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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies From 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level</title></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28983565</idno><idno type="pmc">5824275</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5824275</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5824275</idno><idno type="doi">10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000141</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000141</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies From 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level</title></analytic><series><title level="j">JAMA Oncology</title><idno type="ISSN">2374-2437</idno><idno type="eISSN">2374-2445</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="ab-coi170064-1"><title>Importance</title><p>Liver cancer is among the leading causes of cancer deaths globally. The most common causes for liver cancer include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcohol use.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-2"><title>Objective</title><p>To report results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study on primary liver cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 countries or territories from 1990 to 2015, and present global, regional, and national estimates on the burden of liver cancer attributable to HBV, HCV, alcohol, and an “other” group that encompasses residual causes.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-3"><title>Design, Settings, and Participants</title><p>Mortality was estimated using vital registration and cancer registry data in an ensemble modeling approach. Single-cause mortality estimates were adjusted for all-cause mortality. Incidence was derived from mortality estimates and the mortality-to-incidence ratio. Through a systematic literature review, data on the proportions of liver cancer due to HBV, HCV, alcohol, and other causes were identified. Years of life lost were calculated by multiplying each death by a standard life expectancy. Prevalence was estimated using mortality-to-incidence ratio as surrogate for survival. Total prevalence was divided into 4 sequelae that were multiplied by disability weights to derive years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were the sum of years of life lost and YLDs.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-4"><title>Main Outcomes and Measures</title><p>Liver cancer mortality, incidence, YLDs, years of life lost, DALYs by etiology, age, sex, country, and year.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-5"><title>Results</title><p>There were 854 000 incident cases of liver cancer and 810 000 deaths globally in 2015, contributing to 20 578 000 DALYs. Cases of incident liver cancer increased by 75% between 1990 and 2015, of which 47% can be explained by changing population age structures, 35% by population growth, and −8% to changing age-specific incidence rates. The male-to-female ratio for age-standardized liver cancer mortality was 2.8. Globally, HBV accounted for 265 000 liver cancer deaths (33%), alcohol for 245 000 (30%), HCV for 167 000 (21%), and other causes for 133 000 (16%) deaths, with substantial variation between countries in the underlying etiologies.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-6"><title>Conclusions and Relevance</title><p>Liver cancer is among the leading causes of cancer deaths in many countries. Causes of liver cancer differ widely among populations. Our results show that most cases of liver cancer can be prevented through vaccination, antiviral treatment, safe blood transfusion and injection practices, as well as interventions to reduce excessive alcohol use. In line with the Sustainable Development Goals, the identification and elimination of risk factors for liver cancer will be required to achieve a sustained reduction in liver cancer burden. The GBD study can be used to guide these prevention efforts.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-comment>The publisher of this article does not allow downloading of the full text in XML form.</pmc-comment>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">JAMA Oncol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">JAMA Oncol</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">JAMA Oncol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>JAMA Oncology</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2374-2437</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2374-2445</issn><publisher><publisher-name>American Medical Association</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28983565</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5824275</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">coi170064</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="category" specific-use="electronic"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="domain" specific-use="print"><subject>Research</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Investigation</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="online-first"><subject>Online