Mapping and Modelling the Geographical Distribution and Environmental Limits of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia.
Identifieur interne : 000D40 ( PubMed/Curation ); précédent : 000D39; suivant : 000D41Mapping and Modelling the Geographical Distribution and Environmental Limits of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia.
Auteurs : Kebede Deribe [Éthiopie] ; Jorge Cano [Royaume-Uni] ; Melanie J. Newport [Royaume-Uni] ; Nick Golding [Royaume-Uni] ; Rachel L. Pullan [Royaume-Uni] ; Heven Sime [Éthiopie] ; Abeba Gebretsadik [Éthiopie] ; Ashenafi Assefa [Éthiopie] ; Amha Kebede [Éthiopie] ; Asrat Hailu [Éthiopie] ; Maria P. Rebollo [Royaume-Uni] ; Oumer Shafi [Éthiopie] ; Moses J. Bockarie [Royaume-Uni] ; Abraham Aseffa [Éthiopie] ; Simon I. Hay [États-Unis] ; Richard Reithinger [États-Unis] ; Fikre Enquselassie [Éthiopie] ; Gail Davey [Royaume-Uni] ; Simon J. Brooker [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- PLoS neglected tropical diseases [ 1935-2735 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- MESH :
- épidémiologie : Éléphantiasis, Éthiopie.
- Facteurs de risque, Humains, Modèles biologiques, Prévalence.
- Wicri :
- geographic : Éthiopie.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : Ethiopia.
- epidemiology : Elephantiasis.
- Humans, Models, Biological, Prevalence, Risk Factors.
Abstract
Ethiopia is assumed to have the highest burden of podoconiosis globally, but the geographical distribution and environmental limits and correlates are yet to be fully investigated. In this paper we use data from a nationwide survey to address these issues.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003946
PubMed: 26222887
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Newport</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, Nick" sort="Golding, Nick" uniqKey="Golding N" first="Nick" last="Golding">Nick Golding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rachel L" sort="Pullan, Rachel L" uniqKey="Pullan R" first="Rachel L" last="Pullan">Rachel L. Pullan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sime, Heven" sort="Sime, Heven" uniqKey="Sime H" first="Heven" last="Sime">Heven Sime</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gebretsadik, Abeba" sort="Gebretsadik, Abeba" uniqKey="Gebretsadik A" first="Abeba" last="Gebretsadik">Abeba Gebretsadik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assefa, Ashenafi" sort="Assefa, Ashenafi" uniqKey="Assefa A" first="Ashenafi" last="Assefa">Ashenafi Assefa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kebede, Amha" sort="Kebede, Amha" uniqKey="Kebede A" first="Amha" last="Kebede">Amha Kebede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hailu, Asrat" sort="Hailu, Asrat" uniqKey="Hailu A" first="Asrat" last="Hailu">Asrat Hailu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rebollo, Maria P" sort="Rebollo, Maria P" uniqKey="Rebollo M" first="Maria P" last="Rebollo">Maria P. Rebollo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shafi, Oumer" sort="Shafi, Oumer" uniqKey="Shafi O" first="Oumer" last="Shafi">Oumer Shafi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J" last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aseffa, Abraham" sort="Aseffa, Abraham" uniqKey="Aseffa A" first="Abraham" last="Aseffa">Abraham Aseffa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hay, Simon I" sort="Hay, Simon I" uniqKey="Hay S" first="Simon I" last="Hay">Simon I. Hay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reithinger, Richard" sort="Reithinger, Richard" uniqKey="Reithinger R" first="Richard" last="Reithinger">Richard Reithinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enquselassie, Fikre" sort="Enquselassie, Fikre" uniqKey="Enquselassie F" first="Fikre" last="Enquselassie">Fikre Enquselassie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, Gail" sort="Davey, Gail" uniqKey="Davey G" first="Gail" last="Davey">Gail Davey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooker, Simon J" sort="Brooker, Simon J" uniqKey="Brooker S" first="Simon J" last="Brooker">Simon J. Brooker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS neglected tropical diseases</title><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis (epidemiology)</term><term>Ethiopia (epidemiology)</term><term>Humans</term><term>Models, Biological</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Risk Factors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Facteurs de risque</term><term>Humains</term><term>Modèles biologiques</term><term>Prévalence</term><term>Éléphantiasis (épidémiologie)</term><term>Éthiopie (épidémiologie)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ethiopia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Éléphantiasis</term><term>Éthiopie</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Humans</term><term>Models, Biological</term><term>Prevalence</term><term>Risk Factors</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Facteurs de risque</term><term>Humains</term><term>Modèles biologiques</term><term>Prévalence</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Éthiopie</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Ethiopia is assumed to have the highest burden of podoconiosis globally, but the geographical distribution and environmental limits and correlates are yet to be fully investigated. In this paper we use data from a nationwide survey to address these issues.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">26222887</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>30</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2016</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>15</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Electronic-eCollection"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1935-2735</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>9</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2015</Year></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>PLoS neglected tropical diseases</Title><ISOAbbreviation>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Mapping and Modelling the Geographical Distribution and Environmental Limits of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>e0003946</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003946</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND" NlmCategory="BACKGROUND">Ethiopia is assumed to have the highest burden of podoconiosis globally, but the geographical distribution and environmental limits and correlates are yet to be fully investigated. In this paper we use data from a nationwide survey to address these issues.