Links to Exploration step
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Modeling and mapping the habitat suitability and the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors in Morocco</title><author><name sortKey="Abdelkrim, Outammassine" sort="Abdelkrim, Outammassine" uniqKey="Abdelkrim O" first="Outammassine" last="Abdelkrim">Outammassine Abdelkrim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1"><addr-line> Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University PO Box 7010 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samia, Boussaa" sort="Samia, Boussaa" uniqKey="Samia B" first="Boussaa" last="Samia">Boussaa Samia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2"><addr-line> ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Technology 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF3"><addr-line> Ecology and the Environment Laboratory L2E (URAC 32, CNRST ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University 2390-40080 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Said, Zouhair" sort="Said, Zouhair" uniqKey="Said Z" first="Zouhair" last="Said">Zouhair Said</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1"><addr-line> Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University PO Box 7010 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF4"><addr-line> Laboratory of Bacteriology–Virology, Avicienne Hospital Military 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souad, Loqman" sort="Souad, Loqman" uniqKey="Souad L" first="Loqman" last="Souad">Loqman Souad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1"><addr-line> Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University PO Box 7010 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">33861197</idno><idno type="pmc">8051322</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8051322</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:8051322</idno><idno type="doi">10.1051/parasite/2021030</idno><date when="????">????</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000267</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000267</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Modeling and mapping the habitat suitability and the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors in Morocco</title><author><name sortKey="Abdelkrim, Outammassine" sort="Abdelkrim, Outammassine" uniqKey="Abdelkrim O" first="Outammassine" last="Abdelkrim">Outammassine Abdelkrim</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1"><addr-line> Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University PO Box 7010 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Samia, Boussaa" sort="Samia, Boussaa" uniqKey="Samia B" first="Boussaa" last="Samia">Boussaa Samia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF2"><addr-line> ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Technology 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF3"><addr-line> Ecology and the Environment Laboratory L2E (URAC 32, CNRST ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University 2390-40080 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Said, Zouhair" sort="Said, Zouhair" uniqKey="Said Z" first="Zouhair" last="Said">Zouhair Said</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1"><addr-line> Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University PO Box 7010 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF4"><addr-line> Laboratory of Bacteriology–Virology, Avicienne Hospital Military 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Souad, Loqman" sort="Souad, Loqman" uniqKey="Souad L" first="Loqman" last="Souad">Loqman Souad</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="AFF1"><addr-line> Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University PO Box 7010 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Parasite</title><idno type="ISSN">1252-607X</idno><idno type="eISSN">1776-1042</idno><imprint><date when="????">????</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Mosquitoes transmit several agents of diseases and the presence of different species represents a threat to animal and public health. <italic>Aedes</italic> and <italic>Culex</italic> mosquitoes are of particular concern giving their potential vector competence for Arbovirus transmission. In Morocco, the lack of detailed information related to their spatial distribution raises major concerns and hampers effective vector surveillance and control. Using maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling, we generated prediction models for the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors (<italic>Aedes aegypti, Ae. vexans</italic>, <italic>Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus,</italic> and <italic>Culex pipiens</italic>) in Morocco, under current climatic conditions. Also, we investigated the habitat suitability for the potential occurrence and establishment of <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> and <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> recorded only once in the country. Prediction models for these last two species were generated considering occurrence datasets from close countries of the Mediterranean Basin, where <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>albopictus</italic> is well established, and from a worldwide database for the case of <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> (model transferability). With the exception of <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>, the results identify potential habitat suitability in Morocco for all mosquitos considered. Existing areas with maximum risk of establishment and high potential distribution were mainly located in the northwestern and central parts of Morocco. Our results essentially underline the assumption that <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic>, if not quickly controlled, might find suitable habitats and has the potential to become established, especially in the northwest of the country. These findings may help to better understand the potential distribution of each species and enhance surveillance efforts in areas identified as high risk.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Parasite</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Parasite</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">parasite</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Parasite</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1252-607X</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1776-1042</issn><publisher><publisher-name>EDP Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">33861197</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">8051322</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1051/parasite/2021030</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">parasite200169</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="other">10.1051/parasite/2021030</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Modeling and mapping the habitat suitability and the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors in Morocco</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="fr"><trans-title>Modélisation et cartographie de l’aptitude de l’habitat et de la distribution potentielle des vecteurs d’Arbovirus au Maroc</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abdelkrim</surname><given-names>Outammassine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Samia</surname><given-names>Boussaa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF2">2</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF3">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Said</surname><given-names>Zouhair</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF4">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Souad</surname><given-names>Loqman</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="AFF1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="FN1">*</xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="AFF1"><label>1</label><addr-line> Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cadi Ayyad University PO Box 7010 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></aff><aff id="AFF2"><label>2</label><addr-line> ISPITS-Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Technology 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></aff><aff id="AFF3"><label>3</label><addr-line> Ecology and the Environment Laboratory L2E (URAC 32, CNRST ERACNERS 06), Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University 2390-40080 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></aff><aff id="AFF4"><label>4</label><addr-line> Laboratory of Bacteriology–Virology, Avicienne Hospital Military 40000 Marrakech Morocco</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="FN1"><label>*</label>Corresponding author: <email>s.loqman@uca.ma</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>4</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">parasite/2021/01</issue-id><elocation-id>37</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>3</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© O. Abdelkrim et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder>O. Abdelkrim et al.</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbylicense">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref><license-p content-type="cc-by-4.0">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ext-link>), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="abstract" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/abs/2021/01/parasite200169/parasite200169.html"></self-uri><self-uri content-type="full_html" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/full_html/2021/01/parasite200169/parasite200169.html"></self-uri><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/articles/parasite/pdf/2021/01/parasite200169.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>Mosquitoes transmit several agents of diseases and the presence of different species represents a threat to animal and public health. <italic>Aedes</italic> and <italic>Culex</italic> mosquitoes are of particular concern giving their potential vector competence for Arbovirus transmission. In Morocco, the lack of detailed information related to their spatial distribution raises major concerns and hampers effective vector surveillance and control. Using maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling, we generated prediction models for the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors (<italic>Aedes aegypti, Ae. vexans</italic>, <italic>Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus,</italic> and <italic>Culex pipiens</italic>) in Morocco, under current climatic conditions. Also, we investigated the habitat suitability for the potential occurrence and establishment of <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> and <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> recorded only once in the country. Prediction models for these last two species were generated considering occurrence datasets from close countries of the Mediterranean Basin, where <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>albopictus</italic> is well established, and from a worldwide database for the case of <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> (model transferability). With the exception of <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>, the results identify potential habitat suitability in Morocco for all mosquitos considered. Existing areas with maximum risk of establishment and high potential distribution were mainly located in the northwestern and central parts of Morocco. Our results essentially underline the assumption that <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic>, if not quickly controlled, might find suitable habitats and has the potential to become established, especially in the northwest of the country. These findings may help to better understand the potential distribution of each species and enhance surveillance efforts in areas identified as high risk.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="fr"><p>Les moustiques transmettent plusieurs agents de maladies et la présence de différentes espèces représente une menace pour la santé animale et publique. Les moustiques <italic>Aedes</italic> et <italic>Culex</italic> sont particulièrement préoccupants compte tenu de leur compétence de vecteur potentiel pour la transmission des Arbovirus. Au Maroc, le manque d’informations détaillées relatives à leur répartition spatiale soulève des préoccupations majeures et entrave une surveillance et un contrôle efficaces des vecteurs. En utilisant la modélisation de l’entropie maximale (Maxent), nous avons généré des modèles de prédiction pour la distribution potentielle des vecteurs d’Arbovirus (<italic>Aedes aegypti</italic>, <italic>Ae. vexans</italic>, <italic>Ae. caspius</italic>, <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> et <italic>Culex pipiens</italic>) au Maroc, dans les conditions climatiques actuelles. De plus, nous avons étudié l’adéquation de l’habitat pour l’occurrence et l’établissement potentiels d’<italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> et <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> signalés une seule fois dans le pays. Des modèles de prévision pour ces deux dernières espèces ont été générés en tenant compte des ensembles de données d’occurrence des pays voisins du bassin méditerranéen, où <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> est bien établi et provient d’une base de données mondiale pour le cas d’<italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> (transférabilité du modèle). À l’exception d’<italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>, les résultats identifient la pertinence potentielle de l’habitat au Maroc pour tous les moustiques considérés. Les zones existantes présentant un risque maximal d’établissement et une distribution à fort potentiel étaient principalement situées dans le nord-ouest et le centre du Maroc. Nos résultats soulignent essentiellement l’hypothèse qu’<italic>Ae. albopictus</italic>, s’il n’est pas rapidement contrôlé, pourrait trouver des habitats convenables et a le potentiel de s’établir, en particulier dans le nord-ouest du pays. Ces résultats peuvent aider à mieux comprendre la répartition potentielle de chaque espèce et à renforcer les efforts de surveillance dans les zones identifiées comme à haut risque.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group><kwd><italic>Aedes</italic> and <italic>Culex</italic></kwd><kwd>Arboviruses</kwd><kwd>Maxent</kwd><kwd>Morocco</kwd><kwd>Potential distribution</kwd><kwd>Habitat suitability</kwd></kwd-group><counts><fig-count count="8"></fig-count><table-count count="5"></table-count><equation-count count="0"></equation-count><ref-count count="153"></ref-count><page-count count="15"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="S1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Over the past few years, arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) have (re)emerged at an alarming rate, posing a significant health threat to millions of people worldwide [<xref rid="R128" ref-type="bibr">128</xref>]. Dengue virus epidemics (DENV) are responsible for about 50–100 million infections each year [<xref rid="R72" ref-type="bibr">72</xref>], Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is still ongoing periodically since the mid-2000s [<xref rid="R123" ref-type="bibr">123</xref>], West Nile virus (WNV) was first introduced to the United States in 1999 and rapidly spread and became endemic throughout North America [<xref rid="R131" ref-type="bibr">131</xref>], and most recently Zika virus (ZIKV) quickly spread all over the Western Hemisphere [<xref rid="R91" ref-type="bibr">91</xref>] and was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in 2016 [<xref rid="R153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>]. All serve as examples of how explosive and unpredictable arboviral infections outbreaks could be.</p><p>Many arboviruses vectored by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) have expanded their geographic range and managed to achieve greater expansion in areas where they did not exist before. Human movement, global trade, climate change, and availability of susceptible mosquito vectors has increased the introduction of diseases to populations that otherwise would have been safely out of reach [<xref rid="R35" ref-type="bibr">35</xref>, <xref rid="R88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]. In Morocco, as for the majority of North Africa and Middle East countries, the epidemiological situation of arboviruses remains poorly or even uncharacterized [<xref rid="R61" ref-type="bibr">61</xref>]. <italic>Anopheles</italic> species, vectors of malaria, have always been the most studied in Morocco [<xref rid="R10" ref-type="bibr">10</xref>, <xref rid="R25" ref-type="bibr">25</xref>, <xref rid="R63" ref-type="bibr">63</xref>, <xref rid="R74" ref-type="bibr">74</xref>–<xref rid="R76" ref-type="bibr">76</xref>, <xref rid="R110" ref-type="bibr">110</xref>], while other genera such as <italic>Aedes</italic> and <italic>Culex</italic> remained poorly studied and characterized. Detailed information related to their spatial distribution is scarce, scattered, and rather inaccurate, which hampers effective surveillance and control, especially for the ones representing significant public health threats and listed among <italic>Culicidae</italic> of Morocco or Africa–Mediterranean [<xref rid="R141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>, <xref rid="R142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>]. This is completely true for the case of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> (Linnaeus, 1762)<italic>, Aedes albopictus</italic> (Skuse, 1895)<italic>, Aedes vittatus</italic> (Bigot, 1861)<italic>, Aedes vexans</italic> (Meigen, 1830<bold>)</bold><italic>, Aedes caspius</italic> (Pallas, 1771)<italic>, Aedes detritus</italic> (Haliday, 1833) and <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> (Linnaeus, 1758), known to be potentially vector competent for Arbovirus transmission (<xref rid="T1" ref-type="table">Table 1</xref>).</p><p><table-wrap id="T1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Overview of the medical importance of certain mosquitos tracked in Morocco.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Period of record in Morocco</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of times</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arboviruses transmitted</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">1916–1997</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="R67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>, <xref rid="R78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>, <xref rid="R149" ref-type="bibr">149</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus (ZIKV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R47" ref-type="bibr">47</xref>, <xref rid="R65" ref-type="bibr">65</xref>, <xref rid="R71" ref-type="bibr">71</xref>, <xref rid="R92" ref-type="bibr">92</xref>, <xref rid="R103" ref-type="bibr">103</xref>, <xref rid="R129" ref-type="bibr">129</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R38" ref-type="bibr">38</xref>, <xref rid="R45" ref-type="bibr">45</xref>, <xref rid="R102" ref-type="bibr">102</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue virus (DENV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R9" ref-type="bibr">9</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mayaro virus (MAYV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R86" ref-type="bibr">86</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Uganda S virus (UGSV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R83" ref-type="bibr">83</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yellow fever virus (YFV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R95" ref-type="bibr">95</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="8" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. albopictus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="8" colspan="1">2016</td><td align="center" rowspan="8" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="8" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus (ZIKV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R41" ref-type="bibr">41</xref>, <xref rid="R96" ref-type="bibr">96</xref>, <xref rid="R137" ref-type="bibr">137</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R134" ref-type="bibr">134</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue virus (DENV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R32" ref-type="bibr">32</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R48" ref-type="bibr">48</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R33" ref-type="bibr">33</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Usutu virus (USUV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R124" ref-type="bibr">124</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Nile virus (WNV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R34" ref-type="bibr">34</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yellow fever virus (YFV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R6" ref-type="bibr">6</xref>, <xref rid="R7" ref-type="bibr">7</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="4" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. vittatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">1916</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="4" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R67" ref-type="bibr">67</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus (ZIKV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R50" ref-type="bibr">50</xref>, <xref rid="R51" ref-type="bibr">51</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R49" ref-type="bibr">49</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue virus (DENV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R105" ref-type="bibr">105</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yellow fever virus (YFV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R70" ref-type="bibr">70</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. vexans</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">1947–2016</td><td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">9</td><td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>, <xref rid="R66" ref-type="bibr">66</xref>, <xref rid="R78" ref-type="bibr">78</xref>, <xref rid="R79" ref-type="bibr">79</xref>, <xref rid="R109" ref-type="bibr">109</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus (ZIKV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R58" ref-type="bibr">58</xref>, <xref rid="R69" ref-type="bibr">69</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R112" ref-type="bibr">112</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">St. Louis Encephalitis virus (SLEV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R77" ref-type="bibr">77</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tahyna virus (TAHV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R107" ref-type="bibr">107</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Nile virus (WNV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R62" ref-type="bibr">62</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. caspius</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">1946–2010</td><td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">59</td><td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R57" ref-type="bibr">57</xref>, <xref rid="R150" ref-type="bibr">150</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sindbis virus (SINV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tahyna virus (TAHV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R122" ref-type="bibr">122</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Usutu virus (USUV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R44" ref-type="bibr">44</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>, <xref rid="R145" ref-type="bibr">145</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Nile virus (WNV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R59" ref-type="bibr">59</xref>, <xref rid="R116" ref-type="bibr">116</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="5" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. detritus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">1924–2007</td><td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">53</td><td align="center" rowspan="5" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R39" ref-type="bibr">39</xref>, <xref rid="R81" ref-type="bibr">81</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Zika virus (ZIKV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R22" ref-type="bibr">22</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R146" ref-type="bibr">146</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese Encephalitis (JEV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R101" ref-type="bibr">101</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R97" ref-type="bibr">97</xref>, <xref rid="R139" ref-type="bibr">139</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Nile virus (WNV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R21" ref-type="bibr">21</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="6" colspan="1"><italic>Cx. pipiens</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">1916–2013</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">257</td><td align="center" rowspan="6" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R8" ref-type="bibr">8</xref>, <xref rid="R56" ref-type="bibr">56</xref>]</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Tahyna virus (TAHV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R98" ref-type="bibr">98</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R127" ref-type="bibr">127</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sindbis virus (SINV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R99" ref-type="bibr">99</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Usutu virus (USUV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R36" ref-type="bibr">36</xref>]</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">West Nile virus (WNV)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">[<xref rid="R106" ref-type="bibr">106</xref>]</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p><p>Recently, ecological niche modeling has been used intensively as the best tool with which to assess, quantify and characterize the risk of mosquitoes’ potential distribution in a defined locality, by relating observed occurrence to environmental data [<xref rid="R43" ref-type="bibr">43</xref>, <xref rid="R88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>]. The approach can provide reliable results even for species with scarce occurrence records [<xref rid="R119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>].