First</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies From 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level</article-title><subtitle>Results From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015</subtitle><alt-title alt-title-type="headline">The Global Burden of Liver Cancer 2015</alt-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">The Global Burden of Liver Cancer 2015</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><collab>Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration</collab></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akinyemiju</surname><given-names>Tomi</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib 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rid="coi170064aff73"><sup>73</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ukwaja</surname><given-names>Kingsley Nnanna</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff74"><sup>74</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vlassov</surname><given-names>Vasiliy</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff75"><sup>75</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vollset</surname><given-names>Stein Emil</given-names></name><degrees>DrPH</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff76"><sup>76</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff77"><sup>77</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>Theo</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wakayo</surname><given-names>Tolassa</given-names></name><degrees>MS</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff78"><sup>78</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Weiderpass</surname><given-names>Elisabete</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff79"><sup>79</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff80"><sup>80</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff81"><sup>81</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Werdecker</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff82"><sup>82</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yonemoto</surname><given-names>Naohiro</given-names></name><degrees>MPH</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff83"><sup>83</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Younis</surname><given-names>Mustafa</given-names></name><degrees>DrPH</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff84"><sup>84</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff85"><sup>85</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yu</surname><given-names>Chuanhua</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff86"><sup>86</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zaidi</surname><given-names>Zoubida</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff87"><sup>87</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff88"><sup>88</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhu</surname><given-names>Liguo</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff89"><sup>89</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>Christopher J. L.</given-names></name><degrees>Dphil</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Naghavi</surname><given-names>Mohsen</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Fitzmaurice</surname><given-names>Christina</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="coi170064aff90"><sup>90</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="coi170064aff1"><label>1</label>School of Public Health, Birmingham, University of Alabama at Birmingham</aff><aff id="coi170064aff2"><label>2</label>Mekelle University, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff3"><label>3</label>University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Stuttgart, Baden Württemberg, Germany</aff><aff id="coi170064aff4"><label>4</label>Jimma University Institute of Health, Department of Epidemiology, Jimma, Oromiya, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff5"><label>5</label>Department of Health, Queensland Government, Herston, QLD, Australia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff6"><label>6</label>University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston, QLD, Australia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff7"><label>7</label>Mekelle University Epidemiology, Mekelle, TNRS, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff8"><label>8</label>University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle</aff><aff id="coi170064aff9"><label>9</label>Ministry of Health Research Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff10"><label>10</label>Universidad de Cartagena, Grupo de Investigación en Economía de la Salud, Cartagena, Bolivar, Colombia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff11"><label>11</label>Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine, Bantama, Ghana</aff><aff id="coi170064aff12"><label>12</label>University of Manitoba, Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada</aff><aff id="coi170064aff13"><label>13</label>University of