Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles
Identifieur interne : 004980 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 004979; suivant : 004981Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles
Auteurs : Günter Oberdörster [États-Unis] ; Eva Oberdörster [États-Unis] ; Jan Oberdörster [États-Unis]Source :
- Environmental Health Perspectives [ 0091-6765 ] ; 2005.
Abstract
Although humans have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles (NSPs; < 100 nm) throughout their evolutionary stages, such exposure has increased dramatically over the last century due to anthropogenic sources. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source through inhalation, ingestion, skin uptake, and injection of engineered nanomaterials. Information about safety and potential hazards is urgently needed. Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices. Collectively, some emerging concepts of nanotoxicology can be identified from the results of these studies. When inhaled, specific sizes of NSPs are efficiently deposited by diffusional mechanisms in all regions of the respiratory tract. The small size facilitates uptake into cells and transcytosis across epithelial and endothelial cells into the blood and lymph circulation to reach potentially sensitive target sites such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and heart. Access to the central nervous system and ganglia via translocation along axons and dendrites of neurons has also been observed. NSPs penetrating the skin distribute via uptake into lymphatic channels. Endocytosis and biokinetics are largely dependent on NSP surface chemistry (coating) and
Url:
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7339
PubMed: 16002369
PubMed Central: 1257642
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :004981
Links to Exploration step
PMC:1257642Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles</title>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, Gunter" sort="Oberdorster, Gunter" uniqKey="Oberdorster G" first="Günter" last="Oberdörster">Günter Oberdörster</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ehp0113-000823">Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, Eva" sort="Oberdorster, Eva" uniqKey="Oberdorster E" first="Eva" last="Oberdörster">Eva Oberdörster</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ehp0113-000823">Department of Biology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, Jan" sort="Oberdorster, Jan" uniqKey="Oberdorster J" first="Jan" last="Oberdörster">Jan Oberdörster</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ehp0113-000823">Toxicology Department, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Toxicology Department, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno>
<idno type="pmid">16002369</idno>
<idno type="pmc">1257642</idno>
<idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257642</idno>
<idno type="RBID">PMC:1257642</idno>
<idno type="doi">10.1289/ehp.7339</idno>
<date when="2005">2005</date>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">004981</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">004981</idno>
<idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">004980</idno>
<idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">004980</idno>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles</title>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, Gunter" sort="Oberdorster, Gunter" uniqKey="Oberdorster G" first="Günter" last="Oberdörster">Günter Oberdörster</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-ehp0113-000823">Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, Eva" sort="Oberdorster, Eva" uniqKey="Oberdorster E" first="Eva" last="Oberdörster">Eva Oberdörster</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-ehp0113-000823">Department of Biology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Department of Biology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, Jan" sort="Oberdorster, Jan" uniqKey="Oberdorster J" first="Jan" last="Oberdörster">Jan Oberdörster</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-ehp0113-000823">Toxicology Department, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</nlm:aff>
<country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country>
<wicri:regionArea>Toxicology Department, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina</wicri:regionArea>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j">Environmental Health Perspectives</title>
<idno type="ISSN">0091-6765</idno>
<idno type="eISSN">1552-9924</idno>
<imprint><date when="2005">2005</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass></textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Although humans have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles (NSPs; < 100 nm) throughout their evolutionary stages, such exposure has increased dramatically over the last century due to anthropogenic sources. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source through inhalation, ingestion, skin uptake, and injection of engineered nanomaterials. Information about safety and potential hazards is urgently needed. Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices. Collectively, some emerging concepts of nanotoxicology can be identified from the results of these studies. When inhaled, specific sizes of NSPs are efficiently deposited by diffusional mechanisms in all regions of the respiratory tract. The small size facilitates uptake into cells and transcytosis across epithelial and endothelial cells into the blood and lymph circulation to reach potentially sensitive target sites such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and heart. Access to the central nervous system and ganglia via translocation along axons and dendrites of neurons has also been observed. NSPs penetrating the skin distribute via uptake into lymphatic channels. Endocytosis and biokinetics are largely dependent on NSP surface chemistry (coating) and <italic>in vivo</italic>
surface modifications. The greater surface area per mass compared with larger-sized particles of the same chemistry renders NSPs more active biologically. This activity includes a potential for inflammatory and pro-oxidant, but also antioxidant, activity, which can explain early findings showing mixed results in terms of toxicity of NSPs to environmentally relevant species. Evidence of mitochondrial distribution and oxidative stress response after NSP endocytosis points to a need for basic research on their interactions with subcellular structures. Additional considerations for assessing safety of engineered NSPs include careful selections of appropriate and relevant doses/concentrations, the likelihood of increased effects in a compromised organism, and also the benefits of possible desirable effects. An interdisciplinary team approach (e.g., toxicology, materials science, medicine, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to name a few) is mandatory for nanotoxicology research to arrive at an appropriate risk assessment.</p>
</div>
</front>
<back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Adams, Rj" uniqKey="Adams R">RJ Adams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bray, D" uniqKey="Bray D">D Bray</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Akerman, Ma" uniqKey="Akerman M">MA Akerman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chan, Wcw" uniqKey="Chan W">WCW Chan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laakkonen, P" uniqKey="Laakkonen P">P Laakkonen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhatia, Sn" uniqKey="Bhatia S">SN Bhatia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruoslahti, E" uniqKey="Ruoslahti E">E Ruoslahti</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Amato, I" uniqKey="Amato I">I Amato</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Pj" uniqKey="Anderson P">PJ Anderson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, Jd" uniqKey="Wilson J">JD Wilson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hiller, Fc" uniqKey="Hiller F">FC Hiller</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Arvidson, B" uniqKey="Arvidson B">B Arvidson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Auclair, F" uniqKey="Auclair F">F Auclair</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baudot, P" uniqKey="Baudot P">P Baudot</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beiler, D" uniqKey="Beiler D">D Beiler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Limasset, J" uniqKey="Limasset J">J Limasset</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ballou, B" uniqKey="Ballou B">B Ballou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lagerholm, Bc" uniqKey="Lagerholm B">BC Lagerholm</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ernst, La" uniqKey="Ernst L">LA Ernst</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bruchez, Mp" uniqKey="Bruchez M">MP Bruchez</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waggoner, As" uniqKey="Waggoner A">AS Waggoner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bazile, Dv" uniqKey="Bazile D">DV Bazile</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ropert, C" uniqKey="Ropert C">C Ropert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huve, P" uniqKey="Huve P">P Huve</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Verrecchia, T" uniqKey="Verrecchia