J Res Dev Pharm L Sci</source><year>2015</year>; <volume>4</volume>: <fpage>1732</fpage>-<lpage>1736</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref73"><label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jonasson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Brismar</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sparen</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Fertility in Women With Type 1 Diabetes. A population-based cohort study in Sweden</article-title>. <source>Diabetes Care</source><year>2007</year>; <volume>30</volume>: <fpage>2271</fpage>-<lpage>2276</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17563340</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref74"><label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Porpora</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Lucchini</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Abballe</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Placental transfer of persistent organic pollutants: a preliminary study on mother-newborn pairs</article-title>. <source>Int J Environ Res Public Health</source><year>2013</year>; <volume>10</volume>: <fpage>699</fpage>-<lpage>711</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23435591</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref75"><label>75</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kelly</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Fussell</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Linking ambient particulate matter pollution effects with oxidative biology and immune responses</article-title>. <source>Ann N Y Acad Sci</source><year>2015</year>; <volume>1340</volume>: <fpage>84</fpage>-<lpage>94</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25716617</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref76"><label>76</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ruder</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hartman</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Goldman</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Impact of oxidative stress on female fertility</article-title>. <source>Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol</source><year>2009</year>; <volume>21</volume>: <fpage>219</fpage>-<lpage>222</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19469044</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref77"><label>77</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Agarwal</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Aponte-Mellado</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Premkumar</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>The effects of oxidative stress on female reproduction: a review</article-title>. <source>Reprod Biol Endocrinol</source><year>2012</year>; <volume>10</volume>: <fpage>49</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22748101</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref78"><label>78</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arck</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hansen</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Mulac Jericevic</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Progesterone during pregnancy: endocrine-immune cross talk in mammalian species and the role of stress</article-title>. <source>Am J Reprod Immunol</source><year>2007</year>; <volume>58</volume>: <fpage>268</fpage>-<lpage>279</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17681043</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref79"><label>79</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nakamura</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sheps</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Arck</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Stress and reproductive failure: past notions, present insights and future directions</article-title>. <source>J Assist Reprod Genet</source><year>2008</year>; <volume>25</volume>: <fpage>47</fpage>-<lpage>62</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18274890</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref80"><label>80</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kyama</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Debrock</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Mwenda</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>D’Hooghe</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Potential involvement of the immune system in the development of endometriosis</article-title>. <source>Reprod Biol Endocrinol</source><year>2003</year>; <volume>1</volume>: <fpage>123</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14651748</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref81"><label>81</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Ahn</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Monsanto</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Implications of immune dysfunction on endometriosis associated infertility</article-title>. <source>Oncotarget</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>8</volume>: <fpage>7138</fpage>-<lpage>7147</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref82"><label>82</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jiang</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Yan</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inflammation and endometriosis</article-title>. <source>Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>21</volume>: <fpage>941</fpage>-<lpage>948</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27100482</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref83"><label>83</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Vallvé-Juanico</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Houshdaran</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Giudice</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The endometrial immune environment of women with endometriosis</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod Update</source><year>2019</year>; <volume>25</volume>: <fpage>564</fpage>-<lpage>591</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31424502</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref84"><label>84</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Laganà</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Garzon</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Götte</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>The Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: Molecular and Cell Biology Insights</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source><year>2019</year>; <volume>20</volume>: <fpage>5615</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref85"><label>85</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carrarelli</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Yen</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Funghi</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Expression of Inflammatory and Neurogenic Mediators in Adenomyosis</article-title>. <source>Reprod Sci</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>24</volume>: <fpage>369</fpage>-<lpage>375</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27440813</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref86"><label>86</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Harada</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Khine</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kaponis</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>The Impact of Adenomyosis on Women’s Fertility</article-title>. <source>Obstet Gynecol Surv</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>71</volume>: <fpage>557</fpage>-<lpage>568</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27640610</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref87"><label>87</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Dueholm</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Uterine adenomyosis and infertility, review of reproductive outcome after in vitro fertilization and surgery</article-title>. <source>Acta Obstetr Gynecol Scand</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>96</volume>: <fpage>715</fpage>-<lpage>726</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref88"><label>88</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Stanekova</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Woodman</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Tremellen</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The rate of euploid miscarriage is increased in the setting of adenomyosis</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod Open</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>3</volume>: <fpage>hoy011</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref89"><label>89</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Troedsson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mating-induced endometritis: Physiology or pathology?