Gondar, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Gondar, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff14"><label>14</label>Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Infectious and Tropic Diseases, Belgrade, Serbia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff15"><label>15</label>Hospital Universitário, University of São Paulo Division of Internal Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil</aff><aff id="coi170064aff16"><label>16</label>Debre Berhan University, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan, Amhara, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff17"><label>17</label>Aga Khan University, Centre of Excellence in Women & Child, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan</aff><aff id="coi170064aff18"><label>18</label>The Hospital for Sick Children, Centre for Global Child Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada</aff><aff id="coi170064aff19"><label>19</label>Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Dirección Actuarial y Economica, San Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica</aff><aff id="coi170064aff20"><label>20</label>Iraq MOH FETP, MOH, Baghdad, Iraq</aff><aff id="coi170064aff21"><label>21</label>Seoul National University, College of Medicine Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea</aff><aff id="coi170064aff22"><label>22</label>Doherty Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff23"><label>23</label>Public Health Foundation of India, Research, Gurgaon, NCR, India</aff><aff id="coi170064aff24"><label>24</label>Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Environmental and Occupational Health, Gurgaon, Haryana, India</aff><aff id="coi170064aff25"><label>25</label>Duy Tan University, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Da Nang, Vietnam</aff><aff id="coi170064aff26"><label>26</label>Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff27"><label>27</label>Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt</aff><aff id="coi170064aff28"><label>28</label>Bielefeld University, School of Public Health, Bielefeld, Germany</aff><aff id="coi170064aff29"><label>29</label>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland</aff><aff id="coi170064aff30"><label>30</label>University of Basel, Switzerland</aff><aff id="coi170064aff31"><label>31</label>Imperial College London, School of Public Health, London, England</aff><aff id="coi170064aff32"><label>32</label>Baylor College of Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas</aff><aff id="coi170064aff33"><label>33</label>Sabin Vaccine Institute & Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston</aff><aff id="coi170064aff34"><label>34</label>Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Seoul, South Korea</aff><aff id="coi170064aff35"><label>35</label>Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="coi170064aff36"><label>36</label>Jordan University of Science and Technology, Public Health, Irbid, Irbid, Jordan</aff><aff id="coi170064aff37"><label>37</label>Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul, Seoul Metropolitan City, South Korea</aff><aff id="coi170064aff38"><label>38</label>Public Health Foundation of India Research, Gurgaon (NCR), Haryana, India</aff><aff id="coi170064aff39"><label>39</label>Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England</aff><aff id="coi170064aff40"><label>40</label>University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff41"><label>41</label>Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, General Surgery Department, Liverpool, England</aff><aff id="coi170064aff42"><label>42</label>School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England</aff><aff id="coi170064aff43"><label>43</label>Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="coi170064aff44"><label>44</label>University Hospitals Bristol, Department of Medicine, Bristol, England</aff><aff id="coi170064aff45"><label>45</label>Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle (Saale), Germany</aff><aff id="coi170064aff46"><label>46</label>UNFPA Peru Country Office, Lima, Peru</aff><aff id="coi170064aff47"><label>47</label>Iran University of Medical Sciences, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="coi170064aff48"><label>48</label>Iran University of Medical Sciences, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="coi170064aff49"><label>49</label>Ulm University, Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm, Germany</aff><aff id="coi170064aff50"><label>50</label>Duy Tan University, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Da Nang, Vietnam</aff><aff id="coi170064aff51"><label>51</label>Western Sydney University, Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Penrith, NSW, Australia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff52"><label>52</label>Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff53"><label>53</label>University of Melbourne, Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff54"><label>54</label>REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal</aff><aff