</p><p>In the context of preventing arbovirus outbreak expansion, knowledge of <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> potential distribution, using ecological niche modeling, has already been shown to help predict the spread of viruses transmitted, such as chikungunya, dengue, and Zika viruses, at both regional and international scales [<xref rid="R18" ref-type="bibr">18</xref>, <xref rid="R24" ref-type="bibr">24</xref>, <xref rid="R89" ref-type="bibr">89</xref>]. The work of Kraemer et al. [<xref rid="R88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>] is the best example of the importance of emphasizing the potential threat of vector spread and availability on anticipating arboviruses transmission, especially after the Zika virus emerged in Brazil within a few months of this study’s publication [<xref rid="R153" ref-type="bibr">153</xref>].</p><p>In the present study, we generated prediction models for the potential distribution of <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic>, <italic>Ae. vexans</italic>, <italic>Ae. caspius</italic>, <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> and <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> in Morocco. Also, we estimated and evaluated the habitat suitability for the potential occurrence and establishment of <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> and <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>, recorded only once in the country. The results produced herein should be considered as a starting point to target and enhance surveillance efforts in areas identified as high risk.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="S2"><title>Materials and methods</title><sec id="S3"><title>Mosquito records</title><p>From the <italic>Culicidae</italic> of Morocco database, tracing back the history of mosquitos in the country from 1916 to 2017, we extracted 9 geo-positioned points for <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. vexans</italic>, 59 for <italic>Ae. caspius</italic>, 53 for <italic>Ae. detritus,</italic> and 257 for <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> [<xref rid="R140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]. Dataset records for <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> and <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> were obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gbif.org">https://www.gbif.org</ext-link>) and the worldwide database compiled by Kraemer et al. [<xref rid="R68" ref-type="bibr">68</xref>, <xref rid="R88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>, <xref rid="R90" ref-type="bibr">90</xref>]. The downloaded dataset for each species was separately filtered by excluding records with missing latitude or longitude and duplicate records sharing the same coordinates [<xref rid="R117" ref-type="bibr">117</xref>]. Over 1550 observed points of <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> were retained for predictions from close countries of the Mediterranean Basin, where <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> is well established and was suspected to be the source of the identified population collected in Morocco in 2016 [<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>]. For <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>, 429 assembled points were retained and used for predictions at a global scale, given that the species was recorded only once in Morocco without any detailed information regarding its geolocation [<xref rid="R141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>, <xref rid="R142" ref-type="bibr">142</xref>] and also given the scarce occurrence records on the species presence at the regional scale. During model training, the final records were randomly split 20 times into training and testing data in a proportion of 70:30.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Environmental predictor variables</title><p>Any living species can only achieve and maintain its life cycle within a limited range of environmental characteristics. For mosquitos, temperature and precipitation are the most important factors that condition their survival and geographical distribution. Thus, to characterize the current climate conditions, we used data from WorldClim (version 1.4, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.worldclim.org">https://www.worldclim.org</ext-link>). This includes altitude and 19 bioclimatic variables, representing 50 years (1950–2000) of monthly derived temperature and precipitation data, collected from weather stations all over the world at 1 × 1 km (30 arc sec) spatial resolution (<xref rid="T2" ref-type="table">Table 2</xref>).</p><p><table-wrap id="T2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>Summary of the environmental variables downloaded.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Environmental variable layers</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Signification</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Units</th><th align="center" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Resolution<hr></hr></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Reference</th></tr><tr valign="top"><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Spatial (km)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temporal</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Altitude</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Elevation above sea level</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">m</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">a</xref></td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annual mean temperature</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean diurnal range (mean of monthly (max temp – min temp))</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Isothermality (BIO2/BIO7) (× 100)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature seasonality (standard deviation × 100)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Max temperature of warmest month</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Min temperature of coldest month</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Temperature annual range (BIO5–BIO6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean temperature of wettest quarter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1 km</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean temperature of driest quarter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean temperature of warmest quarter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean temperature of coldest quarter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">°C</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annual precipitation</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO13</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Precipitation of wettest month</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO14</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Precipitation of driest month</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO15</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">%</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO16</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Precipitation of wettest quarter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO17</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Precipitation of driest quarter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO18</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Precipitation of warmest quarter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO19</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Precipitation of coldest quarter</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">mm</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">~1 × 1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Monthly, 1950–2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">WorldClim</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN1"><label>a</label><p><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.diva-gis.org/climate">http://www.diva-gis.org/climate</ext-link>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p><p>To select an optimal variable set, a prior modeling test was performed with all of the 20 environmental variables, so as to get a general overview of the variables contributing most to each modeled species. Briefly, the approach consists of running multiple models and each time excluding variables that contribute less or are less informative by comparing model performance with and without the considered variable, which markedly decreases when excluding variables with important contributions and vice versa [<xref rid="R84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>]. To determine the contribution of environmental variables, the Jackknife test option in Maxent was applied [<xref rid="R121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]. Variables were then submitted to statistical analysis for covariation and collinearity investigation (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S1 file</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S2 file</ext-link>) using Pearson’s correlation function available in ENMTools package under R system [<xref rid="R151" ref-type="bibr">151</xref>, <xref rid="R152" ref-type="bibr">152</xref>]. Variables contributing less with higher correlation (|<italic>r</italic>| < 0.7) to the ones of highest contribution were omitted from the prediction [<xref rid="R64" ref-type="bibr">64</xref>]. This process was repeated until left with a set of uncorrelated variables that all had a model contribution [<xref rid="R84" ref-type="bibr">84</xref>, <xref rid="R93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>], which were then used for final predictions (<xref rid="T3" ref-type="table">Table 3</xref>).</p><p><table-wrap id="T3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>Correlation matrix of the bioclimatic variables retained for prediction.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO1</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO10</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO11</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO12</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.225</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.248</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.520</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO10</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.225</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.200</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO11</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.248</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.375</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.242</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">BIO12</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.520</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">−0.200</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.242</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="S5"><title>Species distribution modeling</title><p>The modeling was carried out using Maxent (Maximum Entropy) software version 3.4.1, which uses an optimization procedure comparing species presence (from occurrence records) with environment characteristics, based on the maximum entropy principle [<xref rid="R121" ref-type="bibr">121</xref>]. This machine-learning algorithm, designed to be performed with presence-only record data, has recently gained direct use in various field applications for species distribution modeling, with hundreds of peer-reviewed articles published each year [<xref rid="R114" ref-type="bibr">114</xref>]. As the literature recommends, we avoided relying only on the default automatic configuration of Maxent, given increasing debate regarding its use as a black-box, which may not always generate the best results [<xref rid="R126" ref-type="bibr">126</xref>, <xref rid="R135" ref-type="bibr">135</xref>]. For each modeled species, we tested a combination of different features (linear, quadratic, product, threshold, and hinge), regularizations multiplier, and used cross-validation to select the optimal settings (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S3 file</ext-link>). The Akaike information criterion (AICc) was used to select the optimal combination (the one with minimal AICc value) using NicheA software version 3.0 [<xref rid="R93" ref-type="bibr">93</xref>, <xref rid="R125" ref-type="bibr">125</xref>]. Given the lack of occurrence records in some areas, the lack of detailed information on each species distribution range, and the non-availability of absence data, we created a bias file used to fine‐tune background and occurrence point selection in Maxent. For this, we restricted background sampling to a maximum radial distance of no more than 5 km from observation points, using SDMtoolbox [<xref rid="R29" ref-type="bibr">29</xref>]. We ran 20 replicates in Maxent for each model and used the mean values to summarize the model predictions results.</p></sec><sec id="S6"><title>Modeling evaluation</title><p>Model performance was evaluated using the partial receiver operating characteristic (pROC) approach, in addition to the area under the curve (AUC). Partial ROC represents a more suitable indicator of statistical significance and allows a better assessment of the niche model predictive ability [<xref rid="R120" ref-type="bibr">120</xref>], considering only omission error and proportional area predicted as suitable, and only over a range of omission error deemed acceptable in light of error characteristics of the input data [<xref rid="R136" ref-type="bibr">136</xref>]. AUC measures can be misleading and may reflect model accuracy poorly. It weights omission and commission errors equally, does not give information about the spatial distribution of model errors, and summarizes the entire ROC curve, including regions that frequently are not relevant to practical applications [<xref rid="R94" ref-type="bibr">94</xref>, <xref rid="R100" ref-type="bibr">100</xref>]. In a partial ROC test, the statistical significance is determined by bootstrap resampling of 50% of testing data, and probabilities are assessed by direct count of the proportion of bootstrap replicates for which the AUC ratio is ≤1.0 [<xref rid="R42" ref-type="bibr">42</xref>]. Occurrence datasets and obtained maps were subjected to over 1000 bootstrap iteration analyses, each based on 50% random points resampling, with replacement, and with an omission error threshold of 1% (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01). The pROC statistics test was used using the pROC function available in the NicheToolBox package under R system [<xref rid="R118" ref-type="bibr">118</xref>].</p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="results" id="S7"><title>Results</title><sec id="S8"><title>Modeled habitat suitability</title><p>According to AUC measurement (<xref rid="T4" ref-type="table">Table 4</xref>), all generated models performed well with AUC values exceeding 0.9 (average over 20 runs) and performed significantly better than random expectations based on the partial ROC test (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01). Maxent predicted widespread environmental suitability for <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Fig. 1</xref> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S4 file</ext-link>) and <italic>Ae. vexans</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Fig. 2</xref>, and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S5 file</ext-link>) across the country. Areas with the highest risk of potential distribution are essentially located in central parts. <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> probable risk of occurrence (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Fig. 3</xref>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S6 file</ext-link>, and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S7 file</ext-link>) seems to be highly relevant in areas of the northwest, while the rest of the country was found to be probably unsuitable for establishment. The environmental conditions in Morocco (up to half of the country’s surface area) seem to fit the potential distribution requirement of <italic>Ae. caspius</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Fig. 4</xref> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S8 file</ext-link>) and <italic>Cx. Pipiens</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Fig. 5</xref> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S9 file</ext-link>). Areas classified as highly suitable were primarily located in the center and the northern parts. Moroccan littorals, especially in the north, were modeled at high risk of <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> probable spreading (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Fig. 6</xref> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S10 file</ext-link>). For <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>, the environmental conditions in Morocco seem to be currently unsuitable for potential distribution of this species (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">Fig. 7</xref>, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S11 file</ext-link> and <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">S12 file</ext-link>).</p><p><fig id="F1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Predicted probability of <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> occurrence in Morocco.</p></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig1"></graphic><graphic specific-use="thumbnail" xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig1_small"></graphic></alternatives></fig></p><p><fig id="F2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Predicted probability of <italic>Ae. vexans</italic> occurrence in Morocco.</p></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig2"></graphic><graphic specific-use="thumbnail" xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig2_small"></graphic></alternatives></fig></p><p><fig id="F3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Predicted probability of <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> occurrence in Morocco.</p></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig3"></graphic><graphic specific-use="thumbnail" xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig3_small"></graphic></alternatives></fig></p><p><fig id="F4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Predicted distribution of <italic>Ae. caspius</italic> in Morocco.</p></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig4"></graphic><graphic specific-use="thumbnail" xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig4_small"></graphic></alternatives></fig></p><p><fig id="F5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Predicted distribution of <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> in Morocco.</p></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig5"></graphic><graphic specific-use="thumbnail" xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig5_small"></graphic></alternatives></fig></p><p><fig id="F6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Predicted distribution of <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> in Morocco.</p></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig6"></graphic><graphic specific-use="thumbnail" xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig6_small"></graphic></alternatives></fig></p><p><fig id="F7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Predicted probability of <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> occurrence in Morocco.</p></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig7"></graphic><graphic specific-use="thumbnail" xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig7_small"></graphic></alternatives></fig></p><p><table-wrap id="T4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>Area under the curve (AUC) values and partial receiver operating characteristic (pROC) ratios summarizing the performance of ecological niche models (average over 20 runs).</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Species</th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Mean AUC<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></th><th align="center" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Bootstrap iterations</th><th align="center" colspan="5" rowspan="1">pROC ratio<hr></hr></th></tr><tr valign="top"><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Minimum</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Maximum</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Median</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>p</italic> < 0.01</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. aegypti</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.924 ± 0.035</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.77</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.87</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0***</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. albopictus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.961 ± 0.002</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.89</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.94</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.92</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0***</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. vexans</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.945 ± 0.023</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.81</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.00</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.90</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0***</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. vittatus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.951 ± 0.013</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.74</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0***</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. caspius</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.988 ± 0.006</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.64</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.68</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.65</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0***</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. detritus</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.993 ± 0.003</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.75</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.96</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.76</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0***</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cx. pipiens</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.984 ± 0.001</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.41</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.70</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.62</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0***</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="TFN2"><label>*</label><p>0.5 (random) < AUC < 1 (perfect).</p></fn><p>*** Highly significant.</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="S9"><title>Variable importance</title><p>By investigating the relative contribution of the bioclimatic variables used, we were able to identify which of the variables most influences the predictions (<xref rid="T5" ref-type="table">Table 5</xref>). The mean temperature of the coldest quarter (BIO11) was the most informed variable for <italic>Ae. detritus</italic>, <italic>Ae. caspius</italic> and <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> potential distribution, followed by the annual mean temperature (BIO1) as the second most contributing. In the case of <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> and <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic>, BIO1 appears to provide the most useful information contributing with 43.9% and 47.4%, respectively. Concerning <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> and <italic>Ae. vexans</italic> potential prediction, the mean temperature of the warmest quarter (BIO10) was yielded as the most dependent variable.