T">T Verrecchia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marlard, M" uniqKey="Marlard M">M Marlard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frydman, A" uniqKey="Frydman A">A Frydman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bergeson, Ll" uniqKey="Bergeson L">LL Bergeson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Auerbach, B" uniqKey="Auerbach B">B Auerbach</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Berry, Jp" uniqKey="Berry J">JP Berry</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arnoux, B" uniqKey="Arnoux B">B Arnoux</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stanislas, G" uniqKey="Stanislas G">G Stanislas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Galle, P" uniqKey="Galle P">P Galle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chretien, J" uniqKey="Chretien J">J Chretien</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blakemore, R" uniqKey="Blakemore R">R Blakemore</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blundell, G" uniqKey="Blundell G">G Blundell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Henderson, Wj" uniqKey="Henderson W">WJ Henderson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Price, Ew" uniqKey="Price E">EW Price</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bockmann, J" uniqKey="Bockmann J">J Böckmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lahl, H" uniqKey="Lahl H">H Lahl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eckert, T" uniqKey="Eckert T">T Eckert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Unterhalt, B" uniqKey="Unterhalt B">B Unterhalt</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bodian, D" uniqKey="Bodian D">D Bodian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Howe, Ha" uniqKey="Howe H">HA Howe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bodian, D" uniqKey="Bodian D">D Bodian</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Howe, Ha" uniqKey="Howe H">HA Howe</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brand, P" uniqKey="Brand P">P Brand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gebhart, J" uniqKey="Gebhart J">J Gebhart</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Below, M" uniqKey="Below M">M Below</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Georgi, B" uniqKey="Georgi B">B Georgi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heyder, J" uniqKey="Heyder J">J Heyder</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, Dm" uniqKey="Brown D">DM Brown</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stone, V" uniqKey="Stone V">V Stone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Findlay, P" uniqKey="Findlay P">P Findlay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macnee, W" uniqKey="Macnee W">W MacNee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, Dm" uniqKey="Brown D">DM Brown</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, Mr" uniqKey="Wilson M">MR Wilson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macnee, W" uniqKey="Macnee W">W MacNee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stone, V" uniqKey="Stone V">V Stone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brown, Js" uniqKey="Brown J">JS Brown</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zeman, Kl" uniqKey="Zeman K">KL Zeman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bennett, Wd" uniqKey="Bennett W">WD Bennett</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cagle, Dw" uniqKey="Cagle D">DW Cagle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kenmnel, Sj" uniqKey="Kenmnel S">SJ Kenmnel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mirzadeh, S" uniqKey="Mirzadeh S">S Mirzadeh</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Alford, Jm" uniqKey="Alford J">JM Alford</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, Lj" uniqKey="Wilson L">LJ Wilson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Calderon Garcidue As, L" uniqKey="Calderon Garcidue As L">L Calderon-Garcidueñas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Azzarelli, B" uniqKey="Azzarelli B">B Azzarelli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Acuna, H" uniqKey="Acuna H">H Acuna</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Garcia, R" uniqKey="Garcia R">R Garcia</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gambling, Tm" uniqKey="Gambling T">TM Gambling</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Osnaya, N" uniqKey="Osnaya N">N Osnaya</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Campbell, A" uniqKey="Campbell A">A Campbell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oldham, M" uniqKey="Oldham M">M Oldham</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Becaria, A" uniqKey="Becaria A">A Becaria</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bondy, Sc" uniqKey="Bondy S">SC Bondy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meacher, D" uniqKey="Meacher D">D Meacher</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sioutas, C" uniqKey="Sioutas C">C Sioutas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cavagna, G" uniqKey="Cavagna G">G Cavagna</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Finulli, M" uniqKey="Finulli M">M Finulli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vigliani, Ec" uniqKey="Vigliani E">EC Vigliani</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chalupa, Dc" uniqKey="Chalupa D">DC Chalupa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morrow, Pe" uniqKey="Morrow P">PE Morrow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Utell, Mj" uniqKey="Utell M">MJ Utell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frampton, Mw" uniqKey="Frampton M">MW Frampton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, B" uniqKey="Chen B">B Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wilson, S" uniqKey="Wilson S">S Wilson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Das, M" uniqKey="Das M">M Das</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Coughlin, D" uniqKey="Coughlin D">D Coughlin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erlanger, B" uniqKey="Erlanger B">B Erlanger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cheng, X" uniqKey="Cheng X">X Cheng</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kan, A" uniqKey="Kan A">A Kan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tomson, M" uniqKey="Tomson M">M Tomson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chitose, N" uniqKey="Chitose N">N Chitose</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ueta, S" uniqKey="Ueta S">S Ueta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seino, S" uniqKey="Seino S">S Seino</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, T" uniqKey="Yamamoto T">T Yamamoto</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cohen, A" uniqKey="Cohen A">A Cohen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hnasko, R" uniqKey="Hnasko R">R Hnasko</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schubert, W" uniqKey="Schubert W">W Schubert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lisanti, M" uniqKey="Lisanti M">M Lisanti</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Coleman, We" uniqKey="Coleman W">WE Coleman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scheel, Ld" uniqKey="Scheel L">LD Scheel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gorski, Ch" uniqKey="Gorski C">CH Gorski</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Corachan, M" uniqKey="Corachan M">M Corachan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tura, Jm" uniqKey="Tura J">JM Tura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Campo, E" uniqKey="Campo E">E Campo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soley, M" uniqKey="Soley M">M Soley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Traveria, A" uniqKey="Traveria A">A Traveria</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cyrys, J" uniqKey="Cyrys J">J Cyrys</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stolzel, M" uniqKey="Stolzel M">M Stolzel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heinrich, J" uniqKey="Heinrich J">J Heinrich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kreyling, Wg" uniqKey="Kreyling W">WG Kreyling</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Menzel, N" uniqKey="Menzel N">N Menzel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wittmaack, K" uniqKey="Wittmaack K">K Wittmaack</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Daughton, C" uniqKey="Daughton C">C Daughton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ternes, T" uniqKey="Ternes T">T Ternes</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Lorenzo, Aj" uniqKey="De Lorenzo A">AJ de Lorenzo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Lorenzo, Aj" uniqKey="De Lorenzo A">AJ de Lorenzo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Derfus, Am" uniqKey="Derfus A">AM Derfus</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chan, Wcw" uniqKey="Chan W">WCW Chan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhatia, Sn" uniqKey="Bhatia S">SN Bhatia</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dieckmann, G" uniqKey="Dieckmann G">G Dieckmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dalton, A" uniqKey="Dalton A">A