Epidemiology and individual, household and geographical risk factors of podoconiosis in Ethiopia: results from the first nationwide mapping.
Identifieur interne : 001205 ( PubMed/Corpus ); précédent : 001204; suivant : 001206Epidemiology and individual, household and geographical risk factors of podoconiosis in Ethiopia: results from the first nationwide mapping.
Auteurs : Kebede Deribe ; Simon J. Brooker ; Rachel L. Pullan ; Heven Sime ; Abeba Gebretsadik ; Ashenafi Assefa ; Amha Kebede ; Asrat Hailu ; Maria P. Rebollo ; Oumer Shafi ; Moses J. Bockarie ; Abraham Aseffa ; Richard Reithinger ; Jorge Cano ; Fikre Enquselassie ; Melanie J. Newport ; Gail DaveySource :
- The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene [ 1476-1645 ] ; 2015.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : Ethiopia.
- epidemiology : Elephantiasis.
- Adult, Aged, Female, Geography, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Young Adult.
Abstract
Although podoconiosis is one of the major causes of tropical lymphoedema and is endemic in Ethiopia its epidemiology and risk factors are poorly understood. Individual-level data for 129,959 individuals from 1,315 communities in 659 woreda (districts) were collected for a nationwide integrated survey of lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis. Blood samples were tested for circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigen using immunochromatographic card tests. A clinical algorithm was used to reach a diagnosis of podoconiosis by excluding other potential causes of lymphoedema of the lower limb. Bayesian multilevel models were used to identify individual and environmental risk factors. Overall, 8,110 of 129,959 (6.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1-6.4%) surveyed individuals were identified with lymphoedema of the lower limb, of whom 5,253 (4.0%, 95% CI 3.9-4.1%) were confirmed to be podoconiosis cases. In multivariable analysis, being female, older, unmarried, washing the feet less frequently than daily, and being semiskilled or unemployed were significantly associated with increased risk of podoconiosis. Attending formal education and living in a house with a covered floor were associated with decreased risk of podoconiosis. Podoconiosis exhibits marked geographical variation across Ethiopia, with variation in risk associated with variation in rainfall, enhanced vegetation index, and altitude.
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0446
PubMed: 25404069
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pubmed:25404069Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and individual, household and geographical risk factors of podoconiosis in Ethiopia: results from the first nationwide mapping.</title><author><name sortKey="Deribe, Kebede" sort="Deribe, Kebede" uniqKey="Deribe K" first="Kebede" last="Deribe">Kebede Deribe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC kebededeka@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooker, Simon J" sort="Brooker, Simon J" uniqKey="Brooker S" first="Simon J" last="Brooker">Simon J. Brooker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rachel L" sort="Pullan, Rachel L" uniqKey="Pullan R" first="Rachel L" last="Pullan">Rachel L. Pullan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sime, Heven" sort="Sime, Heven" uniqKey="Sime H" first="Heven" last="Sime">Heven Sime</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gebretsadik, Abeba" sort="Gebretsadik, Abeba" uniqKey="Gebretsadik A" first="Abeba" last="Gebretsadik">Abeba Gebretsadik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assefa, Ashenafi" sort="Assefa, Ashenafi" uniqKey="Assefa A" first="Ashenafi" last="Assefa">Ashenafi Assefa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kebede, Amha" sort="Kebede, Amha" uniqKey="Kebede A" first="Amha" last="Kebede">Amha Kebede</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hailu, Asrat" sort="Hailu, Asrat" uniqKey="Hailu A" first="Asrat" last="Hailu">Asrat Hailu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rebollo, Maria P" sort="Rebollo, Maria P" uniqKey="Rebollo M" first="Maria P" last="Rebollo">Maria P. Rebollo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shafi, Oumer" sort="Shafi, Oumer" uniqKey="Shafi O" first="Oumer" last="Shafi">Oumer Shafi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J" last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aseffa, Abraham" sort="Aseffa, Abraham" uniqKey="Aseffa A" first="Abraham" last="Aseffa">Abraham Aseffa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reithinger, Richard" sort="Reithinger, Richard" uniqKey="Reithinger R" first="Richard" last="Reithinger">Richard Reithinger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Jorge" sort="Cano, Jorge" uniqKey="Cano J" first="Jorge" last="Cano">Jorge Cano</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enquselassie, Fikre" sort="Enquselassie, Fikre" uniqKey="Enquselassie F" first="Fikre" last="Enquselassie">Fikre Enquselassie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newport, Melanie J" sort="Newport, Melanie J" uniqKey="Newport M" first="Melanie J" last="Newport">Melanie J. Newport</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, Gail" sort="Davey, Gail" uniqKey="Davey G" first="Gail" last="Davey">Gail Davey</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:25404069</idno><idno type="pmid">25404069</idno><idno type="doi">10.4269/ajtmh.14-0446</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">001205</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="PubMed" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">001205</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Epidemiology and individual, household and geographical risk factors of podoconiosis in Ethiopia: results from the first nationwide mapping.