</p><p><table-wrap id="T5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 5</label><caption><p>Main contribution of the environmental variables used for modeling.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="top"><th align="left" rowspan="2" colspan="1">Environmental variable layers</th><th align="center" colspan="7" rowspan="1">Permutation importance (%)<hr></hr></th></tr><tr valign="top"><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. aegypti</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. albopictus</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. vexans</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. vittatus</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. detritus</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Ae. caspius</italic></th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>Cx. pipiens</italic></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annual mean temperature (BIO1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.4</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean temperature of warmest quarter (BIO10)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">31.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.6</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean temperature of coldest quarter (BIO11)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49.8</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.6</td></tr><tr valign="top"><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Annual precipitation (BIO12)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36.3</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15.6</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.2</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13.7</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.8</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></p></sec><sec id="S10"><title>The one-variable response curves</title><p>The one-variable response curve generated by Maxent is a powerful tool that helps define the modeled habitat suitability requirement for the species considered, depending on only one variable each time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Fig. 8</xref>). In terms of successful establishment thresholds, <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> is modeled to find suitable conditions in areas where the annual mean temperature is below 25 °C (optimum from 5 °C to 10 °C) with annual precipitation of at least 200 mm (optimum < 600 mm). A similar amount of precipitation with a mean temperature of the warmest quarter of no more than 25 °C (optimum from 10 °C to 17 °C) seems necessary for successful establishment of <italic>Ae. vexans</italic> in the country. In the case of <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic>, areas with mean temperature of the warmest quarter ranging from 17 °C to 27 °C and annual mean temperature of 11–20 °C were modeled as suitable. <italic>Aedes vittatus</italic> is modeled to be potentially present in regions with an annual mean temperature and a mean temperature of the coldest quarter ranging from 20 °C to 30 °C. For <italic>Ae. detritus</italic>, <italic>Ae. caspius</italic> and <italic>Cx. Pipiens</italic> predicted distribution, it seems to highly depend on mean temperature of the coldest quarter and annual mean temperature ranging from 10 °C to 20 °C.</p><p><fig id="F8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>Response curves (for most contributing variables) for the one-variable-models indicating the environmental limits for each vector.</p></caption><alternatives><graphic xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig8"></graphic><graphic specific-use="thumbnail" xlink:href="parasite-28-37-fig8_small"></graphic></alternatives></fig></p></sec></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="S11"><title>Discussion</title><p>In the present study, we generated prediction models for the potential distribution of the well-known disease vectors <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic>, <italic>Ae. vexans</italic>, <italic>Ae. caspius</italic>, <italic>Ae. detritus,</italic> and <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> in Morocco. Also, we estimated and evaluated the habitat suitability for the potential occurrence and establishment of <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> and <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>, recorded only once in the country.</p><p>Knowledge of the current distribution of these mosquito species can be of great value in identifying the areas at risk of probable associated arboviruses expansion. Specifically, the habitat suitability map generated herein can help predict where these species could become established. Also, to focus attention on areas where surveillance could be prioritized, especially where entomological reporting remains poor or where the vector is currently present but has yet to fulfill its potential fundamental niche.</p><p>With the exception of <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>, a species in which the current environmental conditions in the country were modeled unsuitable, the north and central parts of Morocco appeared to be the areas at high risk. Importantly, they were modeled suitable for six species out of seven (<italic>Ae. aegypti</italic>, <italic>Ae. vexans</italic>, <italic>Ae. caspius</italic>, <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic>, <italic>Ae. detritus,</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic>). For the southern parts, it seems that conditions might be currently suitable for potential distribution of only <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. vexans</italic>.</p><p>Overall, the risk of establishment of mosquitoes in the country can be classified into two main categories: species with high (<italic>Ae. aegypti</italic>, <italic>Ae. vexans, Cx. pipiens, Ae. caspius, Ae. detritus,</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic>) and low (<italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>) probability of establishment. This difference in their potential distribution may reflect unique environmental requirements for each species such as larval habitat.</p><p>The minimum temperature or the mean temperature of the coldest quarter were identified as critical factors determining the presence of <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> in multiple studies [<xref rid="R52" ref-type="bibr">52</xref>, <xref rid="R87" ref-type="bibr">87</xref>]. Temperatures ranging from 4 °C to 10 °C were estimated to be the minimum temperature threshold for <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> [<xref rid="R143" ref-type="bibr">143</xref>]. This is consistent with our findings as Maxent predicted suitable conditions in areas where the annual mean temperature is below 25 °C. It is worth mentioning here that the model developed for <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> (<italic>Ae. vexans</italic> as well) using small sample sizes should be interpreted with caution as the prediction only identifies regions that have similar environmental conditions to the points used, and do not represent actual limits to the range of the species [<xref rid="R119" ref-type="bibr">119</xref>]. For example, <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> was modeled to find suitable conditions in areas where the annual mean temperature is below 25 °C (optimum from 5 °C to 10 °C), according to the one-variable response curve generated by Maxent, an optimum which seems very low for a largely non-temperate species. <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> is usually known to be tolerant to high temperatures and can be viable following exposure to temperatures up to 40 °C [<xref rid="R27" ref-type="bibr">27</xref>], but cannot resist low temperatures. Larval survival requires a temperature higher than 10 °C [<xref rid="R144" ref-type="bibr">144</xref>] and prolonged exposure of eggs to temperatures below 10 °C has been fatal [<xref rid="R40" ref-type="bibr">40</xref>].</p><p>According to our prediction results, <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> was modeled to find suitable conditions in areas with a mean temperature of the warmest quarter ranging from 17 °C to 27 °C and annual mean temperature of 11–20 °C. This is completely in accordance with the commonly known environmental limits announced by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), regarding the successful establishment thresholds of this species in Europe. According to their findings, <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> could occur in locations where the mean annual temperature exceeds 11 °C (required condition for mosquito activity and survival), a summer temperature of 25–30 °C, mean temperature of the coldest quarter >0 °C, and annual rainfall of at least 500 mm (pre-requisite for aquatic habitats availability and maintenance). However, reports also indicated that this species can successfully establish under lower mean temperatures (5–28.5 °C) and annual precipitation not exceeding 290 mm [<xref rid="R54" ref-type="bibr">54</xref>, <xref rid="R108" ref-type="bibr">108</xref>].</p><p>Kraemer et al. [<xref rid="R88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>] and Kamal et al. [<xref rid="R85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>] were the first to predict the global potential distribution of <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> using ecological niche modeling. Accordingly, the northwest Atlantic coast of the country was predicted at-risk of <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> potential distribution, which is consistent with our results. It is worth mentioning here that in both studies no points were included from Morocco or North Africa. In addition, our study placed other areas at risk of <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> distribution including southwestern Morocco where no previous observed occurrence records were available. Either the species exists here but is not yet documented or it is currently absent but the environmental conditions are suitable for possible introduction in the future. Either way, these areas are worth being intensively monitored as soon as possible, especially after the species has recently emerged in North Mauritania and Egypt, after years of presumed absence [<xref rid="R3" ref-type="bibr">3</xref>, <xref rid="R113" ref-type="bibr">113</xref>]. Of note, the areas where the species was notified, in North Mauritania and Egypt, share similar environmental conditions with southern Morocco, according to the Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification [<xref rid="R14" ref-type="bibr">14</xref>].</p><p><italic>Aedes caspius</italic>, <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> and <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> predicted distribution in Morocco seems to highly depend on the mean temperature of the coldest quarter and annual mean temperature ranging from 10 to 20 °C. In Roiz et al. [<xref rid="R132" ref-type="bibr">132</xref>], a study evaluating climatic effects on mosquito abundance in Mediterranean wetlands using long-term series of mosquito abundance data (2003–2012), the mean temperature was positively related to <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> and <italic>Ochlerotatus caspius</italic> (<italic>Ae. caspius</italic>) abundances. Also, Ewing et al. [<xref rid="R60" ref-type="bibr">60</xref>] demonstrated that increases in mean annual temperature and amplitude of seasonal temperature fluctuations will increase the abundance of temperate mosquitoes (<italic>Cx. pipiens</italic>) in the United Kingdom in the coming years.</p><p><italic>Aedes caspius</italic> potential distribution showed high suitability across the northwestern and northeastern sides of the country, essentially at low altitudes. <italic>Aedes caspius</italic> is a species with a very wide Palearctic distribution; it stretches from Europe to central Asia, and from Egypt to Morocco [<xref rid="R55" ref-type="bibr">55</xref>, <xref rid="R130" ref-type="bibr">130</xref>]. It is a very well-represented species in the Mediterranean Basin, mainly along the coast; it has been reported in Italy [<xref rid="R147" ref-type="bibr">147</xref>], Belgium [<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>], France [<xref rid="R13" ref-type="bibr">13</xref>, <xref rid="R37" ref-type="bibr">37</xref>], and Spain [<xref rid="R73" ref-type="bibr">73</xref>]. In Morocco, the species was mainly collected in coastal and relatively more humid regions. Suitable habitats for <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> are currently limited to the northwestern part of the country, especially along the coastline. Indeed, the species showed a similar distribution pattern in Europe as it is found all over the European coastlines, e.g. in the United Kingdom [<xref rid="R23" ref-type="bibr">23</xref>], Italy [<xref rid="R104" ref-type="bibr">104</xref>], Belgium [<xref rid="R26" ref-type="bibr">26</xref>], France [<xref rid="R28" ref-type="bibr">28</xref>], and Spain [<xref rid="R133" ref-type="bibr">133</xref>]. It is a common Palearctic species that is more abundant in southern and dry regions [<xref rid="R15" ref-type="bibr">15</xref>]. In North Africa, the species has been detected in Egypt [<xref rid="R1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>], Tunisia [<xref rid="R16" ref-type="bibr">16</xref>], Algeria [<xref rid="R111" ref-type="bibr">111</xref>], etc. In Morocco <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> is very well represented on the littoral zones, where it is found on a fairly regular strip from Tangier to Tantan (the Atlantic coast), and on a less regular strip from Tangier to Saïdia (the Mediterranean coast) [<xref rid="R140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>]. According to our model predictions, up to half of the country’s surface area seems to be suitable for <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> potential distribution. Areas classified as highly suitable were primarily located in the central and the northern parts. <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> is a very common and ubiquitous species in Morocco, [<xref rid="R2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>, <xref rid="R20" ref-type="bibr">20</xref>]. In temperate regions, particularly in the Mediterranean basin, <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> is recognized as one of the most widespread cosmopolitan species [<xref rid="R5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>, <xref rid="R30" ref-type="bibr">30</xref>]. The species also dwells in the temperate regions of Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America [<xref rid="R80" ref-type="bibr">80</xref>].</p><p>Versteirt et al. [<xref rid="R148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>] previously identified the current geographic distribution of <italic>Ae. caspius</italic>, <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> and <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> in Europe and countries surrounding the Mediterranean Basin, including Morocco. According to their findings, <italic>Ae. caspius</italic> and <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> are predicted with high probability on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. By contrast, <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> was predicted to be highly distributed in areas with more temperate climatic conditions such as the Mediterranean Sea coastline north of Morocco. Our models yielded similar results of habitat suitability for <italic>Ae. caspius</italic> and <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> on the Atlantic coast and <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> on the Mediterranean Sea coastline but recognized different distributional patterns across the rest of the country. Reasons for such disagreement may be essentially the non-appropriate choice of explanatory variables used for prediction in their study: temperature and vegetation, annual amplitude of night time temperature, variance in night time temperature, variance in the enhanced vegetation index, phase of the annual night time temperature cycle, and maximum of the enhanced vegetation index, which resulted in substantial underestimation of habitat suitability. It is known that temperature and precipitation are the most important factors that condition mosquito survival and distribution, and predictions built with these variables usually produce more realistic results [<xref rid="R31" ref-type="bibr">31</xref>, <xref rid="R46" ref-type="bibr">46</xref>, <xref rid="R82" ref-type="bibr">82</xref>, <xref rid="R85" ref-type="bibr">85</xref>, <xref rid="R88" ref-type="bibr">88</xref>].</p><p><italic>Aedes vexans</italic> is considered a nuisance species in central Europe and the Mediterranean region [<xref rid="R19" ref-type="bibr">19</xref>]. The species is also indigenous to North America as it is found throughout the United States and southern Canada [<xref rid="R115" ref-type="bibr">115</xref>]. In North Africa, the species has been detected in Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco [<xref rid="R140" ref-type="bibr">140</xref>, <xref rid="R141" ref-type="bibr">141</xref>].</p><p>Versteirt et al. [<xref rid="R148" ref-type="bibr">148</xref>] also identified the current geographic distribution of <italic>Ae. vexans</italic> in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Accordingly, <italic>Ae. vexans</italic> is predicted with a very low probability in Morocco. Our model prediction yielded different results of habitat suitability. Reasons for such disagreement may be the non-appropriate choice of explanatory variables used for prediction in their study (as previously discussed), and also the absence of points used from Morocco or other north African countries.</p><p>The current distribution of <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> includes tropical and subtropical areas in Asia and Africa. In Europe, the species is restricted to the occidental Mediterranean region comprising Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal [<xref rid="R53" ref-type="bibr">53</xref>, <xref rid="R138" ref-type="bibr">138</xref>].</p><p>Giving the potential suitability of the country for the occurrence and distribution of Arboviruses vectors, there is an urgent need to undertake and enhance periodic surveillance campaigns in areas currently considered at high risk. This is particularly important as it was demonstrated recently that <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> identified in Rabat in 2016 [<xref rid="R17" ref-type="bibr">17</xref>] is competent for not only Zika virus transmission but also for many Arboviruses: Dengue, Chikungunya, and Yellow fever viruses [<xref rid="R4" ref-type="bibr">4</xref>]. Moreover, multiple cases of some imported arboviruses have been described recently in Morocco, especially Dengue [<xref rid="R11" ref-type="bibr">11</xref>] and Chikungunya [<xref rid="R12" ref-type="bibr">12</xref>]. With a suitable environment, viremic travelers caring viruses, and the potential wild distribution of known competent vectors, all key elements for potential outbreaks are present.</p><p>However, we cannot deny that there are some limits surrounding our study, as the case with every study forecasting habitat suitability or the potential distribution of any living species (Ogden 2017). Specifically, the models emphasize climate (e.g. macroclimate) as the key driver of mosquito distributions. The suitable habitats are modeled based on the assumption that there will not be any dispersed limitation encountered by the species. The impact of biological interactions, such as the presence of potential competitors or predators in the new predicted habitats, is also neglected in our models. Therefore, our prediction is an ideal state and should be considered as a starting point to target and enhance surveillance efforts in areas identified as high risk.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>This study was supported by Cadi Ayyad University, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Medical Biology, Marrakech-Morocco. The authors would like to thank the Health Delegation and Health Officers of Marrakech and Al Haouz province for their expertise and technical support.</p></ack><sec id="S12" sec-type="supplementary-material"><title>Supplementary materials</title><supplementary-material content-type="local-data" id="SD1"><p specific-use="print-only">Supplementary material is available at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm">https://www.parasite-journal.org/10.1051/parasite/2021030/olm</ext-link></p><media id="M1" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="zip" xlink:href="parasite-28-37-olm.zip" orientation="portrait" position="anchor"><caption><p><italic>S1 File</italic>. Correlation matrix results of the environmental variables collinearity test.</p><p><italic>S2 File</italic>. Correlation matrix Heatmap.</p><p><italic>S3 File</italic>. Evaluation metrics of the Maxent model runs using different parameters and combinations.</p><p><italic>S4 File</italic>. <italic>Ae. aegypti</italic> prediction model with occurrence points.</p><p><italic>S5 File</italic>. <italic>Ae. vexans</italic> prediction model with occurrence points.</p><p><italic>S6 File</italic>. Modeling results for <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> in Mediterranean Basin countries.</p><p><italic>S7 File</italic>. <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> prediction model with occurrence points.</p><p><italic>S8 File</italic>. <italic>Ae. caspius</italic> prediction model with occurrence points.</p><p><italic>S9 File</italic>. <italic>Cx. pipiens</italic> prediction model with occurrence points.</p><p><italic>S10 File</italic>. <italic>Ae. detritus</italic> prediction model with occurrence points.</p><p><italic>S11 File</italic>. Global potential distribution of <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic>.</p><p><italic>S12 File</italic>. <italic>Ae. vittatus</italic> prediction model with occurrence points.</p></caption></media></supplementary-material></sec><sec id="S13"><title>Funding</title><p>This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.