Dalton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Johnson, P" uniqKey="Johnson P">P Johnson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Razal, J" uniqKey="Razal J">J Razal</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, J" uniqKey="Chen J">J Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Giordano, Gm" uniqKey="Giordano G">GM Giordano</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dobson, J" uniqKey="Dobson J">J Dobson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, D" uniqKey="Brown D">D Brown</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Clouter, A" uniqKey="Clouter A">A Clouter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Duffin, R" uniqKey="Duffin R">R Duffin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macnee, W" uniqKey="Macnee W">W MacNee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Renwick, L" uniqKey="Renwick L">L Renwick</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Li, Xy" uniqKey="Li X">XY Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macnee, W" uniqKey="Macnee W">W MacNee</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stone, V" uniqKey="Stone V">V Stone</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tran, C L" uniqKey="Tran C">C-L Tran</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Donlin, M" uniqKey="Donlin M">M Donlin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frey, R" uniqKey="Frey R">R Frey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Putnam, C" uniqKey="Putnam C">C Putnam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Proctor, J" uniqKey="Proctor J">J Proctor</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bashkin, J" uniqKey="Bashkin J">J Bashkin</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Driscoll, Ke" uniqKey="Driscoll K">KE Driscoll</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dunn, Jr" uniqKey="Dunn J">JR Dunn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fuller, M" uniqKey="Fuller M">M Fuller</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zoeger, J" uniqKey="Zoeger J">J Zoeger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dobson, J" uniqKey="Dobson J">J Dobson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heller, F" uniqKey="Heller F">F Heller</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hamnmann, J" uniqKey="Hamnmann J">J Hamnmann</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elder, Acp" uniqKey="Elder A">ACP Elder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Azadniv, M" uniqKey="Azadniv M">M Azadniv</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frampton, M" uniqKey="Frampton M">M Frampton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Finkelstein, J" uniqKey="Finkelstein J">J Finkelstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdorster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elder, Acp" uniqKey="Elder A">ACP Elder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Azadniv, M" uniqKey="Azadniv M">M Azadniv</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frampton, M" uniqKey="Frampton M">M Frampton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Finkelstein, J" uniqKey="Finkelstein J">J Finkelstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdorster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elder, Acp" uniqKey="Elder A">ACP Elder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Finkelstein, Jn" uniqKey="Finkelstein J">JN Finkelstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cox, C" uniqKey="Cox C">C Cox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Evelyn, A" uniqKey="Evelyn A">A Evelyn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mannick, S" uniqKey="Mannick S">S Mannick</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sermon, Pa" uniqKey="Sermon P">PA Sermon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fechter, Ld" uniqKey="Fechter L">LD Fechter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Johnson, Dl" uniqKey="Johnson D">DL Johnson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lynch, Ra" uniqKey="Lynch R">RA Lynch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Feikert, T" uniqKey="Feikert T">T Feikert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mercer, P" uniqKey="Mercer P">P Mercer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corson, N" uniqKey="Corson N">N Corson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Opanashuk, L" uniqKey="Opanashuk L">L Opanashuk</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elder, A" uniqKey="Elder A">A Elder</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferin, J" uniqKey="Ferin J">J Ferin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferin, J" uniqKey="Ferin J">J Ferin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Penney, Dp" uniqKey="Penney D">DP Penney</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferin, J" uniqKey="Ferin J">J Ferin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Penney, Dp" uniqKey="Penney D">DP Penney</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soderholm, Sc" uniqKey="Soderholm S">SC Soderholm</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Piper, Hc" uniqKey="Piper H">HC Piper</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ferin, J" uniqKey="Ferin J">J Ferin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soderholm, Sc" uniqKey="Soderholm S">SC Soderholm</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Foley, S" uniqKey="Foley S">S Foley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Crowley, C" uniqKey="Crowley C">C Crowley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smaihi, M" uniqKey="Smaihi M">M Smaihi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bonfils, C" uniqKey="Bonfils C">C Bonfils</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erlanger, Bf" uniqKey="Erlanger B">BF Erlanger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seta, P" uniqKey="Seta P">P Seta</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Fox, Je" uniqKey="Fox J">JE Fox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Starcevic, M" uniqKey="Starcevic M">M Starcevic</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kow, Ky" uniqKey="Kow K">KY Kow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Burow, Me" uniqKey="Burow M">ME Burow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mclachlan, Ja" uniqKey="Mclachlan J">JA McLachlan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Freitas, Ra" uniqKey="Freitas R">RA Freitas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gianutsos, G" uniqKey="Gianutsos G">G Gianutsos</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morrow, Gr" uniqKey="Morrow G">GR Morrow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morris, Jb" uniqKey="Morris J">JB Morris</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gibaud, S" uniqKey="Gibaud S">S Gibaud</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andreux, Jp" uniqKey="Andreux J">JP Andreux</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weingarten, C" uniqKey="Weingarten C">C Weingarten</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Renard, M" uniqKey="Renard M">M Renard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Couvreur, P" uniqKey="Couvreur P">P Couvreur</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gibaud, S" uniqKey="Gibaud S">S Gibaud</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Demoy, M" uniqKey="Demoy M">M Demoy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andreux, Jp" uniqKey="Andreux J">JP Andreux</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weingarten, C" uniqKey="Weingarten C">C Weingarten</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gouritin, B" uniqKey="Gouritin B">B Gouritin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Couvreur, P" uniqKey="Couvreur P">P Couvreur</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gibaud, S" uniqKey="Gibaud S">S Gibaud</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rousseau, C" uniqKey="Rousseau C">C Rousseau</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weingarten, C" uniqKey="Weingarten C">C Weingarten</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Favier, R" uniqKey="Favier R">R Favier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Douay, L" uniqKey="Douay L">L Douay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andreux, Jp" uniqKey="Andreux J">JP Andreux</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Goldstein, M" uniqKey="Goldstein M">M Goldstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weiss, H" uniqKey="Weiss H">H Weiss</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wade, K" uniqKey="Wade K">K Wade</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Penek, J" uniqKey="Penek J">J Penek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Andrews, L" uniqKey="Andrews L">L Andrews</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brandt Rauf, P" uniqKey="Brandt Rauf P">P Brandt-Rauf</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gopinath, Pg" uniqKey="Gopinath P">PG Gopinath</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gopinath, G" uniqKey="Gopinath G">G Gopinath</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kumar, A" uniqKey="Kumar A">A Kumar</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Greim, H" uniqKey="Greim H">H Greim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Borm, P" uniqKey="Borm