</article-title><source>Vet J</source><year>2014</year>; <volume>199</volume>: <fpage>9</fpage>-<lpage>10</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24280587</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref90"><label>90</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Christoffersen</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Troedsson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Inflammation and fertility in the mare</article-title>. <source>Reprod Domest Anim</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>52</volume>: <fpage>14</fpage>-<lpage>20</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28815848</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref91"><label>91</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>England</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Burgess</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Freeman</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Perturbed sperm-epithelial interaction in bitches with mating-induced endometritis</article-title>. <source>Vet J</source><year>2012</year>; <volume>194</volume>: <fpage>314</fpage>-<lpage>318</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22721627</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref92"><label>92</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Maischberger</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Irwin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Carrington</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Duggan</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Equine post-breeding endometritis: A review</article-title>. <source>Ir Vet J</source><year>2008</year>; <volume>61</volume>: <fpage>163</fpage>-<lpage>168</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21851709</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref93"><label>93</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Song</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human seminal plasma allergy: successful pregnancy after prophylactic anti-histamine treatment</article-title>. <source>Asia Pac Allergy</source><year>2011</year>; <volume>1</volume>: <fpage>168</fpage>-<lpage>171</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22053314</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref94"><label>94</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mike</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bird</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Asquith</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A new manifestation of seminal fluid hypersensitivity</article-title>. <source>Q J Med</source><year>1990</year>; <volume>75</volume>: <fpage>371</fpage>-<lpage>376</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2385741</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref95"><label>95</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nist</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>von den Driesch</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Human seminal plasma allergy-a rare cause of recurrent anaphylaxis</article-title>. <source>J Dtsch Dermatol Ges</source><year>2007</year>; <volume>5</volume>: <fpage>34</fpage>-<lpage>36</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17229203</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref96"><label>96</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Bernstein</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sugumaran</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bernstein</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bernstein</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prevalence of human seminal plasma hypersensitivity among symptomatic women</article-title>. <source>Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol</source><year>1997</year>; <volume>78</volume>: <fpage>54</fpage>-<lpage>58</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9012622</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref97"><label>97</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lieng</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Istre</surname><given-names>O</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sandvik</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Qvigstad</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Prevalence, 1-year regression rate, and clinical significance of asymptomatic endometrial polyps: cross-sectional study</article-title>. <source>J Minim Invasive Gynecol</source><year>2009</year>; <volume>16</volume>: <fpage>465</fpage>-<lpage>471</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19573823</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref98"><label>98</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Unal</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Doğan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Karaveli</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Giant endometrial polyp in a postmenopausal woman without hormone/drug use and vaginal bleeding</article-title>. <source>Case Rep Obstet Gynecol</source><year>2014</year>; <volume>2014</volume>: <fpage>518398</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25093134</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref99"><label>99</label><mixed-citation publication-type="web"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lieng</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Endometrial Polyps</article-title>, <year>2015</year><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nfog.org/files/guidelines/NFOG_Guideline_NOR_160419%20Endometrial%20polyp%20NO%20merged.pdf">http://www.nfog.org/files/guidelines/NFOG_Guideline_NOR_160419%20Endometrial%20polyp%20NO%20merged.pdf</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref100"><label>100</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>He</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Tian</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Song</surname><given-names>X</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Hysteroscopic resection of endometrial polyps and Assisted Reproductive Technology pregnancy outcomes compared with no treatment: a systematic review</article-title>. <source>J Minim Invasive Gynecol</source><year>2019</year>; <volume>26</volume> (<issue>Suppl. 