</title><author><name sortKey="Deribe, Kebede" sort="Deribe, Kebede" uniqKey="Deribe K" first="Kebede" last="Deribe">Kebede Deribe</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC kebededeka@yahoo.com.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooker, Simon J" sort="Brooker, Simon J" uniqKey="Brooker S" first="Simon J" last="Brooker">Simon J. Brooker</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rachel L" sort="Pullan, Rachel L" uniqKey="Pullan R" first="Rachel L" last="Pullan">Rachel L. Pullan</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sime, Heven" sort="Sime, Heven" uniqKey="Sime H" first="Heven" last="Sime">Heven Sime</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gebretsadik, Abeba" sort="Gebretsadik, Abeba" uniqKey="Gebretsadik A" first="Abeba" last="Gebretsadik">Abeba Gebretsadik</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assefa, Ashenafi" sort="Assefa, Ashenafi" uniqKey="Assefa A" first="Ashenafi" last="Assefa">Ashenafi Assefa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kebede, Amha" sort="Kebede, Amha" uniqKey="Kebede A" first="Amha" last="Kebede">Amha Kebede</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hailu, Asrat" sort="Hailu, Asrat" uniqKey="Hailu A" first="Asrat" last="Hailu">Asrat Hailu</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rebollo, Maria P" sort="Rebollo, Maria P" uniqKey="Rebollo M" first="Maria P" last="Rebollo">Maria P. Rebollo</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shafi, Oumer" sort="Shafi, Oumer" uniqKey="Shafi O" first="Oumer" last="Shafi">Oumer Shafi</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J" last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aseffa, Abraham" sort="Aseffa, Abraham" uniqKey="Aseffa A" first="Abraham" last="Aseffa">Abraham Aseffa</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reithinger, Richard" sort="Reithinger, Richard" uniqKey="Reithinger R" first="Richard" last="Reithinger">Richard Reithinger</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Jorge" sort="Cano, Jorge" uniqKey="Cano J" first="Jorge" last="Cano">Jorge Cano</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enquselassie, Fikre" sort="Enquselassie, Fikre" uniqKey="Enquselassie F" first="Fikre" last="Enquselassie">Fikre Enquselassie</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newport, Melanie J" sort="Newport, Melanie J" uniqKey="Newport M" first="Melanie J" last="Newport">Melanie J. Newport</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, Gail" sort="Davey, Gail" uniqKey="Davey G" first="Gail" last="Davey">Gail Davey</name><affiliation><nlm:affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</nlm:affiliation></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene</title><idno type="eISSN">1476-1645</idno><imprint><date when="2015" type="published">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Elephantiasis (epidemiology)</term><term>Ethiopia (epidemiology)</term><term>Female</term><term>Geography</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Risk Factors</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Ethiopia</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Elephantiasis</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adult</term><term>Aged</term><term>Female</term><term>Geography</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Middle Aged</term><term>Risk Factors</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Although podoconiosis is one of the major causes of tropical lymphoedema and is endemic in Ethiopia its epidemiology and risk factors are poorly understood. Individual-level data for 129,959 individuals from 1,315 communities in 659 woreda (districts) were collected for a nationwide integrated survey of lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis. Blood samples were tested for circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigen using immunochromatographic card tests. A clinical algorithm was used to reach a diagnosis of podoconiosis by excluding other potential causes of lymphoedema of the lower limb. Bayesian multilevel models were used to identify individual and environmental risk factors. Overall, 8,110 of 129,959 (6.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1-6.4%) surveyed individuals were identified with lymphoedema of the lower limb, of whom 5,253 (4.0%, 95% CI 3.9-4.1%) were confirmed to be podoconiosis cases. In multivariable analysis, being female, older, unmarried, washing the feet less frequently than daily, and being semiskilled or unemployed were significantly associated with increased risk of podoconiosis. Attending formal education and living in a house with a covered floor were associated with decreased risk of podoconiosis. Podoconiosis exhibits marked geographical variation across Ethiopia, with variation in risk associated with variation in rainfall, enhanced vegetation index, and altitude.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">25404069</PMID><DateCreated><Year>2015</Year><Month>01</Month><Day>08</Day></DateCreated><DateCompleted><Year>2015</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>02</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>02</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1476-1645</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>92</Volume><Issue>1</Issue><PubDate><Year>2015</Year><Month>Jan</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg.</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Epidemiology and individual, household and geographical risk factors of podoconiosis in Ethiopia: results from the first nationwide mapping.