P">P Borm</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schins, R" uniqKey="Schins R">R Schins</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Driscoll, K" uniqKey="Driscoll K">K Driscoll</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartwig, A" uniqKey="Hartwig A">A Hartwig</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Griffith, Fd" uniqKey="Griffith F">FD Griffith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stephens, Ss" uniqKey="Stephens S">SS Stephens</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tayfun, Fo" uniqKey="Tayfun F">FO Tayfun</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gumbleton, M" uniqKey="Gumbleton M">M Gumbleton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hautot, D" uniqKey="Hautot D">D Hautot</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pankhurst, Qa" uniqKey="Pankhurst Q">QA Pankhurst</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khan, N" uniqKey="Khan N">N Khan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dobson, J" uniqKey="Dobson J">J Dobson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Heckel, K" uniqKey="Heckel K">K Heckel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kiefmann, R" uniqKey="Kiefmann R">R Kiefmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dorger, M" uniqKey="Dorger M">M Dorger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stoeckelhuber, M" uniqKey="Stoeckelhuber M">M Stoeckelhuber</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goetz, Ae" uniqKey="Goetz A">AE Goetz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Henneberger, A" uniqKey="Henneberger A">A Henneberger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zareba, W" uniqKey="Zareba W">W Zareba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ibald Mulli, A" uniqKey="Ibald Mulli A">A Ibald-Mulli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruckerl, R" uniqKey="Ruckerl R">R Ruckerl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cyrys, J" uniqKey="Cyrys J">J Cyrys</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Couderc, Jp" uniqKey="Couderc J">JP Couderc</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Howe, Ha" uniqKey="Howe H">HA Howe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bodian, D" uniqKey="Bodian D">D Bodian</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Huczko, A" uniqKey="Huczko A">A Huczko</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lange, H" uniqKey="Lange H">H Lange</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Calko, E" uniqKey="Calko E">E Calko</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Grubek Jaworska, H" uniqKey="Grubek Jaworska H">H Grubek-Jaworska</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Droszcz, P" uniqKey="Droszcz P">P Droszcz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hughes, Ls" uniqKey="Hughes L">LS Hughes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cass, Gr" uniqKey="Cass G">GR Cass</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gone, J" uniqKey="Gone J">J Gone</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ames, M" uniqKey="Ames M">M Ames</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olmez, I" uniqKey="Olmez I">I Olmez</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hunter, Dd" uniqKey="Hunter D">DD Hunter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dey, Rd" uniqKey="Dey R">RD Dey</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hunter, Dd" uniqKey="Hunter D">DD Hunter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Undem, Bj" uniqKey="Undem B">BJ Undem</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jani, P" uniqKey="Jani P">P Jani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Halbert, Gw" uniqKey="Halbert G">GW Halbert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Langridge, J" uniqKey="Langridge J">J Langridge</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Florence, At" uniqKey="Florence A">AT Florence</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jani, Pu" uniqKey="Jani P">PU Jani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccarthy, De" uniqKey="Mccarthy D">DE McCarthy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Florence, At" uniqKey="Florence A">AT Florence</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jaques, Pa" uniqKey="Jaques P">PA Jaques</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, Cs" uniqKey="Kim C">CS Kim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Johnston, Cj" uniqKey="Johnston C">CJ Johnston</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Finkelstein, Jn" uniqKey="Finkelstein J">JN Finkelstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mercer, P" uniqKey="Mercer P">P Mercer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corson, N" uniqKey="Corson N">N Corson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdorster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Joo, Sh" uniqKey="Joo S">SH Joo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Feitz, Aj" uniqKey="Feitz A">AJ Feitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Waite, Td" uniqKey="Waite T">TD Waite</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kato, T" uniqKey="Kato T">T Kato</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yashiro, T" uniqKey="Yashiro T">T Yashiro</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murata, Y" uniqKey="Murata Y">Y Murata</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Herbert, Dc" uniqKey="Herbert D">DC Herbert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oshikawa, K" uniqKey="Oshikawa K">K Oshikawa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bando, M" uniqKey="Bando M">M Bando</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kennedy, P" uniqKey="Kennedy P">P Kennedy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chaudhuri, A" uniqKey="Chaudhuri A">A Chaudhuri</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Keyhani, K" uniqKey="Keyhani K">K Keyhani</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scherer, Pw" uniqKey="Scherer P">PW Scherer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mozell, Mm" uniqKey="Mozell M">MM Mozell</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kim, S" uniqKey="Kim S">S Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lim, Ys" uniqKey="Lim Y">YS Lim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soltesz, Eg" uniqKey="Soltesz E">EG Soltesz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Grand, Am" uniqKey="De Grand A">AM De Grand</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lee, J" uniqKey="Lee J">J Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nakayama, A" uniqKey="Nakayama A">A Nakayama</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kimbell, Js" uniqKey="Kimbell J">JS Kimbell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Godo, Mn" uniqKey="Godo M">MN Godo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gross, Ea" uniqKey="Gross E">EA Gross</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Joyner, Dr" uniqKey="Joyner D">DR Joyner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Richardson, Rb" uniqKey="Richardson R">RB Richardson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morgan, Kt" uniqKey="Morgan K">KT Morgan</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kirschvink, Jl" uniqKey="Kirschvink J">JL Kirschvink</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kobayashi Kirschvink, A" uniqKey="Kobayashi Kirschvink A">A Kobayashi-Kirschvink</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Woodford, Bj" uniqKey="Woodford B">BJ Woodford</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kirschvink, J" uniqKey="Kirschvink J">J Kirschvink</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Walker, M" uniqKey="Walker M">M Walker</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Diebel, C" uniqKey="Diebel C">C Diebel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Konig, Mf" uniqKey="Konig M">MF König</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lucocq, Jm" uniqKey="Lucocq J">JM Lucocq</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webel, Er" uniqKey="Webel E">ER Webel</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kreuter, J" uniqKey="Kreuter J">J Kreuter</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kreuter, J" uniqKey="Kreuter J">J Kreuter</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kreuter, J" uniqKey="Kreuter J">J Kreuter</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shamenkov, D" uniqKey="Shamenkov D">D Shamenkov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Petrov, V" uniqKey="Petrov V">V Petrov</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ramge, P" uniqKey="Ramge P">P Ramge</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cychutek, K" uniqKey="Cychutek K">K Cychutek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koch Brandt, C" uniqKey="Koch Brandt C">C Koch-Brandt</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kreyling, Wg" uniqKey="Kreyling W">WG Kreyling</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Scheuch, G" uniqKey="Scheuch G">G Scheuch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kreyling, W" uniqKey="Kreyling W">W Kreyling</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Semmler, M" uniqKey="Semmler M">M