4</issue>): <fpage>618</fpage>-<lpage>627</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30557636</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref101"><label>101</label><mixed-citation publication-type="web"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Haque</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Mneimneh</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Endometrial polyp</article-title>. <source>PathologyOutlines.com</source>, <year>2018</year><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/uterusendopolyp.html">http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/uterusendopolyp.html</ext-link></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref102"><label>102</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>American Association of Gynecologic</surname><given-names>Laparoscopists</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>AAGL practice report: practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of endometrial polyps</article-title>. <source>J Minim Invasive Gynecol</source><year>2012</year>; <volume>19</volume>: <fpage>3</fpage>-<lpage>10</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22196255</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref103"><label>103</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Szeszko</surname><given-names>Ł</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Oszukowski</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kisiel</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Histopathological results analysis in women undergoing hysteroscopic procedures due to endometrial polyps</article-title>. <source>Health Prob Civil</source><year>2019</year>; <volume>13</volume>: <fpage>99</fpage>-<lpage>103</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref104"><label>104</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Crnobrnja</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Liberale</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>The natural history of endometrial polyps</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod</source><year>2017</year>; <volume>32</volume>: <fpage>340</fpage>-<lpage>345</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27994000</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref105"><label>105</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Petrini</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Lekovich</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Surgical Management of Endometrial Polyps in Infertile Women: A Comprehensive Review</article-title>. <source>Surg Res Pract</source><year>2015</year>; <volume>2015</volume>: <fpage>914390</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26301260</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref106"><label>106</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kanthi</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Remadevi</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Sumathy</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Clinical Study of Endometrial Polyp and Role of Diagnostic Hysteroscopy and Blind Avulsion of Polyp</article-title>. <source>J Clin Diagn Res</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>10</volume>: <fpage>QC01</fpage>-<lpage>4</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref107"><label>107</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Hassa</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Korkmazer</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Tokgöz</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Öge</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Independent risk factors for endometrial polyps: diabetes, hypertension, and obesity</article-title>. <source>Asian Pac J Reprod</source><year>2012</year>; <volume>1</volume>: <fpage>312</fpage>-<lpage>4</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref108"><label>108</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Serhat</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Cogendez</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Asoglu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Is there a relationship between endometrial polyps and obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension?</article-title><source>Arch Gynecol Obstet</source><year>2014</year>; <volume>290</volume>: <fpage>937</fpage>-<lpage>941</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24858564</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref109"><label>109</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nappi</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Indraccolo</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Di Spiezio Sardo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Are diabetes, hypertension, and obesity independent risk factors for endometrial polyps?</article-title><source>J Minim Invasive Gynecol</source><year>2009</year>; <volume>16</volume>: <fpage>157</fpage>-<lpage>162</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19162559</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref110"><label>110</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Indraccolo</surname><given-names>U</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Barbieri</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Relationship between adenomyosis and uterine polyps</article-title>. <source>Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol</source><year>2011</year>; <volume>157</volume>: <fpage>185</fpage>-<lpage>189</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21470766</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref111"><label>111</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Zheng</surname><given-names>QM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Mao</surname><given-names>HI</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Zhao</surname><given-names>YJ</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Risk of endometrial polyps in women with endometriosis: a meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Reprod Biol Endocrinol</source><year>2015</year>; <volume>13</volume>: <fpage>103</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26377086</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref112"><label>112</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Carvahlo</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Aquiar</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Tomioka</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Functional endometrial polyps in infertile asymptomatic patients: a possible evolution of vascular changes secondary to endometritis</article-title>. <source>Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol</source><year>2013</year>; <volume>170</volume>: <fpage>152</fpage>-<lpage>156</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23773528</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref113"><label>113</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Peng</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Ro</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Robboy</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>A diagnostically useful histopathologic feature of endometrial polyp: the long axis of endometrial glands arranged parallel to surface epithelium</article-title>. <source>Am J Surg Pathol</source><year>2004</year>; <volume>28</volume>: <fpage>1057</fpage>-<lpage>1062</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15252313</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref114"><label>114</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Resta</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Cicinelli</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Lettini</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Possible Inflammatory Origin of Endometrial Polyps</article-title>. <source>Arch Reprod Med Sexual Health</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>1</volume>: <fpage>8</fpage>-<lpage>16</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref115"><label>115</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kajdaniuk</surname><given-names>D</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Marek</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Borgiel-Marek</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kos-Kudla</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) in physiology and pathology</article-title>. <source>Endokrynol Pol</source><year>2013</year>; <volume>64</volume>: <fpage>384</fpage>-<lpage>396</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24186596</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref116"><label>116</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Han</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Li</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Singh</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>The Pro-inflammatory Role of TGF β 1: A Paradox?