</p></sec><sec id="S14"><title>Conflict of interest</title><p>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</p></sec><ref-list><ref id="R1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Abdel-Hamid</surname><given-names>YM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Soliman</surname><given-names>MI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kenawy</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>. <year>2011</year>. <article-title>Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to the risk of disease transmission in El Ismailia Governorate, Egypt</article-title>. <source>Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology</source>, <volume>41</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>347</fpage>–<lpage>356</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21980773</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Aboulfadl</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mellouki</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Aouinty</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faraj</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>. <year>2020</year>. <article-title>Susceptibility status of <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> larvae (Diptera: Culicidae) to the main insecticides used in larval control in the regions of Rabat and Casablanca in Morocco</article-title>. <source>International Journal of Pest Management</source>, <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>7</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R3"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Abozeid</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Elsayed</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Samy</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Re-emergence of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> in Egypt</article-title>. <source>Lancet Infectious Diseases</source>, <volume>18</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>142</fpage>–<lpage>143</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R4"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Amraoui</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ben Ayed</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Madec</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faraj</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Himmi</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Btissam</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sarih</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Failloux</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Potential of <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> to cause the emergence of arboviruses in Morocco</article-title>. <source>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>13</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>e0006997</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30763312</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R5"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Amraoui</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Krida</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bouattour</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rhim</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Daaboub</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Harrat</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boubidi</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tijane</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sarih</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Failloux</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></string-name>. <year>2012</year>. <article-title><italic>Culex pipiens</italic>, an experimental efficient vector of West Nile and Rift Valley fever viruses in the Maghreb region</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>, <volume>7</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>e36757</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22693557</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R6"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Amraoui</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pain</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Piorkowski</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vazeille</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Couto-Lima</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>de Lamballerie</surname><given-names>X</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lourenco-de-Oliveira</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Failloux</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Experimental adaptation of the Yellow Fever Virus to the mosquito <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> and potential risk of urban epidemics in Brazil, South America</article-title>. <source>Scientific Reports</source>, <volume>8</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>14337</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30254315</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R7"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Amraoui</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vazeille</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Failloux</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>French <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> are able to transmit yellow fever virus</article-title>. <source>Eurosurveillance</source>, <volume>21</volume>(<issue>39</issue>), <fpage>30361</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R8"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Anfreville</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>. <year>1916</year>. <article-title>Les Moustiques de Salé (Maroc)</article-title>. <source>Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique</source>, <volume>9</volume>, <fpage>140</fpage>–<lpage>142</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R9"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Apodaca-Medina</surname><given-names>AI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Torres-Avendano</surname><given-names>JI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rendon-Maldonado</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Torres-Montoya</surname><given-names>EH</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Flores-Lopez</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Del Angel</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Velarde-Felix</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Salomon-Soto</surname><given-names>VM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Castillo-Ureta</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>First evidence of vertical infection of Dengue virus 2 in <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> mosquitoes from Sinaloa, Mexico</article-title>. <source>Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases</source>, <volume>18</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>231</fpage>–<lpage>233</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29485942</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R10"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Bailly</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></string-name>. <year>1973</year>. <article-title>Etude préliminaire d’une récolte d’<italic>Anopheles labranchae</italic> par piège C.D.C réalisée dans la région de Larache, Maroc</article-title>. <source>Bulletin de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé</source>, <volume>49</volume>, <fpage>49</fpage>–<lpage>55</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R11"><label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Bajjou</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Akhouad</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hilali</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Elkochri</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Laraqui</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Touil</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lahlou Amine</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mahassine</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sekhsokh</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Dengue fever in Morocco: result of surveillance during the year 2017 and first imported cases</article-title>. <source>International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences</source>, <volume>6</volume>(<issue>3</issue>), <fpage>1029</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R12"><label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Bajjou</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Reggad</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hilali</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Elkochri</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Laraqui</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Touil</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lahlou Amine</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sekhsokh</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mahassine</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Chikungunya infection confirmed in a Moroccan traveller returning from Bangladesh</article-title>. <source>International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences</source>, <volume>6</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>343</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R13"><label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Balenghien</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vazeille</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Grandadam</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zeller</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Reiter</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sabatier</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fouque</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bicout</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></string-name>. <year>2008</year>. <article-title>Vector competence of some French <italic>Culex</italic> and <italic>Aedes</italic> mosquitoes for West Nile Virus</article-title>. <source>Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases</source>, <volume>8</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>589</fpage>–<lpage>596</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18447623</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R14"><label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Beck</surname><given-names>HE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zimmermann</surname><given-names>NE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>McVicar</surname><given-names>TR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vergopolan</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Berg</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>EF</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution</article-title>. <source>Scientific Data</source>, <volume>5</volume>, <fpage>180214</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30375988</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R15"><label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><string-name><surname>Becker</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Petrj</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zgomba</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boase</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Madon</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dahl</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kaiser</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>. <year>2020</year>. <source>Mosquitoes and their control</source>, <edition>3 edn</edition>. <publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>. p. <fpage>587</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R16"><label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Ben Ayed</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Amraoui</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>M’Ghirbi</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rhaim</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Failloux</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bouattour</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>A survey of Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Tunisia and the potential role of <italic>Aedes detritus</italic> and <italic>Aedes caspius</italic> in the transmission of Zika Virus</article-title>. <source>Journal of Medical Entomology</source>, <volume>56</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>1377</fpage>–<lpage>1383</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31121045</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R17"><label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Bennouna</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Balenghien</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>El Rhaffouli</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Garros</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gardes</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lhor</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hammoumi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chlyeh</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fassi</surname><given-names>Fihri O</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>First record of <italic>Stegomyia albopicta</italic> (= <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic>) in Morocco: a major threat to public health in North Africa?</article-title><source>Medical and Veterinary Entomology</source>, <volume>31</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>102</fpage>–<lpage>106</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27775162</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R18"><label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Bhatt</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gething</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brady</surname><given-names>OJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Messina</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Farlow</surname><given-names>AW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Moyes</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Drake</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brownstein</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hoen</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sankoh</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Myers</surname><given-names>MF</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>George</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jaenisch</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wint</surname><given-names>GR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Simmons</surname><given-names>CP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>TW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Farrar</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hay</surname><given-names>SI</given-names></string-name>. <year>2013</year>. <article-title>The global distribution and burden of dengue</article-title>. <source>Nature</source>, <volume>496</volume>(<issue>7446</issue>), <fpage>504</fpage>–<lpage>507</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23563266</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R19"><label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Birnberg</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Talavera</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Aranda</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nunez</surname><given-names>AI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Napp</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Busquets</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Field-captured <italic>Aedes vexans</italic> (Meigen, 1830) is a competent vector for Rift Valley fever phlebovirus in Europe</article-title>. <source>Parasites & Vectors</source>, <volume>12</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>484</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31619269</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R20"><label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Bkhache</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tmimi</surname><given-names>F-Z</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Charafeddine</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faraj</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Failloux</surname><given-names>A-B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sarih</surname><given-names>Mh</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>First report of L1014F-kdr mutation in <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> complex from Morocco</article-title>. <source>Parasites & Vectors</source>, <volume>9</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>644</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27986090</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R21"><label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Blagrove</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sherlock</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chapman</surname><given-names>GE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Impoinvil</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>McCall</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Medlock</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lycett</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Solomon</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Baylis</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>Evaluation of the vector competence of a native UK mosquito <italic>Ochlerotatus detritus</italic> (<italic>Aedes detritus</italic>) for dengue, chikungunya and West Nile viruses</article-title>. <source>Parasites & Vectors</source>, <volume>9</volume>, <fpage>452</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27527700</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R22"><label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Blagrove</surname><given-names>MSC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Caminade</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diggle</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Patterson</surname><given-names>EI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sherlock</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chapman</surname><given-names>GE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hesson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Metelmann</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>McCall</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lycett</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Medlock</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hughes</surname><given-names>GL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Torre</surname><given-names>Ad</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Baylis</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2020</year>. <article-title>Potential for Zika virus transmission by mosquitoes in temperate climates</article-title>. <source>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</source>, <volume>287</volume>(<issue>1930</issue>), <fpage>20200119</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R23"><label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Blagrove</surname><given-names>MSC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sherlock</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chapman</surname><given-names>GE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Impoinvil</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>McCall</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Medlock</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lycett</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Solomon</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Baylis</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>Evaluation of the vector competence of a native UK mosquito <italic>Ochlerotatus detritus</italic> (<italic>Aedes detritus</italic>) for dengue, chikungunya and West Nile viruses</article-title>. <source>Parasites & Vectors</source>, <volume>9</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>452</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27527700</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R24"><label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Bogoch</surname><given-names>II</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brady</surname><given-names>OJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kraemer</surname><given-names>MUG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>German</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Creatore</surname><given-names>MI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kulkarni</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brownstein</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mekaru</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hay</surname><given-names>SI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Groot</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Watts</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Khan</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source>, <volume>387</volume>(<issue>10016</issue>), <fpage>335</fpage>–<lpage>336</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26777915</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R25"><label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><string-name><surname>Bouallam</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>. <year>1992</year>. <article-title>Le paludisme et les moustiques dans la région de Marrakech. Ecologie et cycles biologiques des espèces culicidiennes</article-title>, <source>Thèse de Doctorat de 3e cycle</source>, <publisher-name>Université Cadi Ayyad</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R26"><label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Boukraa</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dekoninck</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Versteirt</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Coosemans</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Haubruge</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Francis</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>. <year>2015</year>. <article-title>Updated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Belgium</article-title>. <source>Journal of Vector Ecology</source>, <volume>40</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>398</fpage>–<lpage>407</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26611977</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R27"><label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Brady</surname><given-names>OJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Johansson</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Guerra</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bhatt</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Golding</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pigott</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Delatte</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Grech</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Leisnham</surname><given-names>PT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Maciel-de-Freitas</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Styer</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>TW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gething</surname><given-names>PW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hay</surname><given-names>SI</given-names></string-name>. <year>2013</year>. <article-title>Modelling adult <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> survival at different temperatures in laboratory and field settings</article-title>. <source>Parasites & Vectors</source>, <volume>6</volume>, <fpage>351</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24330720</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R28"><label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Brengues</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ferré</surname><given-names>JB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Le Goff</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lami</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pratlong</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pasteur</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lagneau</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Simard</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Robert</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>. <year>2014</year>. <article-title>A multiplex PCR to differentiate the two sibling species of mosquitoes <italic>Ochlerotatus detritus</italic> and <italic>Oc. coluzzii</italic> and evidence for further genetic heterogeneity within the Detritus complex</article-title>. <source>Infection, Genetics and Evolution</source>, <volume>28</volume>, <fpage>676</fpage>–<lpage>680</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R29"><label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bennett</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>French</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>SDMtoolbox 2.0: the next generation Python-based GIS toolkit for landscape genetic, biogeographic and species distribution model analyses</article-title>. <source>PeerJ</source>, <volume>5</volume>, <fpage>e4095</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29230356</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R30"><label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Brugman</surname><given-names>VA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hernández-Triana</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Medlock</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fooks</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Carpenter</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>The role of <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in virus transmission in Europe</article-title>. <source>International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</source>, <volume>15</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>389</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R31"><label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Brugueras</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fernández-Martínez</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Martínez-de la Puente</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Figuerola</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Porro</surname><given-names>TM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rius</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Larrauri</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gómez-Barroso</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>. <year>2020</year>. <article-title>Environmental drivers, climate change and emergent diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and their vectors in southern Europe: a systematic review</article-title>. <source>Environmental Research</source>, <volume>191</volume>, <fpage>110038</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">32810503</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R32"><label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Brustolin</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Santamaria</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Napp</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Verdun</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rivas</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pujol</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Talavera</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Busquets</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Experimental study of the susceptibility of a European <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> strain to dengue virus under a simulated Mediterranean temperature regime</article-title>. <source>Medical and Veterinary