Semmler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erbe, F" uniqKey="Erbe F">F Erbe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mayer, P" uniqKey="Mayer P">P Mayer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Takenaka, S" uniqKey="Takenaka S">S Takenaka</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schulz, H" uniqKey="Schulz H">H Schulz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kulmala, M" uniqKey="Kulmala M">M Kulmala</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lam, Cw" uniqKey="Lam C">CW Lam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="James, Jt" uniqKey="James J">JT James</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mccluskey, R" uniqKey="Mccluskey R">R McCluskey</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hunter, Rl" uniqKey="Hunter R">RL Hunter</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lecoanet, H" uniqKey="Lecoanet H">H Lecoanet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bottero, J" uniqKey="Bottero J">J Bottero</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiesner, M" uniqKey="Wiesner M">M Wiesner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lecoanet, H" uniqKey="Lecoanet H">H Lecoanet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wiesner, M" uniqKey="Wiesner M">M Wiesner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lee, Ch" uniqKey="Lee C">CH Lee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, Yl" uniqKey="Guo Y">YL Guo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tsai, Pj" uniqKey="Tsai P">PJ Tsai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chang, Hy" uniqKey="Chang H">HY Chang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Cr" uniqKey="Chen C">CR Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Cw" uniqKey="Chen C">CW Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, N" uniqKey="Li N">N Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sioutas, C" uniqKey="Sioutas C">C Sioutas</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cho, A" uniqKey="Cho A">A Cho</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schmitz, D" uniqKey="Schmitz D">D Schmitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Misra, C" uniqKey="Misra C">C Misra</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sempf, J" uniqKey="Sempf J">J Sempf</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Li, X" uniqKey="Li X">X Li</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brown, D" uniqKey="Brown D">D Brown</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, S" uniqKey="Smith S">S Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macnee, W" uniqKey="Macnee W">W MacNee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Lu, Q" uniqKey="Lu Q">Q Lu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moore, Jm" uniqKey="Moore J">JM Moore</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, G" uniqKey="Huang G">G Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mount, As" uniqKey="Mount A">AS Mount</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rao, Am" uniqKey="Rao A">AM Rao</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Larcom, Ll" uniqKey="Larcom L">LL Larcom</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mach, R" uniqKey="Mach R">R Mach</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Malmgren, L" uniqKey="Malmgren L">L Malmgren</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olsson, Y" uniqKey="Olsson Y">Y Olsson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Olsson, T" uniqKey="Olsson T">T Olsson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kristensson, K" uniqKey="Kristensson K">K Kristensson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Maynard, Ad" uniqKey="Maynard A">AD Maynard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baron, Pa" uniqKey="Baron P">PA Baron</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Foley, M" uniqKey="Foley M">M Foley</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shvedova, Aa" uniqKey="Shvedova A">AA Shvedova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kisin, Er" uniqKey="Kisin E">ER Kisin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Castranova, V" uniqKey="Castranova V">V Castranova</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mcmurry, Ph" uniqKey="Mcmurry P">PH McMurry</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Woo, Ks" uniqKey="Woo K">KS Woo</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mehta, D" uniqKey="Mehta D">D Mehta</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Bhattacharya, J" uniqKey="Bhattacharya J">J Bhattacharya</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Matthay, Ma" uniqKey="Matthay M">MA Matthay</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Malik, Ab" uniqKey="Malik A">AB Malik</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Monteiro Riviere, N" uniqKey="Monteiro Riviere N">N Monteiro-Riviere</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nemanich, R" uniqKey="Nemanich R">R Nemanich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Inman, A" uniqKey="Inman A">A Inman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wang, Y" uniqKey="Wang Y">Y Wang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Riviere, J" uniqKey="Riviere J">J Riviere</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nagaveni, K" uniqKey="Nagaveni K">K Nagaveni</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sivalingam, G" uniqKey="Sivalingam G">G Sivalingam</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hegde, M" uniqKey="Hegde M">M Hegde</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Madras, G" uniqKey="Madras G">G Madras</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nemmar, A" uniqKey="Nemmar A">A Nemmar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Delaunois, A" uniqKey="Delaunois A">A Delaunois</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nemery, B" uniqKey="Nemery B">B Nemery</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dessy Doize, C" uniqKey="Dessy Doize C">C Dessy-Doize</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Beckers, Jf" uniqKey="Beckers J">JF Beckers</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sulon, J" uniqKey="Sulon J">J Sulon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nemmar, A" uniqKey="Nemmar A">A Nemmar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoet, Phm" uniqKey="Hoet P">PHM Hoet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vanquickenborne, B" uniqKey="Vanquickenborne B">B Vanquickenborne</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dinsdale, D" uniqKey="Dinsdale D">D Dinsdale</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Thomeer, M" uniqKey="Thomeer M">M Thomeer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoylaerts, Mf" uniqKey="Hoylaerts M">MF Hoylaerts</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nemmar, A" uniqKey="Nemmar A">A Nemmar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoylaerts, Mf" uniqKey="Hoylaerts M">MF Hoylaerts</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoet, Phm" uniqKey="Hoet P">PHM Hoet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dinsdale, D" uniqKey="Dinsdale D">D Dinsdale</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, T" uniqKey="Smith T">T Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xu, H" uniqKey="Xu H">H Xu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nemmar, A" uniqKey="Nemmar A">A Nemmar</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoylaerts, Mf" uniqKey="Hoylaerts M">MF Hoylaerts</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoet, Phm" uniqKey="Hoet P">PHM Hoet</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Vermylen, J" uniqKey="Vermylen J">J Vermylen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nemery, B" uniqKey="Nemery B">B Nemery</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nghiem, Ld" uniqKey="Nghiem L">LD Nghiem</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sch Fer, Ai" uniqKey="Sch Fer A">AI Schäfer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elimelech, M" uniqKey="Elimelech M">M Elimelech</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nikula, Kj" uniqKey="Nikula K">KJ Nikula</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Avila, Kj" uniqKey="Avila K">KJ Avila</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Griffith, Wc" uniqKey="Griffith W">WC Griffith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mauderly, Jl" uniqKey="Mauderly J">JL Mauderly</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Nuttall, Jb" uniqKey="Nuttall J">JB Nuttall</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kelly, Rj" uniqKey="Kelly R">RJ Kelly</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Smith, Bs" uniqKey="Smith B">BS Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Whiteside, Ck" uniqKey="Whiteside C">CK Whiteside</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, E" uniqKey="Oberdorster E">E Oberdörster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, E" uniqKey="Oberdorster E">E Oberdörster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferin, J" uniqKey="Ferin J">J Ferin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Finkelstein, J" uniqKey="Finkelstein J">J Finkelstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wade, P" uniqKey="Wade P">P Wade</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corson, N" uniqKey="Corson