id="coi170064aff55"><label>55</label>Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada</aff><aff id="coi170064aff56"><label>56</label>Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran</aff><aff id="coi170064aff57"><label>57</label>A. T. Still University, College of Graduate Health Studies, Mesa, Arizona</aff><aff id="coi170064aff58"><label>58</label>Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gorgan, Iran</aff><aff id="coi170064aff59"><label>59</label>Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, Massachusetts</aff><aff id="coi170064aff60"><label>60</label>Marshall University School of Medicine, Surgery, Huntington, West Virginia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff61"><label>61</label>Case Western Reserve University, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Ohio</aff><aff id="coi170064aff62"><label>62</label>University of KwaZulu-Natal, Public Health Medicine, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa</aff><aff id="coi170064aff63"><label>63</label>Utkal University, Centre for Advanced Study in Psychology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India</aff><aff id="coi170064aff64"><label>64</label>AIIMS New Delhi, JPN Apex Trauma Centre, New Delhi, Delhi, India</aff><aff id="coi170064aff65"><label>65</label>Marshall University Public Health, Huntington, West Virginia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff66"><label>66</label>Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="coi170064aff67"><label>67</label>Haramaya University School of Public Health, Harari, Harari, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff68"><label>68</label>Queensland University of Technology, School of Public Health and Social Work, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff69"><label>69</label>Mekelle University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff70"><label>70</label>Faculty of Health Sciences Jagiellonian University Medical College, Institute of Public Health, Kraków, Poland</aff><aff id="coi170064aff71"><label>71</label>Faculty of Health Sciences Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland</aff><aff id="coi170064aff72"><label>72</label>Hanoi Medical University, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam</aff><aff id="coi170064aff73"><label>73</label>Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland</aff><aff id="coi170064aff74"><label>74</label>Federal Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria</aff><aff id="coi170064aff75"><label>75</label>Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff76"><label>76</label>Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Disease Burden, Bergen, Norway</aff><aff id="coi170064aff77"><label>77</label>University of Bergen, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Bergen, Norway</aff><aff id="coi170064aff78"><label>78</label>Jimma University, Population and Family Health, Oromia, Ethiopia</aff><aff id="coi170064aff79"><label>79</label>Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway</aff><aff id="coi170064aff80"><label>80</label>University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromsø, Norway</aff><aff id="coi170064aff81"><label>81</label>Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden</aff><aff id="coi170064aff82"><label>82</label>Federal Institute for Population Research, Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the National Cohort, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany</aff><aff id="coi170064aff83"><label>83</label>Kyoto University, School of Public Health Biostatistics, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan</aff><aff id="coi170064aff84"><label>84</label>Jackson State University, Health Policy & Management, Jackson, Mississippi</aff><aff id="coi170064aff85"><label>85</label>Harvard Asia Aging Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuetts</aff><aff id="coi170064aff86"><label>86</label>Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China</aff><aff id="coi170064aff87"><label>87</label>Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria</aff><aff id="coi170064aff88"><label>88</label>University Ferhat Abbas, Faculty of Medicine, Setif, Algeria</aff><aff id="coi170064aff89"><label>89</label>Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Major Project Execution Office, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China</aff><aff id="coi170064aff90"><label>90</label>Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle</aff><author-notes><title>Article Information</title><p content-type="byline-footnote" specific-use="print"><bold>The Authors/Members of the Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration</bold> are listed at the end of this article.</p><corresp id="coi170064cor1"><bold>Corresponding Author:</bold> Christina Fitzmaurice, MD, MPH, Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 Fifth Ave, Ste 600, Seattle, WA 98121 (<email xlink:href="cf11@uw.edu">cf11@uw.edu</email>).</corresp><p><bold>Accepted for Publication:</bold> May 30, 2017.</p><p><bold>Correction:</bold> This article was corrected on December 14, 2017, to fix a typographical error in the key for Figure 1.