</article-title><source>Int J Biol Sci</source><year>2012</year>; <volume>8</volume>: <fpage>228</fpage>-<lpage>235</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22253566</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref117"><label>117</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sauty</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Aubert</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Le Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β): une cytokine de plus en plus impliquée dans la physiopathogénie des maladies pulmonaires, fibroses en particulier</article-title>. <source>Revue des Maladies Respiratoires</source><year>2005</year>; <volume>22</volume>: <fpage>11</fpage>-<lpage>19</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref118"><label>118</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Guadagni</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Ferroni</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Palmirotta</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Review. TNF/VEGF cross-talk in chronic inflammation-related cancer initiation and progression: an early target in anticancer therapeutic strategy</article-title>. <source>In Vivo</source><year>2007</year>; <volume>21</volume>: <fpage>147</fpage>-<lpage>161</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17436563</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref119"><label>119</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Kirk</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Karlik</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>VEGF and vascular changes in chronic neuroinflammation</article-title>. <source>J Autoimmun</source><year>2003</year>; <volume>21</volume>: <fpage>353</fpage>-<lpage>363</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14624758</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref120"><label>120</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Afuwape</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kiriakidis</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Paleolog</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The role of the angiogenic molecule VEGF in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis</article-title>. <source>Histol Histopathol</source><year>2002</year>; <volume>17</volume>: <fpage>961</fpage>-<lpage>972</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12168808</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref121"><label>121</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Brechin</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Cameron</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Paterson</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Intrauterine polyps–a cause of unscheduled bleeding in women using the levonorgestrel intra uterine system</article-title>. <source>Hum Reprod</source><year>2000</year>; <volume>15</volume>: <fpage>650</fpage>-<lpage>652</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10686213</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref122"><label>122</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Arnes</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hvingel</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Orbo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Levonorgestrel-impregnated Intrauterine device reduces occurrence of hyperplastic polyps: a population-based follow-up cohort study</article-title>. <source>Anticancer Res</source><year>2014</year>; <volume>34</volume>: <fpage>2319</fpage>-<lpage>2324</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24778038</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref123"><label>123</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gitas</surname><given-names>G</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Ertan</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Rody</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Papillary squamotransitional cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a case report and review of the literature</article-title>. <source>J Med Case Rep</source><year>2019</year>; <volume>13</volume>: <fpage>319</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31655625</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref124"><label>124</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>van Herendael</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Stevens</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Flakiewicz-Kula</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hansch</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dating of the endometrium by microhysteroscopy</article-title>. <source>Gynecol Obstet Invest</source>. <year>1987</year>; <volume>24</volume>: <fpage>114</fpage>-<lpage>118</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">3653782</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref125"><label>125</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Roberge</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Nicolaides</surname><given-names>KH</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Demers</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Prevention of perinatal death and adverse perinatal outcome using low-dose aspirin: a meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source><year>2013</year>; <volume>41</volume>: <fpage>491</fpage>-<lpage>499</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23362106</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref126"><label>126</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Morris</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Stables</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hobbs</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Effects of low-dose aspirin on acute inflammatory responses in humans</article-title>. <source>J Immunol</source><year>2009</year>; <volume>183</volume>: <fpage>2089</fpage>-<lpage>2096</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19597002</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref127"><label>127</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Schisterman</surname><given-names>EF</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Silver</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Lesher</surname><given-names>LL</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Preconception low-dose aspirin and pregnancy outcomes: results from the EAGeR randomised trial</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><year>2014</year>; <volume>384</volume>: <fpage>29</fpage>-<lpage>36</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24702835</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref128"><label>128</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Leitich</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Egarter</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Husslein</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>A meta-analysis of low dose aspirin for the prevention of intrauterine growth retardation</article-title>. <source>Br J Obstet Gynaecol</source><year>1997</year>; <volume>104</volume>: <fpage>450</fpage>-<lpage>459</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9141582</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref129"><label>129</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Emeagi</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Patni</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Tikum</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Mander</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Low dose aspirin for preventing and treating pre-eclampsia. Author of editorial did not criticise studies’ methodology</article-title>. <source>BMJ</source><year>1999</year>; <volume>319</volume>: <fpage>316</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref130"><label>130</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Ahrens</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Silver</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Mumford</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Complications and Safety of Preconception Low-Dose Aspirin Among Women With Prior Pregnancy Losses</article-title>. <source>Obstet Gynecol</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>127</volume>: <fpage>689</fpage>-<lpage>698</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26959198</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref131"><label>131</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yubero</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Ramudo</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Manso</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>De Dios</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Mechanisms of dexamethasone-mediated chemokine down-regulation in mild and severe acute pancreatitis</article-title>. <source>Biochim Biophys Acta</source><year>2009</year>; <volume>1792</volume>: <fpage>1205</fpage>-<lpage>1211</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19818401</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref132"><label>132</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Buttgereit</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>da Silva</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Boers</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Standardised nomenclature for glucocorticoid dosages and glucocorticoid treatment regimens: current questions and tentative answers in rheumatology</article-title>. <source>Ann Rheum Dis</source><year>2002</year>; <volume>61</volume>: <fpage>718</fpage>-<lpage>722</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12117678</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref133"><label>133</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gupta</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bhatia</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Corticosteroid Physiology and Principles of Therapy</article-title>. <source>Indian J Pediatr</source><year>2008</year>; <volume>75</volume>: <fpage>1039</fpage>-<lpage>1044</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19023528</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref134"><label>134</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Moradan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Ghorbani</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Dexamethasone in unexplained infertility</article-title>. <source>Saudi Med J</source><year>2009</year>; <volume>30</volume>: <fpage>1034</fpage>-<lpage>1036</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19668883</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref135"><label>135</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Beck</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Boothroyd</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Proctor</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Hughes</surname><given-names>E</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Oral anti-oestrogens and medical adjuncts for subfertility associated with anovulation</article-title>. <source>Cochrane Database Syst Rev</source><year>2005</year>; <volume>2005</volume>: <fpage>CD002249</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref136"><label>136</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Namdar Ahmadabad</surname><given-names>H</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kayvan Jafari</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Nezafat Firizi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Pregnancy outcomes following the administration of high doses of dexamethasone in early pregnancy</article-title>. <source>Clin Exp Reprod Med</source><year>2016</year>; <volume>43</volume>: <fpage>15</fpage>-<lpage>25</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27104153</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref137"><label>137</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Gaytán</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Morales</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Bellido</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and ovulation: lessons from morphology</article-title>. <source>Histol Histopathol</source><year>2006</year>; <volume>21</volume>: <fpage>541</fpage>-<lpage>556</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">16493584</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref138"><label>138</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>YH</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>YH</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Chang</surname><given-names>HY</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Chronic Niche Inflammation in Endometriosis-Associated Infertility: Current Understanding and Future Therapeutic Strategies</article-title>. <source>Int J Mol Sci</source><year>2018</year>; <volume>19</volume>: <fpage>2385</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref139"><label>139</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Lichte</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Pfeifer</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Werner</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Dehydroepiandrosterone modulates the inflammatory response in a bilateral femoral shaft fracture model</article-title>. <source>Eur J Med Res</source><year>2014</year>; <volume>19</volume>: <fpage>27</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24886543</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref140"><label>140</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Straub</surname><given-names>RH</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Schölmerich</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Zietz</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Replacement therapy with DHEA plus corticosteroids in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases-substitutes of adrenal and sex hormones</article-title>. <source>Z Rheumatol</source><year>2000</year>; <volume>59</volume>: <fpage>108</fpage>-<lpage>118</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10868017</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref141"><label>141</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Mousavi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Moradi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Khorshidahmad</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Motamedi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Heparin and Its Derivatives: A Systematic Review</article-title>. <source>Adv Pharmacol Sci</source><year>2015</year>; <volume>2015</volume>: <fpage>507151</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26064103</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref142"><label>142</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Downing</surname><given-names>LJ</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Strieter</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></name>, <name name-style="western"><surname>Kadell</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal></person-group><article-title>Low-dose low-molecular-weight heparin is anti-inflammatory during venous thrombosis</article-title>. <source>J Vasc Surg</source><year>1998</year>; <volume>28</volume>: <fpage>848</fpage>-<lpage>854</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9808852</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/MaghrebDataLibMedV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000313 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000313 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= MaghrebDataLibMedV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38. |  |