N">N Corson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferin, J" uniqKey="Ferin J">J Ferin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Soderholm, Sc" uniqKey="Soderholm S">SC Soderholm</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Finkelstein, J" uniqKey="Finkelstein J">J Finkelstein</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferin, J" uniqKey="Ferin J">J Ferin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morrow, Pe" uniqKey="Morrow P">PE Morrow</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Finkelstein, Jn" uniqKey="Finkelstein J">JN Finkelstein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Johnston, C" uniqKey="Johnston C">C Johnston</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cox, C" uniqKey="Cox C">C Cox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baggs, R" uniqKey="Baggs R">R Baggs</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, Rm" uniqKey="Gelein R">RM Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ferin, J" uniqKey="Ferin J">J Ferin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Weiss, B" uniqKey="Weiss B">B Weiss</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Morrow, Pe" uniqKey="Morrow P">PE Morrow</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spurny, K" uniqKey="Spurny K">K Spurny</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharp, Z" uniqKey="Sharp Z">Z Sharp</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atudorei, V" uniqKey="Atudorei V">V Atudorei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elder, A" uniqKey="Elder A">A Elder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kreyling, W" uniqKey="Kreyling W">W Kreyling</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sharp, Z" uniqKey="Sharp Z">Z Sharp</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atudorei, V" uniqKey="Atudorei V">V Atudorei</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elder, A" uniqKey="Elder A">A Elder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gelein, R" uniqKey="Gelein R">R Gelein</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lunts, A" uniqKey="Lunts A">A Lunts</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yu, Cp" uniqKey="Yu C">CP Yu</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ohl, L" uniqKey="Ohl L">L Ohl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mohaupt, M" uniqKey="Mohaupt M">M Mohaupt</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Czeloth, N" uniqKey="Czeloth N">N Czeloth</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hintzen, G" uniqKey="Hintzen G">G Hintzen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kiafard, Z" uniqKey="Kiafard Z">Z Kiafard</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zwirner, J" uniqKey="Zwirner J">J Zwirner</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oldfors, A" uniqKey="Oldfors A">A Oldfors</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fardeau, M" uniqKey="Fardeau M">M Fardeau</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olsson, T" uniqKey="Olsson T">T Olsson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kristensson, K" uniqKey="Kristensson K">K Kristensson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Patton, Js" uniqKey="Patton J">JS Patton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pekkanen, J" uniqKey="Pekkanen J">J Pekkanen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peters, A" uniqKey="Peters A">A Peters</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoek, G" uniqKey="Hoek G">G Hoek</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tiittanen, P" uniqKey="Tiittanen P">P Tiittanen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brunekreef, B" uniqKey="Brunekreef B">B Brunekreef</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="De Hartog, J" uniqKey="De Hartog J">J de Hartog</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pekkanen, J" uniqKey="Pekkanen J">J Pekkanen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Timonen, Kl" uniqKey="Timonen K">KL Timonen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruuskanen, J" uniqKey="Ruuskanen J">J Ruuskanen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reponen, A" uniqKey="Reponen A">A Reponen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mirme, A" uniqKey="Mirme A">A Mirme</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Penttinen, P" uniqKey="Penttinen P">P Penttinen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Timonen, Kl" uniqKey="Timonen K">KL Timonen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tiittanen, P" uniqKey="Tiittanen P">P Tiittanen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mirme, A" uniqKey="Mirme A">A Mirme</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruuskanen, J" uniqKey="Ruuskanen J">J Ruuskanen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pekkanen, J" uniqKey="Pekkanen J">J Pekkanen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peters, A" uniqKey="Peters A">A Peters</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doring, A" uniqKey="Doring A">A Doring</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wichmann, H E" uniqKey="Wichmann H">H-E Wichmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Koenig, W" uniqKey="Koenig W">W Koenig</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Peters, A" uniqKey="Peters A">A Peters</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wichmann, He" uniqKey="Wichmann H">HE Wichmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tuch, T" uniqKey="Tuch T">T Tuch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heinrich, J" uniqKey="Heinrich J">J Heinrich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heyder, J" uniqKey="Heyder J">J Heyder</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pietropaoli, Ap" uniqKey="Pietropaoli A">AP Pietropaoli</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frampton, Mw" uniqKey="Frampton M">MW Frampton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cox, C" uniqKey="Cox C">C Cox</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huang, L S" uniqKey="Huang L">L-S Huang</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Marder, V" uniqKey="Marder V">V Marder</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Plattig, K H" uniqKey="Plattig K">K-H Plattig</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rancan, F" uniqKey="Rancan F">F Rancan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rosan, S" uniqKey="Rosan S">S Rosan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boehm, F" uniqKey="Boehm F">F Boehm</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cantrell, A" uniqKey="Cantrell A">A Cantrell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brellreich, M" uniqKey="Brellreich M">M Brellreich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schoenberger, H" uniqKey="Schoenberger H">H Schoenberger</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rejman, J" uniqKey="Rejman J">J Rejman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberle, V" uniqKey="Oberle V">V Oberle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zuhorn, Is" uniqKey="Zuhorn I">IS Zuhorn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hoekstra, D" uniqKey="Hoekstra D">D Hoekstra</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rodoslav, S" uniqKey="Rodoslav S">S Rodoslav</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laibin, L" uniqKey="Laibin L">L Laibin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Eisenberg, A" uniqKey="Eisenberg A">A Eisenberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dusica, M" uniqKey="Dusica M">M Dusica</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sato, K" uniqKey="Sato K">K Sato</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Imai, Y" uniqKey="Imai Y">Y Imai</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Irimura, Rt" uniqKey="Irimura R">RT Irimura</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sayes, C" uniqKey="Sayes C">C Sayes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Fortner, J" uniqKey="Fortner J">J Fortner</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Guo, W" uniqKey="Guo W">W Guo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lyon, D" uniqKey="Lyon D">D Lyon</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Boyd, Am" uniqKey="Boyd A">AM Boyd</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ausman, Kd" uniqKey="Ausman K">KD Ausman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schlesinger, Rb" uniqKey="Schlesinger R">RB Schlesinger</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ben Jebria, A" uniqKey="Ben Jebria A">A Ben-Jebria</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dahl, Ar" uniqKey="Dahl A">AR Dahl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Snipes, Mb" uniqKey="Snipes M">MB Snipes</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ultman, J" uniqKey="Ultman J">J Ultman</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Schultheiss Grassi, Pp" uniqKey="Schultheiss Grassi P">PP Schultheiss-Grassi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wessiken, R" uniqKey="Wessiken R">R Wessiken</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dobson, J" uniqKey="Dobson J">J Dobson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Seaton, A" uniqKey="Seaton A">A