</p><p content-type="open-access-note"><bold>Open Access:</bold> This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/pages/instructions-for-authors#SecOpenAccess">CC-BY License</ext-link>. © 2017 Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration. <italic>JAMA Oncology</italic>.</p><p content-type="published-online"><bold>Published Online:</bold> October 5, 2017. doi:<uri content-type="doi">10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055</uri></p><p content-type="nonbyline-authors-end"><bold>The Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration:</bold> Tomi Akinyemiju, PhD; Semaw Abera, MSc; Muktar Ahmed, MBA; Noore Alam, MPH; Mulubirhan Assefa Alemayohu, MPH; Christine Allen, BA; Rajaa Al-Raddadi, PhD; Nelson Alvis-Guzman, PhD; Yaw Amoako, FWACP; Al Artaman, PhD; Tadesse Awoke Ayele, MS; Aleksandra Barac, PhD; Isabela Bensenor, PhD; Adugnaw Berhane, PhD; Zulfiqar Bhutta, PhD; Jacqueline Castillo-Rivas, MPH; Abdulaal Chitheer, FETP; Jee-Young Choi, PhD; Benjamin Cowie, PhD; Lalit Dandona, PhD; Rakhi Dandona, MD; Subhojit Dey, PhD; Daniel Dicker, BS; Huyen Phuc, Do, MSc; Donatus U. Ekwueme, PhD; Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, PhD; Florian Fischer, PhD; Thomas Fürst, PhD; Jamie Hancock, MLS; Simon I. Hay, DSc; Peter Hotez, PhD; Sun Ha Jee, PhD; Amir Kasaeian, PhD; Yousef Khader, ScD; Young-Ho Khang, PhD; G Anil Kumar, PhD; Michael Kutz, BS; Heidi Larson, PhD; Alan Lopez, PhD; Raimundas Lunevicius, PhD; Reza Malekzadeh, MD; Colm McAlinden, PhD; Toni Meier, PhD; Walter Mendoza, MD; Ali Mokdad, PhD; Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, MD; Gabriele Nagel, PhD; Quyen Nguyen, MD; Grant Nguyen, MPH; Felix Ogbo, MPH; George Patton, MD; David M. Pereira, PhD; Farshad Pourmalek, PhD; Mostafa Qorbani, PhD; Amir Radfar, MD; Gholamreza Roshandel, PhD; Joshua A Salomon, PhD; Juan Sanabria, MD; Benn Sartorius, PhD; Maheswar Satpathy, PhD; Monika Sawhney, PhD; Sadaf Sepanlou, PhD; Katya Shackelford, BA; Hirbo Shore, MPH; Jiandong Sun, PhD; Desalegn Tadese Mengistu, MS; Roman Topór-Mądry, PhD; Bach Tran, PhD; Kingsley Nnanna Ukwaja, MD; Vasiliy Vlassov, MD; Stein Emil Vollset, DrPH; Theo Vos, PhD; Tolassa Wakayo, MS; Elisabete Weiderpass, PhD; Andrea Werdecker, PhD; Naohiro Yonemoto, MPH; Mustafa Younis, DrPH; Chuanhua Yu, PhD; Zoubida Zaidi, PhD; Liguo Zhu, PhD; Christopher J. L. Murray, Dphil; Mohsen Naghavi, PhD; Christina Fitzmaurice, MD.</p><p content-type="nonbyline-affils-end"><bold>Affiliations of The Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration: </bold>School of Public Health, Birmingham, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Akinyemiju); Mekelle University, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia (Abera); University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Stuttgart, Baden Württemberg, Germany (Abera); Jimma University Institute of Health, Department of Epidemiology, Jimma, Oromiya, Ethiopia (Ahmed); Department of Health, Queensland Government, Herston, QLD, Australia (Alam); University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Herston, QLD, Australia (Alam); Mekelle University Epidemiology, Mekelle, TNRS, Ethiopia (Alemayohu); University of Washington, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, Seattle (Allen, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, Dicker, Hancock, Hay, Kutz, Lopez, Mokdad, G. Nguyen, Shackelford, Vos, Murray, Naghavi, Fitzmaurice); Ministry of Health Research Department, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (Al-Raddadi); Universidad de Cartagena, Grupo de Investigación en Economía de la Salud, Cartagena, Bolivar, Colombia (Alvis-Guzman); Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine, Bantama, Ghana (Amoako); University of Manitoba, Community Health Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (Artaman); University of Gondar, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Gondar, Ethiopia (Ayele); Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Infectious and Tropic Diseases, Belgrade, Serbia (Barac); Hospital Universitário, University of São Paulo Division of Internal Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Bensenor); Debre Berhan University, College of Health Sciences, Debre Berhan, Amhara, Ethiopia (Berhane); Aga Khan University, Centre of Excellence in Women & Child, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan (Bhutta); The Hospital for Sick Children, Centre for Global Child Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Bhutta); Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, Dirección Actuarial y Economica, San Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica (Castillo-Rivas); Iraq MOH FETP, MOH, Baghdad, Iraq (Chitheer); Seoul National University, College of Medicine Medical Library, Seoul, South Korea (Choi); Doherty Institute, WHO Collaborating Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Cowie); Public Health Foundation of India, Research, Gurgaon, NCR, India (L. Dandona, R. Dandona); Indian Institute of Public Health-Delhi, Environmental and Occupational