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="METHODOLOGY" NlmCategory="METHODS">Our analyses are based on data arising from the integrated mapping of podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) conducted in 2013, supplemented by data from an earlier mapping of LF in western Ethiopia in 2008-2010. The integrated mapping used woreda (district) health offices' reports of podoconiosis and LF to guide selection of survey sites. A suite of environmental and climatic data and boosted regression tree (BRT) modelling was used to investigate environmental limits and predict the probability of podoconiosis occurrence.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="PRINCIPAL FINDINGS" NlmCategory="RESULTS">Data were available for 141,238 individuals from 1,442 communities in 775 districts from all nine regional states and two city administrations of Ethiopia. In 41.9% of surveyed districts no cases of podoconiosis were identified, with all districts in Affar, Dire Dawa, Somali and Gambella regional states lacking the disease. The disease was most common, with lymphoedema positivity rate exceeding 5%, in the central highlands of Ethiopia, in Amhara, Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples regional states. BRT modelling indicated that the probability of podoconiosis occurrence increased with increasing altitude, precipitation and silt fraction of soil and decreased with population density and clay content. Based on the BRT model, we estimate that in 2010, 34.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.2-51.7) million people (i.e. 43.8%; 95% CI: 25.3-64.8% of Ethiopia's national population) lived in areas environmentally suitable for the occurrence of podoconiosis.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSIONS" NlmCategory="CONCLUSIONS">Podoconiosis is more widespread in Ethiopia than previously estimated, but occurs in distinct geographical regions that are tied to identifiable environmental factors. The resultant maps can be used to guide programme planning and implementation and estimate disease burden in Ethiopia. This work provides a framework with which the geographical limits of podoconiosis could be delineated at a continental scale.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Deribe</LastName><ForeName>Kebede</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cano</LastName><ForeName>Jorge</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Newport</LastName><ForeName>Melanie J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Golding</LastName><ForeName>Nick</ForeName><Initials>N</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pullan</LastName><ForeName>Rachel L</ForeName><Initials>RL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sime</LastName><ForeName>Heven</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gebretsadik</LastName><ForeName>Abeba</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Assefa</LastName><ForeName>Ashenafi</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kebede</LastName><ForeName>Amha</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hailu</LastName><ForeName>Asrat</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rebollo</LastName><ForeName>Maria P</ForeName><Initials>MP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shafi</LastName><ForeName>Oumer</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bockarie</LastName><ForeName>Moses J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aseffa</LastName><ForeName>Abraham</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hay</LastName><ForeName>Simon I</ForeName><Initials>SI</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reithinger</LastName><ForeName>Richard</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Enquselassie</LastName><ForeName>Fikre</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Davey</LastName><ForeName>Gail</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brooker</LastName><ForeName>Simon J</ForeName><Initials>SJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>WT099876</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>WT100715</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>091956</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>098045</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>WT095066</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>MRC_G1001337</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D052061">Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013486">Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2015</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>29</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>101291488</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>1935-2727</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Jun;5(6):e1184</RefSource><PMID 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MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008954" MajorTopicYN="N">Models, Biological</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D015995" MajorTopicYN="N">Prevalence</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D012307" MajorTopicYN="N">Risk Factors</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList><OtherID Source="NLM">PMC4519246</OtherID></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2014</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>20</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2015</Year><Month>07</Month><Day>02</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2015</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2015</Year><Month>7</Month><Day>30</Day><Hour>6</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate 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