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>148-58</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.4269/ajtmh.14-0446</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText>Although podoconiosis is one of the major causes of tropical lymphoedema and is endemic in Ethiopia its epidemiology and risk factors are poorly understood. Individual-level data for 129,959 individuals from 1,315 communities in 659 woreda (districts) were collected for a nationwide integrated survey of lymphatic filariasis and podoconiosis. Blood samples were tested for circulating Wuchereria bancrofti antigen using immunochromatographic card tests. A clinical algorithm was used to reach a diagnosis of podoconiosis by excluding other potential causes of lymphoedema of the lower limb. Bayesian multilevel models were used to identify individual and environmental risk factors. Overall, 8,110 of 129,959 (6.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.1-6.4%) surveyed individuals were identified with lymphoedema of the lower limb, of whom 5,253 (4.0%, 95% CI 3.9-4.1%) were confirmed to be podoconiosis cases. In multivariable analysis, being female, older, unmarried, washing the feet less frequently than daily, and being semiskilled or unemployed were significantly associated with increased risk of podoconiosis. Attending formal education and living in a house with a covered floor were associated with decreased risk of podoconiosis. Podoconiosis exhibits marked geographical variation across Ethiopia, with variation in risk associated with variation in rainfall, enhanced vegetation index, and altitude.</AbstractText><CopyrightInformation>© The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.</CopyrightInformation></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Deribe</LastName><ForeName>Kebede</ForeName><Initials>K</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC kebededeka@yahoo.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brooker</LastName><ForeName>Simon J</ForeName><Initials>SJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Pullan</LastName><ForeName>Rachel L</ForeName><Initials>RL</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sime</LastName><ForeName>Heven</ForeName><Initials>H</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gebretsadik</LastName><ForeName>Abeba</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Assefa</LastName><ForeName>Ashenafi</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Kebede</LastName><ForeName>Amha</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Hailu</LastName><ForeName>Asrat</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Rebollo</LastName><ForeName>Maria P</ForeName><Initials>MP</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shafi</LastName><ForeName>Oumer</ForeName><Initials>O</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Bockarie</LastName><ForeName>Moses J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Aseffa</LastName><ForeName>Abraham</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Reithinger</LastName><ForeName>Richard</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Cano</LastName><ForeName>Jorge</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Enquselassie</LastName><ForeName>Fikre</ForeName><Initials>F</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Newport</LastName><ForeName>Melanie J</ForeName><Initials>MJ</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Davey</LastName><ForeName>Gail</ForeName><Initials>G</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom; School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Center for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; RTI International, Washington, DC.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>WT099876</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>WT100715</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>091956</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>098045</GrantID><Agency>Wellcome Trust</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant><Grant><GrantID>MRC_G1001337</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList><ArticleDate DateType="Electronic"><Year>2014</Year><Month>11</Month><Day>17</Day></ArticleDate></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>United States</Country><MedlineTA>Am J Trop Med Hyg</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>0370507</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0002-9637</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>AIM</CitationSubset><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><CommentsCorrectionsList><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Sep-Oct;97(5):501-5</RefSource><PMID Version="1">15307410</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Lancet. 2009 May 2;373(9674):1570-5</RefSource><PMID Version="1">19410718</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Trop Med Int Health. 2006 Jul;11(7):1136-44</RefSource><PMID Version="1">16827714</PMID></CommentsCorrections><CommentsCorrections RefType="Cites"><RefSource>Trop Geogr Med. 1981 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RefType="Cites"><RefSource>N Engl J Med. 2012 Mar 29;366(13):1169-71</RefSource><PMID Version="1">22455411</PMID></CommentsCorrections></CommentsCorrectionsList><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000328" MajorTopicYN="N">Adult</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000368" MajorTopicYN="N">Aged</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004604" MajorTopicYN="N">Elephantiasis</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="Y">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005002" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">Ethiopia</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000453" MajorTopicYN="N">epidemiology</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005260" MajorTopicYN="N">Female</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005843" MajorTopicYN="N">Geography</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" 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