Health, Gurgaon, Haryana, India (Dey); Duy Tan University, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Da Nang, Vietnam (Phuc); Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia (Ekwueme); Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt (Zaki); Bielefeld University, School of Public Health, Bielefeld, Germany (Fischer); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Epidemiology and Public Health, Basel, Switzerland (Fürst); University of Basel, Switzerland (Fürst); Imperial College London, School of Public Health, London, England (Fürst); Baylor College of Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas (Hotez); Sabin Vaccine Institute & Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston (Hotez); Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Epidemiology and Health Promotion, Seoul, South Korea (Jee); Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Kasaeian); Jordan University of Science and Technology, Public Health, Irbid, Irbid, Jordan (Khader); Seoul National University College of Medicine, Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul, Seoul Metropolitan City, South Korea (Khang); Public Health Foundation of India Research, Gurgaon (NCR), Haryana, India (Kumar); Department Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England (Larson); University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (Lopez); Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, General Surgery Department, Liverpool, England (Lunevicius); School of Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England (Lunevicius); Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Malekzadeh); University Hospitals Bristol, Department of Medicine, Bristol, England (McAlinden); Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Halle (Saale), Germany (Meier); UNFPA Peru Country Office, Lima, Peru (Mendoza); Iran University of Medical Sciences, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Moradi-Lakeh); Iran University of Medical Sciences, Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Moradi-Lakeh); Ulm University, Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm, Germany (Nagel); Duy Tan University, Institute for Global Health Innovations, Da Nang, Vietnam (Q. Nguyen); Western Sydney University, Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Penrith, NSW, Australia (Ogbo); Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia (Ogbo); University of Melbourne, Paediatrics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (Patton); REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (Pereira); Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (Pourmalek); Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Karaj, Alborz, Iran (Qorbani); A. T. Still University, College of Graduate Health Studies, Mesa, Arizona (Radfar); Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gorgan, Iran (Roshandel); Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Global Health and Population, Boston, Massachusetts (Salomon); Marshall University School of Medicine, Surgery, Huntington, West Virginia (Sanabria); Case Western Reserve University, Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Ohio (Sanabria); University of KwaZulu-Natal, Public Health Medicine, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa (Sartorius); Utkal University, Centre for Advanced Study in Psychology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India (Satpathy); AIIMS New Delhi, JPN Apex Trauma Centre, New Delhi, Delhi, India (Satpathy); Marshall University Public Health, Huntington, West Virginia (Sawhney); Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Sepanlou); Haramaya University School of Public Health, Harari, Harari, Ethiopia (Shore); Queensland University of Technology, School of Public Health and Social Work, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (Sun); Mekelle University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia (Mengistu); Faculty of Health Sciences Jagiellonian University Medical College, Institute of Public Health, Kraków, Poland (Topór-Mądry); Faculty of Health Sciences Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland (Topór-Mądry); Hanoi Medical University, Institute for Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hanoi, Vietnam (Tran); Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (Tran); Federal Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria (Ukwaja); Department of Health Care Administration and Economy, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia (Vlassov); Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Centre for Disease Burden, Bergen, Norway (Vollset); University of Bergen, Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Bergen, Norway (Vollset); Jimma University, Population and Family Health, Oromia, Ethiopia (Wakayo); Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway (Weiderpass); University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tromsø, Norway (Weiderpass); Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (Weiderpass); Federal Institute for Population Research, Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the