Seaton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Macnee, W" uniqKey="Macnee W">W MacNee</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Godden, D" uniqKey="Godden D">D Godden</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Semmler, M" uniqKey="Semmler M">M Semmler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Seitz, J" uniqKey="Seitz J">J Seitz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Erbe, F" uniqKey="Erbe F">F Erbe</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mayer, P" uniqKey="Mayer P">P Mayer</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heyder, J" uniqKey="Heyder J">J Heyder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shi, Jp" uniqKey="Shi J">JP Shi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Evans, De" uniqKey="Evans D">DE Evans</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Khan, Aa" uniqKey="Khan A">AA Khan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Harrison, Rm" uniqKey="Harrison R">RM Harrison</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shvedova, Aa" uniqKey="Shvedova A">AA Shvedova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kisin, E" uniqKey="Kisin E">E Kisin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Keshava, N" uniqKey="Keshava N">N Keshava</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murray, Ar" uniqKey="Murray A">AR Murray</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gorelik, O" uniqKey="Gorelik O">O Gorelik</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arepalli, S" uniqKey="Arepalli S">S Arepalli</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shvedova, Aa" uniqKey="Shvedova A">AA Shvedova</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kisin, E" uniqKey="Kisin E">E Kisin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Murray, A" uniqKey="Murray A">A Murray</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schwegler Berry, D" uniqKey="Schwegler Berry D">D Schwegler-Berry</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gandelsman, V" uniqKey="Gandelsman V">V Gandelsman</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Baron, P" uniqKey="Baron P">P Baron</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Silva, Vm" uniqKey="Silva V">VM Silva</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Corson, N" uniqKey="Corson N">N Corson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Elder, A" uniqKey="Elder A">A Elder</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Oberdorster, G" uniqKey="Oberdorster G">G Oberdörster</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Simionescu, N" uniqKey="Simionescu N">N Simionescu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Simionescu, M" uniqKey="Simionescu M">M Simionescu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Palade, Ge" uniqKey="Palade G">GE Palade</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Smith, Ae" uniqKey="Smith A">AE Smith</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Helenius, A" uniqKey="Helenius A">A Helenius</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Terasaki, S" uniqKey="Terasaki S">S Terasaki</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kameyama, T" uniqKey="Kameyama T">T Kameyama</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yamamoto, S" uniqKey="Yamamoto S">S Yamamoto</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tiittanen, P" uniqKey="Tiittanen P">P Tiittanen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Timonen, Kl" uniqKey="Timonen K">KL Timonen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ruuskanen, J" uniqKey="Ruuskanen J">J Ruuskanen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mirme, A" uniqKey="Mirme A">A Mirme</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pekkanen, J" uniqKey="Pekkanen J">J Pekkanen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tinkle, Ss" uniqKey="Tinkle S">SS Tinkle</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Antonini, Jm" uniqKey="Antonini J">JM Antonini</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Rich, Ba" uniqKey="Rich B">BA Rich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roberts, Jr" uniqKey="Roberts J">JR Roberts</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Salmen, R" uniqKey="Salmen R">R Salmen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Depree, K" uniqKey="Depree K">K DePree</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tran, Cl" uniqKey="Tran C">CL Tran</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Buchanan, D" uniqKey="Buchanan D">D Buchanan</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cullen, Rt" uniqKey="Cullen R">RT Cullen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Searl, A" uniqKey="Searl A">A Searl</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jones, Ad" uniqKey="Jones A">AD Jones</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tran, Cl" uniqKey="Tran C">CL Tran</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jones, Ad" uniqKey="Jones A">AD Jones</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cullen, Rt" uniqKey="Cullen R">RT Cullen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tungittiplakorn, W" uniqKey="Tungittiplakorn W">W Tungittiplakorn</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lion, Lw" uniqKey="Lion L">LW Lion</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cohen, C" uniqKey="Cohen C">C Cohen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, J Y" uniqKey="Kim J">J-Y Kim</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Turetsky, Bi" uniqKey="Turetsky B">BI Turetsky</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Moberg, Pj" uniqKey="Moberg P">PJ Moberg</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arnold, Se" uniqKey="Arnold S">SE Arnold</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Doty, Rl" uniqKey="Doty R">RL Doty</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Gur, Re" uniqKey="Gur R">RE Gur</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Utell, M" uniqKey="Utell M">M Utell</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Frampton, M" uniqKey="Frampton M">M Frampton</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zareba, W" uniqKey="Zareba W">W Zareba</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Devlin, R" uniqKey="Devlin R">R Devlin</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cascio, W" uniqKey="Cascio W">W Cascio</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Veronesi, B" uniqKey="Veronesi B">B Veronesi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Makwana, O" uniqKey="Makwana O">O Makwana</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pooler, M" uniqKey="Pooler M">M Pooler</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, Lc" uniqKey="Chen L">LC Chen</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Von Klot, S" uniqKey="Von Klot S">S von Klot</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolke, G" uniqKey="Wolke G">G Wolke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tuch, T" uniqKey="Tuch T">T Tuch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heinrich, J" uniqKey="Heinrich J">J Heinrich</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Dockery, Dw" uniqKey="Dockery D">DW Dockery</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Schwartz, J" uniqKey="Schwartz J">J Schwartz</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warheit, Db" uniqKey="Warheit D">DB Warheit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hartsky, Ma" uniqKey="Hartsky M">MA Hartsky</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warheit, Db" uniqKey="Warheit D">DB Warheit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hill, Lh" uniqKey="Hill L">LH Hill</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="George, G" uniqKey="George G">G George</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brody, Ar" uniqKey="Brody A">AR Brody</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warheit, Db" uniqKey="Warheit D">DB Warheit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Laurence, Br" uniqKey="Laurence B">BR Laurence</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reed, Kl" uniqKey="Reed K">KL Reed</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Roach, Dh" uniqKey="Roach D">DH Roach</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Reynolds, Gam" uniqKey="Reynolds G">GAM Reynolds</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Webb, Tr" uniqKey="Webb T">TR Webb</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Warheit, Db" uniqKey="Warheit D">DB Warheit</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Overby, Lh" uniqKey="Overby L">LH Overby</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="George, G" uniqKey="George G">G George</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Brody, Ar" uniqKey="Brody A">AR Brody</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Waritz, Rs" uniqKey="Waritz R">RS Waritz</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kwon, Bk" uniqKey="Kwon B">BK Kwon</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct></biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wichmann, H E" uniqKey="Wichmann H">H-E Wichmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Cyrys, J" uniqKey="Cyrys J">J Cyrys</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stolzel, M" uniqKey="Stolzel M">M Stölzel</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spix, C" uniqKey="Spix