Entomology</source>, <volume>32</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>393</fpage>–<lpage>398</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30051490</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R33"><label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Brustolin</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Talavera</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nunez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Santamaria</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rivas</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pujol</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Valle</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Verdun</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brun</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pages</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Busquets</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Rift valley fever virus and European mosquitoes: vector competence of <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> and <italic>Stegomyia albopicta</italic> (= <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic>)</article-title>. <source>Medical and Veterinary Entomology</source>, <volume>31</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>365</fpage>–<lpage>372</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28782121</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R34"><label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Brustolin</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Talavera</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Santamaria</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rivas</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pujol</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Aranda</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Marques</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Valle</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Verdun</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pages</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Busquets</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title><italic>Culex pipiens</italic> and <italic>Stegomyia albopicta</italic> (= <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic>) populations as vectors for lineage 1 and 2 West Nile virus in Europe</article-title>. <source>Medical and Veterinary Entomology</source>, <volume>30</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>166</fpage>–<lpage>173</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26890285</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R35"><label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Bueno-Mari</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jimenez-Peydro</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>. <year>2013</year>. <article-title>Global change and human vulnerability to vector-borne diseases</article-title>. <source>Frontiers in Physiology</source>, <volume>4</volume>, <fpage>158</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23825463</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R36"><label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Calzolari</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bonilauri</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bellini</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Albieri</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Defilippo</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Maioli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Galletti</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gelati</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Barbieri</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tamba</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lelli</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Carra</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cordioli</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Angelini</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dottori</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2010</year>. <article-title>Evidence of simultaneous circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in mosquitoes sampled in Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) in 2009</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>, <volume>5</volume>(<issue>12</issue>), <fpage>e14324</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21179462</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R37"><label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Carron</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bichaud</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Platz</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bicout</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></string-name>. <year>2008</year>. <article-title>Survivorship characteristics of the mosquito <italic>Aedes caspius</italic> adults from southern France under laboratory conditions</article-title>. <source>Medical and Veterinary Entomology</source>, <volume>22</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>70</fpage>–<lpage>73</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18380656</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R38"><label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Cevallos</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ponce</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Waggoner</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pinsky</surname><given-names>BA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Coloma</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Quiroga</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Morales</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cardenas</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Zika and Chikungunya virus detection in naturally infected <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> in Ecuador</article-title>. <source>Acta Tropica</source>, <volume>177</volume>, <fpage>74</fpage>–<lpage>80</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28982578</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R39"><label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Charrier</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>. <year>1924</year>. <article-title>Le <italic>Stegomyia fasciata</italic> dans la région de Tanger (Maroc)</article-title>. <source>Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique</source>, <volume>17</volume>, <fpage>137</fpage>–<lpage>142</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R40"><label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><string-name><surname>Christophers</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>. <year>1960</year>. <source><italic toggle="yes">Aedes aegypti</italic> (L.) the yellow fever mosquito: its life history, bionomics and structure</source>. <publisher-loc>Cambridge, UK</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R41"><label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Ciota</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bialosuknia</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ehrbar</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kramer</surname><given-names>LD</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus by <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> Mosquitoes</article-title>. <source>Emerging Infectious Diseases</source>, <volume>23</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>880</fpage>–<lpage>882</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28277199</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R42"><label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Cobos</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Peterson</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Barve</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Osorio-Olvera</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>kuenm: an R package for detailed development of ecological niche models using Maxent</article-title>. <source>PeerJ</source>, <volume>7</volume>, <fpage>e6281</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30755826</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R43"><label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Conley</surname><given-names>AK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fuller</surname><given-names>DO</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Haddad</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hassan</surname><given-names>AN</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gad</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Beier</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></string-name>. <year>2014</year>. <article-title>Modeling the distribution of the West Nile and Rift Valley Fever vector <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> in arid and semi-arid regions of the Middle East and North Africa</article-title>. <source>Parasites & Vectors</source>, <volume>7</volume>, <fpage>289</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24962735</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R44"><label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Cook</surname><given-names>CL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>YS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lyons</surname><given-names>AC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Alto</surname><given-names>BW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Unlu</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Higgs</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vanlandingham</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>North American <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> and <italic>Culex quinquefasciatus</italic> are competent vectors for Usutu virus</article-title>. <source>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>12</volume>(<issue>8</issue>), <fpage>e0006732</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30118480</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R45"><label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Costa-da-Silva</surname><given-names>AL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ioshino</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Petersen</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>AF</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cunha</surname><given-names>MDP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wiley</surname><given-names>MR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ladner</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Prieto</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Palacios</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Costa</surname><given-names>DD</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Suesdek</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zanotto</surname><given-names>PMA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Capurro</surname><given-names>ML</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>First report of naturally infected <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> with chikungunya virus genotype ECSA in the Americas</article-title>. <source>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>6</issue>), <fpage>e0005630</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28614394</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R46"><label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Cunze</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kochmann</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Koch</surname><given-names>LK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Klimpel</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title><italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> and its environmental limits in Europe</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>9</issue>), <fpage>e0162116</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27603669</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R47"><label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>da Costa</surname><given-names>CF</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>da Silva</surname><given-names>AV</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>do Nascimento</surname><given-names>VA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>de Souza</surname><given-names>VC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Monteiro</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Terrazas</surname><given-names>WCM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dos Passos</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nascimento</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lima</surname><given-names>JBP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Naveca</surname><given-names>FG</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Evidence of vertical transmission of Zika virus in field-collected eggs of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> in the Brazilian Amazon</article-title>. <source>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>12</volume>(<issue>7</issue>), <fpage>e0006594</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30011278</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R48"><label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>de Wispelaere</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Despres</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Choumet</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>European <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> and <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> are competent vectors for Japanese encephalitis virus</article-title>. <source>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>e0005294</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28085881</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R49"><label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Diagne</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faye</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Guerbois Galla</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Knight</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diallo</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faye</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ba</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dia</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Weaver</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sall</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diallo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2014</year>. <article-title>Vector competence of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes vittatus</italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) from Senegal and Cape Verde Archipelago for West African Lineages of Chikungunya Virus</article-title>. <source>American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</source>, <volume>91</volume>(<issue>3</issue>), <fpage>635</fpage>–<lpage>641</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R50"><label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Diagne</surname><given-names>CT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diallo</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faye</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ba</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faye</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gaye</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dia</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faye</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Weaver</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sall</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diallo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2015</year>. <article-title>Potential of selected Senegalese <italic>Aedes</italic> spp. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Zika virus</article-title>. <source>BMC Infectious Diseases</source>, <volume>15</volume>, <fpage>492</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26527535</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R51"><label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Diallo</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sall</surname><given-names>AA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diagne</surname><given-names>CT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faye</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faye</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ba</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hanley</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Buenemann</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Weaver</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diallo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2014</year>. <article-title>Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>, <volume>9</volume>(<issue>10</issue>), <fpage>e109442</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25310102</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R52"><label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Dickens</surname><given-names>BL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sun</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jit</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cook</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Carrasco</surname><given-names>LR</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Determining environmental and anthropogenic factors which explain the global distribution of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic></article-title>. <source>BMJ Global Health</source>, <volume>3</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>e000801</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R53"><label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Diez-Fernandez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Martinez-de la Puente</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ruiz</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gutierrez-Lopez</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Soriguer</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Figuerola</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title><italic>Aedes vittatus</italic> in Spain: current distribution, barcoding characterization and potential role as a vector of human diseases</article-title>. <source>Parasites & Vectors</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>297</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29773077</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R54"><label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><collab>ECDC</collab>. <year>2016</year>. <source><italic toggle="yes">Aedes albopictus</italic> – Factsheet for experts</source>. <comment>[cited 17/03/2019]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/mosquito-factsheets/aedes-albopictus">https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/mosquito-factsheets/aedes-albopictus</ext-link></comment>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R55"><label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><collab>ECDC</collab>. <year>2020</year>. <source><italic toggle="yes">Aedes caspius</italic> - current known distribution: May 2020</source>. <publisher-loc>Stockholm</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>ECDC</publisher-name>. <comment>[cited 2020 01/11]. Available from: Mosquito maps [internet]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/surveillance-and-disease-data/mosquito-maps">https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/surveillance-and-disease-data/mosquito-maps</ext-link></comment>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R56"><label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>El Ouali Lalami</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>El-Akhal</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>El Amri</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Maniar</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faraj</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>. <year>2014</year>. <article-title>État de la résistance du moustique <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> vis-à-vis du téméphos au centre du Maroc</article-title>. <source>Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique</source>, <volume>107</volume>, <fpage>194</fpage>–<lpage>197</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24827876</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R57"><label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>El Ouali Lalami</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hindi</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Azzouzi</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Elghadraoui</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Maniar</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faraj</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Adlaoui</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ameur</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ibnsouda Koraichi</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>. <year>2010</year>. <article-title>Inventaire et répartition saisonnière des Culicidae dans le centre du Maroc</article-title>. <source>Entomologie Faunistique</source>, <volume>62</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>131</fpage>–<lpage>138</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R58"><label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Elizondo-Quiroga</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Medina-Sanchez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sanchez-Gonzalez</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Eckert</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Villalobos-Sanchez</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Navarro-Zuniga</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sanchez-Tejeda</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Correa-Morales</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gonzalez-Acosta</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Arias</surname><given-names>CF</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lopez</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Del Angel</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pando-Robles</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Elizondo-Quiroga</surname><given-names>AE</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Zika Virus in salivary glands of five different species of wild-caught mosquitoes from Mexico</article-title>. <source>Scientific Reports</source>, <volume>8</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>809</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29339746</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R59"><label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Ergunay</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gunay</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Erisoz Kasap</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Oter</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gargari</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Karaoglu</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tezcan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cabalar</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yildirim</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Emekdas</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Alten</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ozkul</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>. <year>2014</year>. <article-title>Serological, molecular and entomological surveillance demonstrates widespread circulation of West Nile virus in Turkey</article-title>. <source>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>8</volume>(<issue>7</issue>), <fpage>e3028</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25058465</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R60"><label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Ewing</surname><given-names>DA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cobbold</surname><given-names>CA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Purse</surname><given-names>BV</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nunn</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>White</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>Modelling the effect of temperature on the seasonal population dynamics of temperate mosquitoes</article-title>. <source>Journal of Theoretical