National Cohort, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany (Werdecker); Kyoto University, School of Public Health Biostatistics, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan (Yonemoto); Jackson State University, Health Policy & Management, Jackson, Mississippi (Younis); Harvard Asia Aging Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachuetts (Younis); Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China (Yu); Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Setif, Setif, Algeria (Zaidi); University Ferhat Abbas, Faculty of Medicine, Setif, Algeria (Zaidi); Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Major Project Execution Office, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (Zhu); Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (Fitzmaurice).</p><p content-type="author-contributions"><bold>Author Contributions:</bold> Dr Fitzmaurice had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.</p><p><italic>Study concept and design:</italic> Akinyemiju, Jee, Khader, Satpathy, Vos, Weiderpass, Younis, Zaidi, Murray, Naghavi, Fitzmaurice.</p><p><italic>Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data:</italic> Akinyemiju, Abera, Ahmed, Alam, Alemayohu, Allen, Al-Raddadi, Alvis-Guzman, Amoako, Artaman, Awoke Ayele, Barac, Bensenor, Berhane, Bhutta, Castillo-Rivas, Chitheer, Choi, Cowie, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, Dey, Dicker, Do, Ekwueme, Zaki, Fischer, Fürst, Hancock, Hay, Hotez, Kasaeian, Khang, Kumar, Kutz, Larson, Lopez, Lunevicius, Malekzadeh, McAlinden, Meier, Mendoza, Mokdad, Moradi-Lakeh, Nagel, Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, Ogbo, Patton, Pereira, Pourmalek, Qorbani, Radfar, Roshandel, Salomon, Sanabria, Sartorius, Satpathy, Sawhney, Sepanlou, Shackelford, Shore, Sun, Mengistu, Topór-Mądry, Tran, Ukwaja, Vlassov, Vollset, Vos, Wakayo, Weiderpass, Werdecker, Yonemoto, Yu, Zaidi, Zaki, Zhu, Murray, Naghavi, Fitzmaurice.</p><p><italic>Drafting of the manuscript:</italic> Akinyemiju, Allen, Zaki, Hancock, Khader, Sanabria, Satpathy, Shackelford, Weiderpass, Zaidi, Zaki, Fitzmaurice.</p><p><italic>Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content:</italic> Akinyemiju, Abera, Ahmed, Alam, Alemayohu, Al-Raddadi, Alvis-Guzman, Amoako, Artaman, Awoke Ayele, Barac, Bensenor, Berhane, Bhutta, Castillo-Rivas, Chitheer, Choi, Cowie, L. Dandona, R. Dandona, Dey, Dicker, Do, Ekwueme, Zaki, Fischer, Fürst, Hay, Hotez, Jee, Kasaeian, Khang, Kumar, Kutz, Larson, Lopez, Lunevicius, Malekzadeh, McAlinden, Meier, Mendoza, Mokdad, Moradi-Lakeh, Nagel, Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, Ogbo, Patton, Pereira, Pourmalek, Qorbani, Radfar, Roshandel, Salomon, Sartorius, Satpathy, Sawhney, Sepanlou, Shore, Sun, Mengistu, Topór-Mądry, Tran, Ukwaja, Vlassov, Vollset, Vos, Wakayo, Weiderpass, Werdecker, Yonemoto, Younis, Yu, Zaidi, Zaki, Zhu, Murray, Naghavi.</p><p><italic>Statistical analysis:</italic> Akinyemiju, Allen, Castillo-Rivas, Dey, Do, Hotez, Kasaeian, Kutz, Malekzadeh, McAlinden, Meier, Mokdad, Moradi-Lakeh, Q. Nguyen, G. Nguyen, Qorbani, Salomon, Satpathy, Tran, Ukwaja, Vos, Weiderpass, Younis, Yu, Zaidi, Zhu, Naghavi, Fitzmaurice.</p><p><italic>Obtained funding:</italic> Murray.</p><p><italic>Administrative, technical, or material support:</italic> Alam, Allen, Amoako, Bensenor, Berhane, Bhutta, L. Dandona, Dicker, Zaki, Hancock, Khader, Lopez, Pereira, Radfar, Satpathy, Sawhney, Shackelford, Tran, Ukwaja, Weiderpass, Younis, Zaidi, Zaki, Zhu, Murray.</p><p><italic>Study supervision:</italic> Akinyemiju, Barac, Jee, Ukwaja, Vos, Weiderpass, Murray, Naghavi.</p><p content-type="COI-statement"><bold>Conflict of Interest Disclosures:</bold> Prof Larson reports that her research group has received funding from GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) and Merck to convene research symposia, as well as funding from GSK for advising on vaccine hesitancy issues. Prof Larson also reports that she has served on the Merck Vaccines Strategic Advisory Board. Dr Mendoza reports that he is currently the Program Analyst at the United Nations Population Fund Country Office in Peru, an institution that does not necessarily endorse this study. No other disclosures are reported.</p></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2017-10-05T10:00"><day>5</day><month>10</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="ecorrected"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>3</volume><issue>12</issue><fpage>1683</fpage><lpage>1691</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>23</day><month>2</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="final"><day>24</day><month>5</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>5</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright 2017 Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration. <italic>JAMA Oncology</italic>.</copyright-statement><license license-type="cc-by"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY License. ©2017 Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration. JAMA Oncology.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf-version" xlink:href="jamaoncol-3-1683.pdf">jamaoncol-3-1683.pdf</self-uri><self-uri content-type="roundpoint" xlink:href="http://app.jamanetwork.com/?doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055"></self-uri><self-uri content-type="silverchair" xlink:href="http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3055"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="ab-coi170064-1"><title>Importance</title><p>Liver cancer is among the leading causes of cancer deaths globally. The most common causes for liver cancer include hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcohol use.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-2"><title>Objective</title><p>To report results of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2015 study on primary liver cancer incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 countries or territories from 1990 to 2015, and present global, regional, and national estimates on the burden of liver cancer attributable to HBV, HCV, alcohol, and an “other” group that encompasses residual causes.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-3"><title>Design, Settings, and Participants</title><p>Mortality was estimated using vital registration and cancer registry data in an ensemble modeling approach. Single-cause mortality estimates were adjusted for all-cause mortality. Incidence was derived from mortality estimates and the mortality-to-incidence ratio. Through a systematic literature review, data on the proportions of liver cancer due to HBV, HCV, alcohol, and other causes were identified. Years of life lost were calculated by multiplying each death by a standard life expectancy. Prevalence was estimated using mortality-to-incidence ratio as surrogate for survival. Total prevalence was divided into 4 sequelae that were multiplied by disability weights to derive years lived with disability (YLDs). DALYs were the sum of years of life lost and YLDs.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-4"><title>Main Outcomes and Measures</title><p>Liver cancer mortality, incidence, YLDs, years of life lost, DALYs by etiology, age, sex, country, and year.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-5"><title>Results</title><p>There were 854 000 incident cases of liver cancer and 810 000 deaths globally in 2015, contributing to 20 578 000 DALYs. Cases of incident liver cancer increased by 75% between 1990 and 2015, of which 47% can be explained by changing population age structures, 35% by population growth, and −8% to changing age-specific incidence rates. The male-to-female ratio for age-standardized liver cancer mortality was 2.8. Globally, HBV accounted for 265 000 liver cancer deaths (33%), alcohol for 245 000 (30%), HCV for 167 000 (21%), and other causes for 133 000 (16%) deaths, with substantial variation between countries in the underlying etiologies.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-6"><title>Conclusions and Relevance</title><p>Liver cancer is among the leading causes of cancer deaths in many countries. Causes of liver cancer differ widely among populations. Our results show that most cases of liver cancer can be prevented through vaccination, antiviral treatment, safe blood transfusion and injection practices, as well as interventions to reduce excessive alcohol use. In line with the Sustainable Development Goals, the identification and elimination of risk factors for liver cancer will be required to achieve a sustained reduction in liver cancer burden. The GBD study can be used to guide these prevention efforts.</p></sec></abstract><abstract abstract-type="teaser"><p>This data analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study on primary liver cancer reports incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years for 195 countries or territories from 1990 to 2015, and presents global, regional, and national estimates on the burden of liver cancer.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="key-points"><title>Key Points</title><sec id="ab-coi170064-7"><title>Question</title><p>What is the burden of liver cancer globally, what are the major risk factors for liver cancer across countries, regions, and at the global level and how did these change between 1990 and 2015?</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-8"><title>Findings</title><p>There were 854 000 incident liver cancer cases and 810 000 deaths globally in 2015, contributing to 20 578 000 disability-adjusted life-years. Hepatitis B virus infection accounted for 265 000 liver cancer deaths (33%), alcohol for 245 000 (30%), hepatitis C virus infection for 167 000 (21%), and other causes for 133 000 (16%) deaths.</p></sec><sec id="ab-coi170064-9"><title>Meaning</title><p>Most cases of liver cancer can be prevented through vaccination, antiviral treatment, safe blood transfusion and injection practices, as well as interventions to reduce excessive alcohol use.</p></sec></abstract></article-meta></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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