Biology</source>, <volume>400</volume>, <fpage>65</fpage>–<lpage>79</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27084359</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R61"><label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Failloux</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bouattour</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faraj</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gunay</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Haddad</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Harrat</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jancheska</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kanani</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kenawy</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kota</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pajovic</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Paronyan</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Petric</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sarih</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sawalha</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Shaibi</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sherifi</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sulesco</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Velo</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gaayeb</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Victoir</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Robert</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Surveillance of arthropod-borne viruses and their vectors in the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions within the MediLabSecure Network</article-title>. <source>Current Tropical Medicine Reports</source>, <volume>4</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>27</fpage>–<lpage>39</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28386524</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R62"><label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Fall</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diaite</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Etter</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bouyer</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ndiaye</surname><given-names>TD</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Konate</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>. <year>2012</year>. <article-title>The mosquito <italic>Aedes</italic> (<italic>Aedimorphus</italic>) <italic>vexans arabiensis</italic> as a probable vector bridging the West Nile virus between birds and horses in Barkedji (Ferlo, Senegal)</article-title>. <source>Medical and Veterinary Entomology</source>, <volume>26</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>106</fpage>–<lpage>111</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21790686</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R63"><label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Faraj</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Adlaoui</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brengues</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fontenille</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lyagoubi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2008</year>. <article-title>Résistance d’<italic>Anopheles labranchiae</italic> au DDT au Maroc: identification des mécanismes et choix d’un insecticide de remplacement</article-title>. <source>Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal</source>, <volume>14</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>776</fpage>–<lpage>783</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">19166159</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R64"><label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Feng</surname><given-names>X</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Park</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Liang</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pandey</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Papes</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Collinearity in ecological niche modeling: confusions and challenges</article-title>. <source>Ecology and Evolution</source>, <volume>9</volume>(<issue>18</issue>), <fpage>10365</fpage>–<lpage>10376</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31624555</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R65"><label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Ferreira-de-Brito</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ribeiro</surname><given-names>IP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Miranda</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fernandes</surname><given-names>RS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Campos</surname><given-names>SS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Silva</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Castro</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bonaldo</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brasil</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lourenco-de-Oliveira</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>First detection of natural infection of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> with Zika virus in Brazil and throughout South America</article-title>. <source>Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz</source>, <volume>111</volume>(<issue>10</issue>), <fpage>655</fpage>–<lpage>658</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27706382</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R66"><label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Gaud</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>. <year>1947</year>. <article-title>Contribution à l’étude des Culicides au Maroc, quatre espèces nouvelles pour la faune locale</article-title>. <source>Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc</source>, <volume>25–27</volume>, <fpage>204</fpage>–<lpage>206</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R67"><label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Gaud</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>. <year>1953</year>. <article-title>Notes biogéographiques sur les Culicidés du Maroc</article-title>. <source>Archives de l’Institut Pasteur du Maroc</source>, <volume>4</volume>, <fpage>443</fpage>–<lpage>490</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R68"><label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><collab>GBIF</collab>. <year>2020</year>. <source>GBIF occurrence</source>. <comment>Download: </comment><pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15468/dl.fygusa</pub-id>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R69"><label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Gendernalik</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Weger-Lucarelli</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Garcia Luna</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fauver</surname><given-names>JR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ruckert</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Murrieta</surname><given-names>RA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bergren</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Samaras</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nguyen</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kading</surname><given-names>RC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ebel</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>American <italic>Aedes vexans</italic> mosquitoes are competent vectors of Zika Virus</article-title>. <source>American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</source>, <volume>96</volume>(<issue>6</issue>), <fpage>1338</fpage>–<lpage>1340</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28719283</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R70"><label>70</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Germain</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Francy</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Monath</surname><given-names>TP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ferrara</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bryan</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Salaun</surname><given-names>JJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Heme</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Renaudet</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Adam</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Digoutte</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></string-name>. <year>1980</year>. <article-title>Yellow fever in the Gambia, 1978–1979: entomological aspects and epidemiological correlations</article-title>. <source>American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</source>, <volume>29</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>929</fpage>–<lpage>940</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R71"><label>71</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Guerbois</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fernandez-Salas</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Azar</surname><given-names>SR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Danis-Lozano</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Alpuche-Aranda</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Leal</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Garcia-Malo</surname><given-names>IR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diaz-Gonzalez</surname><given-names>EE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Casas-Martinez</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rossi</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Del Rio-Galvan</surname><given-names>SL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sanchez-Casas</surname><given-names>RM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Roundy</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>TG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Widen</surname><given-names>SG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vasilakis</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Weaver</surname><given-names>SC</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>Outbreak of Zika virus infection, Chiapas State, Mexico, 2015, and first confirmed transmission by <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> Mosquitoes in the Americas</article-title>. <source>Journal of Infectious Diseases</source>, <volume>214</volume>(<issue>9</issue>), <fpage>1349</fpage>–<lpage>1356</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R72"><label>72</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Guo</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wen</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Xiao</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ou</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Han</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Huang</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ye</surname><given-names>X</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zou</surname><given-names>X</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wu</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zeng</surname><given-names>EY</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jing</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yang</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Global epidemiology of dengue outbreaks in 1990–2015: a systematic review and meta-analysis</article-title>. <source>Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology</source>, <volume>7</volume>, <fpage>317</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28748176</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R73"><label>73</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Gutierrez-Lopez</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bialosuknia</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ciota</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Montalvo</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Martinez-de la Puente</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gangoso</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Figuerola</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kramer</surname><given-names>LD</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Vector competence of <italic>Aedes caspius</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> mosquitoes for Zika virus, Spain</article-title>. <source>Emerging Infectious Diseases</source>, <volume>25</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>346</fpage>–<lpage>348</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30666939</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R74"><label>74</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Guy</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>. <year>1963</year>. <article-title>Bilan épidémiologique du paludisme au Maroc (données recueillies entre 1960, 1961 et 1962)</article-title>. <source>Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée</source>, <volume>38</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>823</fpage>–<lpage>857</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14122070</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R75"><label>75</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Guy</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Holsteun</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>1968</year>. <article-title>Données récentes sur les Anophèles du Maghreb</article-title>. <source>Archives de l’Institut Pasteur d’Algérie</source>, <volume>45</volume>, <fpage>51</fpage>–<lpage>61</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R76"><label>76</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Guy</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Salieres</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boesiger</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>. <year>1976</year>. <article-title>Contribution à l’étude du complexe maculipennis (Diptera – Culicidae – Anophelinae). Mise au point en 1975</article-title>. <source>Annales de Biologie</source>, <volume>15</volume>, <fpage>5</fpage>–<lpage>6</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R77"><label>77</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Hammon</surname><given-names>WM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Reeves</surname><given-names>WC</given-names></string-name>. <year>1943</year>. <article-title>Laboratory transmission of St. Louis Encephalitis Virus by three genera of mosquitoes</article-title>. <source>Journal of Experimental Medicine</source>, <volume>78</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>241</fpage>–<lpage>253</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R78"><label>78</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><string-name><surname>Handaq</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>. <year>1998</year>. <article-title>Les moustiques du Maroc: écologie et biogéographie des peuplements culicidiens dans les régions montagneuses, semi arides et arides du Maroc occidental : Essai de biotypologie des gîtes larvaires et étude comparative de la dynamique des populations marocaines et tunisiennes</article-title>. <source>Thèse de Doctorat de 3e cycle</source>, <publisher-name>Université Cadi Ayad, Faculté de Sciences Semlalia Marrakech</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R79"><label>79</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Handaq</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Blenzar</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Impact des eaux usées et des aménagements urbains sur la répartition des espèces de Culicidae (Diptera Nematocera) dans la ville de Meknès (Maroc)</article-title>. <source>European Scientific Journal</source>, <volume>13</volume>(<issue>27</issue>), <fpage>184</fpage>–<lpage>200</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R80"><label>80</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Harbach</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></string-name>. <year>2012</year>. <article-title><italic>Culex pipiens</italic>: species versus species complex taxonomic history and perspective</article-title>. <source>Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association</source>, <volume>28</volume>(<issue>4 Suppl</issue>), <fpage>10</fpage>–<lpage>23</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23401941</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R81"><label>81</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><string-name><surname>Himmi</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>. <year>2007</year>. <source>Les Culicides (Insectes, Diptères) au Maroc: Systématique, écologique et études épidémiologiques pilotes</source>. <publisher-loc>Rabat, Morocco</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Université Mohammed V</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R82"><label>82</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>TL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Haque</surname><given-names>U</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Monaghan</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Eisen</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hahn</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hayden</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Savage</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>McAllister</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mutebi</surname><given-names>J-P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Eisen</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Modeling the environmental suitability for <italic>Aedes</italic> (<italic>Stegomyia</italic>) <italic>aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes</italic> (<italic>Stegomyia</italic>) <italic>albopictus</italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) in the contiguous United States</article-title>. <source>Journal of Medical Entomology</source>, <volume>54</volume>(<issue>6</issue>), <fpage>1605</fpage>–<lpage>1614</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29029153</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R83"><label>83</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Boorman</surname><given-names>JPT</given-names></string-name>. <year>1958</year>. <article-title>Transmission of Uganda S virus by <italic>Aedes</italic> (<italic>Stegomyia</italic>) <italic>aegypti</italic> Linn</article-title>. <source>Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</source>, <volume>52</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>383</fpage>–<lpage>388</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">13581138</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R84"><label>84</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Jueterbock</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Smolina</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Coyer</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hoarau</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>The fate of the Arctic seaweed <italic>Fucus distichus</italic> under climate change: an ecological niche modeling approach</article-title>. <source>Ecology and Evolution</source>, <volume>6</volume>(<issue>6</issue>), <fpage>1712</fpage>–<lpage>1724</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27087933</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R85"><label>85</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Kamal</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kenawy</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rady</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Khaled</surname><given-names>AS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Samy</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Mapping the global potential distributions of two arboviral vectors <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> under changing climate</article-title>. <source>PLoS One</source>, <volume>13</volume>(<issue>12</issue>), <fpage>e0210122</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30596764</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R86"><label>86</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Kantor</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lin</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>DC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Franz</surname><given-names>AWE</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Infection pattern of Mayaro Virus in <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) and transmission potential of the virus in mixed infections with Chikungunya Virus</article-title>. <source>Journal of Medical Entomology</source>, <volume>56</volume>(<issue>3</issue>), <fpage>832</fpage>–<lpage>843</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30668762</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R87"><label>87</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Khormi</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>. <year>2014</year>. <article-title>Climate change and the potential global distribution of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic>: spatial modelling using GIS and CLIMEX</article-title>. <source>Geospatial Health</source>, <volume>8</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>405</fpage>–<lpage>415</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24893017</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R88"><label>88</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Kraemer</surname><given-names>MU</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sinka</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Duda</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mylne</surname><given-names>AQ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Shearer</surname><given-names>FM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Barker</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Coelho</surname><given-names>GE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bortel</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hendrickx</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Elyazar</surname><given-names>IR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Teng</surname><given-names>HJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brady</surname><given-names>OJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Messina</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pigott</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>TW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wint</surname><given-names>GR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Golding</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hay</surname><given-names>SI</given-names></string-name>. <year>2015</year>. <article-title>The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic></article-title>. <source>eLife</source>, <volume>4</volume>, <fpage>e08347</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26126267</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R89"><label>89</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Kraemer</surname><given-names>MUG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Reiner</surname><given-names>RC</given-names><suffix>Jr</suffix></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brady</surname><given-names>OJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Messina</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gilbert</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pigott</surname><given-names>DM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yi</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Earl</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Marczak</surname><given-names>LB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Shirude</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Davis Weaver</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bisanzio</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Perkins</surname><given-names>TA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lai</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lu</surname><given-names>X</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jones</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Coelho</surname><given-names>GE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bortel</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Marsboom</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hendrickx</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nax</surname><given-names>HH</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bengtsson</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wetter</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tatem</surname><given-names>AJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brownstein</surname><given-names>JS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lambrechts</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cauchemez</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Linard</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faria</surname><given-names>NR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pybus</surname><given-names>OG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Scott</surname><given-names>TW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Q</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wint</surname><given-names>GRW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hay</surname><given-names>SI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Golding</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Past and future spread of the arbovirus vectors <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic></article-title>. <source>Nature Microbiology</source>, <volume>4</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>854</fpage>–<lpage>863</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R90"><label>90</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Kraemer</surname><given-names>MUG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Sinka</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Duda</surname><given-names>KA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mylne</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Shearer</surname><given-names>FM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brady</surname><given-names>OJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Messina</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Barker</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Moore</surname><given-names>CG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Carvalho</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Coelho</surname><given-names>GE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bortel</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hendrickx</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wint</surname><given-names>GRW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Elyazar</surname><given-names>IRF</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Teng</surname><given-names>H-J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hay</surname><given-names>SI</given-names></string-name>. <year>2015</year>. <article-title>The global compendium of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Ae. albopictus</italic> occurrence</article-title>. <source>Scientific Data</source>, <volume>2</volume>, <fpage>150035</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26175912</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R91"><label>91</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Lazear</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diamond</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>Zika virus: new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the Western Hemisphere</article-title>. <source>Journal of Virology</source>, <volume>90</volume>(<issue>10</issue>), <fpage>4864</fpage>–<lpage>4875</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26962217</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R92"><label>92</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>MI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Wong</surname><given-names>PS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ng</surname><given-names>LC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></string-name>. <year>2012</year>. <article-title>Oral susceptibility of Singapore <italic>Aedes</italic> (<italic>Stegomyia</italic>) <italic>aegypti</italic> (Linnaeus) to Zika virus</article-title>. <source>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>6</volume>(<issue>8</issue>), <fpage>e1792</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22953014</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R93"><label>93</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Li</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Liu</surname><given-names>Z</given-names></string-name>. <year>2020</year>. <article-title>Optimized Maxent model predictions of climate change impacts on the suitable distribution of <italic>Cunninghamia lanceolata</italic> in China</article-title>. <source>Forests</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>3</issue>), <fpage>302</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R94"><label>94</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Lobo</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jiménez-Valverde</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Real</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>. <year>2008</year>. <article-title>AUC: a misleading measure of the performance of predictive distribution models</article-title>. <source>Global Ecology and Biogeography</source>, <volume>17</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>145</fpage>–<lpage>151</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R95"><label>95</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Lourenco-de-Oliveira</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vazeille</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bispo de Filippis</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Failloux</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></string-name>. <year>2002</year>. <article-title>Oral susceptibility to yellow fever virus of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> from Brazil</article-title>. <source>Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz</source>, <volume>97</volume>(<issue>3</issue>), <fpage>437</fpage>–<lpage>439</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12048581</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R96"><label>96</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Lozano-Fuentes</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kenney</surname><given-names>JL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Varnado</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Byrd</surname><given-names>BD</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Burkhalter</surname><given-names>KL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Savage</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Susceptibility and vectorial capacity of American <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> and <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) to American Zika Virus Strains</article-title>. <source>Journal of Medical Entomology</source>, <volume>56</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>233</fpage>–<lpage>240</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30102327</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R97"><label>97</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Lumley</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hernández-Triana</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Horton</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fernández de Marco</surname><given-names>MDM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Medlock</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hewson</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fooks</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Competence of mosquitoes native to the United Kingdom to support replication and transmission of Rift Valley fever virus</article-title>. <source>Parasites & Vectors</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>308</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29776384</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R98"><label>98</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Lundstrom</surname><given-names>JO</given-names></string-name>. <year>1999</year>. <article-title>Mosquito-borne viruses in western Europe: a review</article-title>. <source>Journal of Vector Ecology</source>, <volume>24</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>39</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">10436876</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R99"><label>99</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Lwande</surname><given-names>OW</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Naslund</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lundmark</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ahlm</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ahlm</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bucht</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Evander</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Experimental infection and transmission competence of Sindbis virus in <italic>Culex torrentium</italic> and <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> Mosquitoes from Northern Sweden</article-title>. <source>Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases</source>, <volume>19</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>128</fpage>–<lpage>133</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">30300110</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R100"><label>100</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Ma</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bandos</surname><given-names>AI</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rockette</surname><given-names>HE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gur</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>. <year>2013</year>. <article-title>On use of partial area under the ROC curve for evaluation of diagnostic performance</article-title>. <source>Statistics in Medicine</source>, <volume>32</volume>(<issue>20</issue>), <fpage>3449</fpage>–<lpage>3458</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23508757</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R101"><label>101</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Mackenzie-Impoinvil</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Impoinvil</surname><given-names>DE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Galbraith</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dillon</surname><given-names>RJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ranson</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Johnson</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fooks</surname><given-names>AR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Solomon</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Baylis</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2015</year>. <article-title>Evaluation of a temperate climate mosquito, <italic>Ochlerotatus detritus</italic> (=<italic>Aedes detritus</italic>), as a potential vector of Japanese encephalitis virus</article-title>. <source>Medical and Veterinary Entomology</source>, <volume>29</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>9</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25087926</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R102"><label>102</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Magalhaes</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Robison</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Young</surname><given-names>MC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Black</surname><given-names>WCt</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Foy</surname><given-names>BD</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ebel</surname><given-names>GD</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ruckert</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Sequential infection of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> mosquitoes with Chikungunya Virus and Zika Virus enhances early Zika Virus transmission</article-title>. <source>Insects</source>, <volume>9</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>177</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R103"><label>103</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Main</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nicholson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Winokur</surname><given-names>OC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Steiner</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Riemersma</surname><given-names>KK</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Stuart</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Takeshita</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Krasnec</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Barker</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Coffey</surname><given-names>LL</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Vector competence of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic>, <italic>Culex tarsalis</italic>, and <italic>Culex quinquefasciatus</italic> from California for Zika virus</article-title>. <source>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>12</volume>(<issue>6</issue>), <fpage>e0006524</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29927940</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R104"><label>104</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Mancini</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Montarsi</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Calzolari</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Capelli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dottori</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ravagnan</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lelli</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chiari</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Santilli</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Quaglia</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Quaglia</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Federici</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Monaco</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Goffredo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Savini</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Mosquito species involved in the circulation of West Nile and Usutu viruses in Italy</article-title>. <source>Veterinaria Italiana</source>, <volume>53</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>97</fpage>–<lpage>110</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28675249</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R105"><label>105</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Mavale</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ilkal</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dhanda</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>. <year>1992</year>. <article-title>Experimental studies on the susceptibility of <italic>Aedes vittatus</italic> to dengue viruses</article-title>. <source>Acta Virologica</source>, <volume>36</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>412</fpage>–<lpage>416</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">1362325</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R106"><label>106</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Mavridis</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fotakis</surname><given-names>EA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kioulos</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mpellou</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Konstantas</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Varela</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gewehr</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Diamantopoulos</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vontas</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Detection of West Nile Virus - Lineage 2 in <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> mosquitoes, associated with disease outbreak in Greece, 2017</article-title>. <source>Acta Tropica</source>, <volume>182</volume>, <fpage>64</fpage>–<lpage>68</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29474832</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R107"><label>107</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Medlock</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cull</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vaux</surname><given-names>AGC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Irwin</surname><given-names>AG</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>The mosquito <italic>Aedes vexans</italic> in England</article-title>. <source>Veterinary Record</source>, <volume>181</volume>(<issue>9</issue>), <fpage>243</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R108"><label>108</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Medlock</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hansford</surname><given-names>KM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Versteirt</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cull</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kampen</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fontenille</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hendrickx</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Zeller</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Van Bortel</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>. <year>2015</year>. <article-title>An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe</article-title>. <source>Bulletin of Entomological Research</source>, <volume>105</volume>(<issue>6</issue>), <fpage>637</fpage>–<lpage>663</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25804287</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R109"><label>109</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><string-name><surname>Metge</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>. <year>1986</year>. <source>Étude des écosystèmes hydromorphes (Daya et Merja) de la Meseta occidentale marocaine. Typologie et synthèse cartographique à objectif sanitaire, appliquée aux populations d’<italic toggle="yes">Anopheles labranchiae</italic> (Falleroni, 1926) (Diptera, Culicidae, Anophelinae)</source>. <publisher-loc>Marseille, France</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Université Aix-Marseille</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R110"><label>110</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Metge</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>. <year>1991</year>. <article-title>Contribution à l’étude écologique d’<italic>Anopheles labranchae</italic> au Maroc: activité des imagos et dynamique des stades pré-imaginaux de la région Sidi Bettache</article-title>. <source>Bulletin d’Écologie</source>, <volume>22</volume>(<issue>3–4</issue>), <fpage>419</fpage>–<lpage>426</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R111"><label>111</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Metge</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hassaïne</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>. <year>1998</year>. <article-title>Study of the environmental factors associated with oviposition by <italic>Aedes caspius</italic> and <italic>Aedes detritus</italic> along a transect in Algeria</article-title>. <source>Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association</source>, <volume>14</volume>(<issue>3</issue>), <fpage>283</fpage>–<lpage>288</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9813826</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R112"><label>112</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>BR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Godsey</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Crabtree</surname><given-names>MB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Savage</surname><given-names>HM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Al-Mazrao</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Al-Jeffri</surname><given-names>MH</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Abdoon</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Al-Seghayer</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Al-Shahrani</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ksiazek</surname><given-names>TG</given-names></string-name>. <year>2002</year>. <article-title>Isolation and genetic characterization of Rift valley fever virus from <italic>Aedes vexans arabiensis</italic>, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</article-title>. <source>Emerging Infectious Diseases</source>, <volume>8</volume>(<issue>12</issue>), <fpage>1492</fpage>–<lpage>1494</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12498669</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R113"><label>113</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Mint Lekweiry</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ould Ahmedou Salem</surname><given-names>MS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ould Brahim</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ould Lemrabott</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brengues</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Faye</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Simard</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>. <year>2015</year>. <article-title><italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mauritania: first report on the presence of the Arbovirus mosquito vector in Nouakchott</article-title>. <source>Journal of Medical Entomology</source>, <volume>52</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>730</fpage>–<lpage>733</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">26335483</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R114"><label>114</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Morales</surname><given-names>NS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fernández</surname><given-names>IC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Baca-González</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>MaxEnt’s parameter configuration and small samples: are we paying attention to recommendations? A systematic review</article-title>. <source>PeerJ</source>, <volume>5</volume>, <fpage>e3093</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28316894</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R115"><label>115</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>O’Donnell</surname><given-names>KL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bixby</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Morin</surname><given-names>KJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bradley</surname><given-names>DS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vaughan</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Potential of a Northern population of <italic>Aedes vexans</italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Zika Virus</article-title>. <source>Journal of Medical Entomology</source>, <volume>54</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>1354</fpage>–<lpage>1359</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28499036</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R116"><label>116</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Orshan</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bin</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schnur</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kaufman</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Valinsky</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Shulman</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Weiss</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mendelson</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pener</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>. <year>2008</year>. <article-title>Mosquito vectors of West Nile fever in Israel</article-title>. <source>Journal of Medical Entomology</source>, <volume>45</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>939</fpage>–<lpage>947</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18826039</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R117"><label>117</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Osorio-Olvera</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lira-Noriega</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Soberón</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Peterson</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Falconi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Contreras-Díaz</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Martínez-Meyer</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Barve</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Barve</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>. <year>2020</year>. <article-title>ntbox: an R package with graphical user interface for modelling and evaluating multidimensional ecological niches</article-title>. <source>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</source>, <volume>11</volume>, <fpage>1199</fpage>–<lpage>1206</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R118"><label>118</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><string-name><surname>Osorio-Olvera</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vijay</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Narayani</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jorge</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Manuel</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <source>ntbox: from getting biodiversity data to evaluating species distribution models in a friendly GUI environment</source>. <comment>R package version 0.2.5.4. [cited 2019 10/10]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://github.com/luismurao/ntbox">https://github.com/luismurao/ntbox</ext-link></comment>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R119"><label>119</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Pearson</surname><given-names>RG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Raxworthy</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nakamura</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Townsend</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></string-name>. <year>2007</year>. <article-title>Original Article: predicting species distributions from small numbers of occurrence records: a test case using cryptic geckos in Madagascar</article-title>. <source>Journal of Biogeography</source>, <volume>34</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>102</fpage>–<lpage>117</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R120"><label>120</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Peterson</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Papeş</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Soberón</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>. <year>2008</year>. <article-title>Rethinking receiver operating characteristic analysis applications in ecological niche modeling</article-title>. <source>Ecological Modelling</source>, <volume>213</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>63</fpage>–<lpage>72</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R121"><label>121</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Phillips</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schapire</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></string-name>. <year>2006</year>. <article-title>Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions</article-title>. <source>Ecological Modelling</source>, <volume>190</volume>(<issue>3–4</issue>), <fpage>231</fpage>–<lpage>259</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R122"><label>122</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Pilaski</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Mackenstein</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>. <year>1985</year>. <article-title>Isolation of Tahyna virus from mosquitoes in 2 different European natural foci</article-title>. <source>Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie, Mikrobiologie und Hygiene. 1. Abt. Originale B Hygiene</source>, <volume>180</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>394</fpage>–<lpage>420</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R123"><label>123</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><string-name><surname>Powers</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>Epidemiological History of Chikungunya Virus</article-title>, in <source>Chikungunya Virus: Advances in Biology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment</source>, <string-name><surname>Okeoma</surname><given-names>CM</given-names></string-name>, Editor. <publisher-name>Springer International Publishing</publisher-name>: <publisher-loc>Cham</publisher-loc>. p. <fpage>33</fpage>–<lpage>44</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R124"><label>124</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Puggioli</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bonilauri</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Calzolari</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Lelli</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Carrieri</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Urbanelli</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Pudar</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bellini</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Does <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) play any role in Usutu virus transmission in Northern Italy? Experimental oral infection and field evidences</article-title>. <source>Acta Tropica</source>, <volume>172</volume>, <fpage>192</fpage>–<lpage>196</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28495404</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R125"><label>125</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Qiao</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Peterson</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Campbell</surname><given-names>LP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Soberón</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ji</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Escobar</surname><given-names>LE</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>NicheA: creating virtual species and ecological niches in multivariate environmental scenarios</article-title>. <source>Ecography</source>, <volume>39</volume>(<issue>8</issue>), <fpage>805</fpage>–<lpage>813</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R126"><label>126</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Radosavljevic</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></string-name>. <year>2014</year>. <article-title>Making better Maxent models of species distribu-tions: complexity, overfitting and evaluation</article-title>. <source>Journal of Biogeography</source>, <volume>41</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>629</fpage>–<lpage>643</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R127"><label>127</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Ravanini</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Huhtamo</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ilaria</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Crobu</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Nicosia</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Servino</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rivasi</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Allegrini</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Miglio</surname><given-names>U</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Magri</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Minisini</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Vapalahti</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boldorini</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>. <year>2012</year>. <article-title>Japanese encephalitis virus RNA detected in <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> mosquitoes in Italy</article-title>. <source>Eurosurveillance</source>, <volume>17</volume>(<issue>28</issue>), <fpage>20221</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22835438</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R128"><label>128</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Reynolds</surname><given-names>ES</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hart</surname><given-names>CE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hermance</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Brining</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Thangamani</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>An overview of animal models for arthropod-borne viruses</article-title>. <source>Comparative Medicine</source>, <volume>67</volume>(<issue>3</issue>), <fpage>232</fpage>–<lpage>241</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28662752</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R129"><label>129</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Richard</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Paoaafaite</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cao-Lormeau</surname><given-names>VM</given-names></string-name>. <year>2016</year>. <article-title>Vector competence of French Polynesian <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes polynesiensis</italic> for Zika Virus</article-title>. <source>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>10</volume>(<issue>9</issue>), <fpage>e0005024</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">27654962</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R130"><label>130</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Robert</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gunay</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Le Goff</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Philippe</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Șuleșco</surname><given-names>T</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Khalin</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Medlock</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kampen</surname><given-names>H</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Petrić</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Distribution chart for Euro-Mediterranean mosquitoes (western Palaearctic region)</article-title>. <source>Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association</source>, <volume>37</volume>, <fpage>1</fpage>–<lpage>28</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R131"><label>131</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Roehrig</surname><given-names>JT</given-names></string-name>. <year>2013</year>. <article-title>West Nile virus in the United States – a historical perspective</article-title>. <source>Viruses</source>, <volume>5</volume>(<issue>12</issue>), <fpage>3088</fpage>–<lpage>3108</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">24335779</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R132"><label>132</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Roiz</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ruiz</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Soriguer</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Figuerola</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>. <year>2014</year>. <article-title>Climatic effects on mosquito abundance in Mediterranean wetlands</article-title>. <source>Parasites & Vectors</source>, <volume>7</volume>, <fpage>333</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">25030527</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R133"><label>133</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Ruiz-Arrondo</surname><given-names>I</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>McMahon</surname><given-names>BJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hernández-Triana</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Santibañez</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Portillo</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Oteo</surname><given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <article-title>Surveillance of Mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) in a Northern Central Region of Spain: implications for the medical community</article-title>. <source>Frontiers in Veterinary Science</source>, <volume>6</volume>, <fpage>86</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">31065550</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R134"><label>134</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Severini</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boccolini</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fortuna</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Di Luca</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Toma</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Amendola</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Benedetti</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Minelli</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Romi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Venturi</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Rezza</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Remoli</surname><given-names>ME</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Vector competence of Italian <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> populations for the Chikungunya Virus (E1–226V)</article-title>. <source>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</source>, <volume>12</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>e0006435</fpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29672511</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R135"><label>135</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Shcheglovitova</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Anderson</surname><given-names>RP</given-names></string-name>. <year>2013</year>. <article-title>Estimating optimal complexity for ecological niche models: a jackknife approach for species with small sample sizes</article-title>. <source>Ecological Modelling</source>, <volume>269</volume>, <fpage>9</fpage>–<lpage>17</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R136"><label>136</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Simões</surname><given-names>MVP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Peterson</surname><given-names>AT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hassall</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>. <year>2018</year>. <article-title>Utility and limitations of climate-matching approaches in detecting different types of spatial errors in biodiversity data</article-title>. <source>Insect Conservation and Diversity</source>, <volume>11</volume>(<issue>5</issue>), <fpage>407</fpage>–<lpage>414</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R137"><label>137</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Smartt</surname><given-names>CT</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Stenn</surname><given-names>TMS</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chen</surname><given-names>TY</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Teixeira</surname><given-names>MG</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Queiroz</surname><given-names>EP</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Souza Dos Santos</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Queiroz</surname><given-names>GAN</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ribeiro Souza</surname><given-names>K</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Kalabric Silva</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Shin</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Tabachnick</surname><given-names>WJ</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Evidence of Zika Virus RNA fragments in <italic>Aedes albopictus (Diptera</italic>: <italic>Culicidae</italic>) field-collected eggs from Camacari, Bahia, Brazil</article-title>. <source>Journal of Medical Entomology</source>, <volume>54</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>1085</fpage>–<lpage>1087</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28419254</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R138"><label>138</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Sudeep</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Shil</surname><given-names>P</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title><italic>Aedes vittatus</italic> (Bigot) mosquito: an emerging threat to public health</article-title>. <source>Journal of Vector Borne Diseases</source>, <volume>54</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>295</fpage>–<lpage>300</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">29460858</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R139"><label>139</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Tantely</surname><given-names>LM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Boyer</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Fontenille</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>. <year>2015</year>. <article-title>A review of mosquitoes associated with Rift valley fever virus in Madagascar</article-title>. <source>American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</source>, <volume>92</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>722</fpage>–<lpage>729</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R140"><label>140</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><string-name><surname>Trari</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>Les moustiques (Insectes, Diptères) du Maroc: atlas de répartition et études épidémiologiques</article-title>. <source>Thèse de doctorat d’état</source>. <publisher-loc>Rabat, Morocco</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>Université Mohammed V Faculté des sciences de Rabat</publisher-name>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R141"><label>141</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Trari</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dakki</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Harbach</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></string-name>. <year>2017</year>. <article-title>An updated checklist of the Culicidae (Diptera) of Morocco, with notes on species of historical and current medical importance</article-title>. <source>Journal of Vector Ecology</source>, <volume>42</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>94</fpage>–<lpage>104</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">28504435</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R142"><label>142</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Trari</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dakki</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Himmi</surname><given-names>O</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>el Agbani</surname><given-names>MA</given-names></string-name>. <year>2003</year>. <article-title>Les moustiques (Diptera Culicidae) du Maroc. Revue bibliographique (1916–2001) et inventaire des espèces</article-title>. <source>Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique</source>, <volume>96</volume>(<issue>4</issue>), <fpage>329</fpage>–<lpage>334</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">14717054</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R143"><label>143</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Tsuda</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Suwonkerd</surname><given-names>W</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chawprom</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Prajakwong</surname><given-names>S</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Takagi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2006</year>. <article-title>Different spatial distribution of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> along an urban-rural gradient and the relating environmental factors examined in three villages in northern Thailand</article-title>. <source>Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association</source>, <volume>22</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>222</fpage>–<lpage>228</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">17019767</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R144"><label>144</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Tsuda</surname><given-names>Y</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Takagi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2001</year>. <article-title>Survival and development of <italic>Aedes aegypti</italic> and <italic>Aedes albopictus</italic> (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae under a seasonally changing environment in Nagasaki, Japan</article-title>. <source>Environmental Entomology</source>, <volume>30</volume>, <fpage>855</fpage>–<lpage>860</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R145"><label>145</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Turell</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Presley</surname><given-names>SM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gad</surname><given-names>AM</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cope</surname><given-names>SE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dohm</surname><given-names>DJ</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Morrill</surname><given-names>JC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Arthur</surname><given-names>RR</given-names></string-name>. <year>1996</year>. <article-title>Vector competence of Egyptian mosquitoes for Rift Valley fever virus</article-title>. <source>American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</source>, <volume>54</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>136</fpage>–<lpage>139</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R146"><label>146</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Vazeille</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Jeannin</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Failloux</surname><given-names>AB</given-names></string-name>. <year>2008</year>. <article-title>Chikungunya: a risk for Mediterranean countries?</article-title><source>Acta Tropica</source>, <volume>105</volume>(<issue>2</issue>), <fpage>200</fpage>–<lpage>202</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18005927</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R147"><label>147</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Veronesi</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Gentile</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Carrieri</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Maccagnani</surname><given-names>B</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Stermieri</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Bellini</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>. <year>2012</year>. <article-title>Seasonal pattern of daily activity of <italic>Aedes caspius</italic>, <italic>Aedes detritus</italic>, <italic>Culex modestus</italic>, and <italic>Culex pipiens</italic> in the Po Delta of northern Italy and significance for vector-borne disease risk assessment</article-title>. <source>Journal of Vector Ecology</source>, <volume>37</volume>(<issue>1</issue>), <fpage>49</fpage>–<lpage>61</lpage>.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">22548536</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R148"><label>148</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book"><string-name><surname>Versteirt</surname><given-names>V</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ducheyne</surname><given-names>E</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Schaffner</surname><given-names>F</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Hendrickx</surname><given-names>G</given-names></string-name>. <year>2013</year>. <source>Systematic literature review on the geographic distribution of rift valley fever vectors in Europe and the neighbouring countries of the Mediterranean Basin</source>. <publisher-name>Supporting Publications 2013</publisher-name>: <volume>EN-412</volume>. p. <fpage>59</fpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R149"><label>149</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Vialatte</surname><given-names>C</given-names></string-name>. <year>1923</year>. <article-title>Contribution à la recherche de l’aire de dispersion de <italic>Stegomyia fasciata</italic>. Son existence à Marrakech</article-title>. <source>Archives de l’Institut Pasteur d’Algérie</source>, <volume>1</volume>, <fpage>688</fpage>–<lpage>690</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R150"><label>150</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Viamonte</surname><given-names>JMR</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Ramirez</surname><given-names>A</given-names></string-name>. <year>1946</year>. <article-title>Culicinos de la zona española de Marruecos</article-title>. <source>Revista de Sanidad e Higiene Pública</source>, <volume>20</volume>, <fpage>449</fpage>–<lpage>455</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R151"><label>151</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><string-name><surname>Warren</surname><given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Matzke</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Cardillo</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Baumgartner</surname><given-names>J</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Beaumont</surname><given-names>L</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Huron</surname><given-names>N</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Simões</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Dinnage</surname><given-names>R</given-names></string-name>. <year>2019</year>. <source>ENMTools (software package)</source>. <comment>[cited 2020 01-05]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://github.com/danlwarren/ENMTools">https://github.com/danlwarren/ENMTools</ext-link></comment>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R152"><label>152</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><string-name><surname>Warren</surname><given-names>DL</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Glor</surname><given-names>RE</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Turelli</surname><given-names>M</given-names></string-name>. <year>2010</year>. <article-title>ENMTools: a toolbox for comparative studies of environmental niche models</article-title>. <source>Ecography</source>, <volume>33</volume>(<issue>3</issue>), <fpage>607</fpage>–<lpage>611</lpage>.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="R153"><label>153</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other"><collab>WHO</collab>. <year>2016</year>. <source>WHO statement on the first meeting of the International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR 2005) Emergency Committee on Zika Virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations</source>. <comment>[cited 2020 10/09]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/1st-emergency-committee-zika/en/">http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/1st-emergency-committee-zika/en/</ext-link></comment>.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list><notes><boxed-text position="float" orientation="portrait"><p><bold>Cite this article as</bold>: Abdelkrim O, Samia B, Said Z & Souad L. 2021. Modeling and mapping the habitat suitability and the potential distribution of Arboviruses vectors in Morocco. Parasite <bold>28</bold>, 37.</p></boxed-text></notes></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/MaghrebDataLibMedV2/Data/Pmc/Corpus
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000267 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Corpus/biblio.hfd -nk 000267 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= MaghrebDataLibMedV2
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Corpus
|type= RBID
|clé=
|texte=
}}
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.38. |  |