C">C Spix</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wittmaack, K" uniqKey="Wittmaack K">K Wittmaack</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tuch, T" uniqKey="Tuch T">T Tuch</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wichmann, H E" uniqKey="Wichmann H">H-E Wichmann</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Spix, C" uniqKey="Spix C">C Spix</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tuch, T" uniqKey="Tuch T">T Tuch</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Wolke, G" uniqKey="Wolke G">G Wolke</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peters, A" uniqKey="Peters A">A Peters</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Heinrich, J" uniqKey="Heinrich J">J Heinrich</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Widmaier, Ep" uniqKey="Widmaier E">EP Widmaier</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Raff, H" uniqKey="Raff H">H Raff</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Strang, Kt" uniqKey="Strang K">KT Strang</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Williams, N" uniqKey="Williams N">N Williams</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Atkinson, G" uniqKey="Atkinson G">G Atkinson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Patchefsky, A" uniqKey="Patchefsky A">A Patchefsky</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wilson, M" uniqKey="Wilson M">M Wilson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lightbody, J" uniqKey="Lightbody J">J Lightbody</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Donaldson, K" uniqKey="Donaldson K">K Donaldson</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sales, J" uniqKey="Sales J">J Sales</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Stone, V" uniqKey="Stone V">V Stone</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Woo, Ks" uniqKey="Woo K">KS Woo</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Chen, D R" uniqKey="Chen D">D-R Chen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pui, D" uniqKey="Pui D">D Pui</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Mcmurry, P" uniqKey="Mcmurry P">P McMurry</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yamago, S" uniqKey="Yamago S">S Yamago</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tokuyama, H" uniqKey="Tokuyama H">H Tokuyama</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nakamura, E" uniqKey="Nakamura E">E Nakamura</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kikuchi, K" uniqKey="Kikuchi K">K Kikuchi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kananishi, S" uniqKey="Kananishi S">S Kananishi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sueki, K" uniqKey="Sueki K">K Sueki</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Yamakoshi, Y" uniqKey="Yamakoshi Y">Y Yamakoshi</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Umezawa, N" uniqKey="Umezawa N">N Umezawa</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ryu, A" uniqKey="Ryu A">A Ryu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Arakane, K" uniqKey="Arakane K">K Arakane</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Miyata, N" uniqKey="Miyata N">N Miyata</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Goda, Y" uniqKey="Goda Y">Y Goda</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhou, Y M" uniqKey="Zhou Y">Y-M Zhou</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhong, C Y" uniqKey="Zhong C">C-Y Zhong</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kennedy, Im" uniqKey="Kennedy I">IM Kennedy</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Leppert, Vj" uniqKey="Leppert V">VJ Leppert</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Pinkerton, Ke" uniqKey="Pinkerton K">KE Pinkerton</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
<biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zhu, Y" uniqKey="Zhu Y">Y Zhu</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Hinds, Wc" uniqKey="Hinds W">WC Hinds</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Kim, S" uniqKey="Kim S">S Kim</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Shen, Sk" uniqKey="Shen S">SK Shen</name>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sioutas, C" uniqKey="Sioutas C">C Sioutas</name>
</author>
</analytic>
</biblStruct>
</listBibl>
</div1>
</back>
</TEI>
<pmc article-type="review-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Environ Health Perspect</journal-id>
<journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Environ. Health Perspect</journal-id>
<journal-title-group><journal-title>Environmental Health Perspectives</journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="ppub">0091-6765</issn>
<issn pub-type="epub">1552-9924</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>National Institue of Environmental Health Sciences</publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">16002369</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="pmc">1257642</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1289/ehp.7339</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">ehp0113-000823</article-id>
<article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Reviews</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oberdörster</surname>
<given-names>Günter</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-ehp0113-000823"><sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oberdörster</surname>
<given-names>Eva</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-ehp0113-000823"><sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Oberdörster</surname>
<given-names>Jan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-ehp0113-000823"><sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="af1-ehp0113-000823"><sup>1</sup>
Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA</aff>
<aff id="af2-ehp0113-000823"><sup>2</sup>
Department of Biology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, USA</aff>
<aff id="af3-ehp0113-000823"><sup>3</sup>
Toxicology Department, Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA</aff>
<author-notes><corresp id="fn1-ehp0113-000823">Address correspondence to G. Oberdörster, University of Rochester, Department of Environmental Medicine, 575 Elmwood Ave., MRBx Building, Box 850, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Telephone: (585) 275-3804. Fax: (585) 256-2631. E-mail:
Gunter_Oberdorster@urmc.rochester.edu</corresp>
<fn><p>The views expressed by the authors are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the EPA.</p>
</fn>
<fn><p>J. Oberdörster is an employee of Bayer CropScience. The other authors declare they have no competing financial interests.</p>
</fn>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="ppub"><month>7</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>113</volume>
<issue>7</issue>
<fpage>823</fpage>
<lpage>839</lpage>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>18</day>
<month>6</month>
<year>2004</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>22</day>
<month>3</month>
<year>2005</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/" license-type="public-domain"><license-p>Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, ?Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives?); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. </license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Although humans have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles (NSPs; < 100 nm) throughout their evolutionary stages, such exposure has increased dramatically over the last century due to anthropogenic sources. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source through inhalation, ingestion, skin uptake, and injection of engineered nanomaterials. Information about safety and potential hazards is urgently needed. Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices. Collectively, some emerging concepts of nanotoxicology can be identified from the results of these studies. When inhaled, specific sizes of NSPs are efficiently deposited by diffusional mechanisms in all regions of the respiratory tract. The small size facilitates uptake into cells and transcytosis across epithelial and endothelial cells into the blood and lymph circulation to reach potentially sensitive target sites such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and heart. Access to the central nervous system and ganglia via translocation along axons and dendrites of neurons has also been observed. NSPs penetrating the skin distribute via uptake into lymphatic channels. Endocytosis and biokinetics are largely dependent on NSP surface chemistry (coating) and <italic>in vivo</italic>
surface modifications. The greater surface area per mass compared with larger-sized particles of the same chemistry renders NSPs more active biologically. This activity includes a potential for inflammatory and pro-oxidant, but also antioxidant, activity, which can explain early findings showing mixed results in terms of toxicity of NSPs to environmentally relevant species. Evidence of mitochondrial distribution and oxidative stress response after NSP endocytosis points to a need for basic research on their interactions with subcellular structures. Additional considerations for assessing safety of engineered NSPs include careful selections of appropriate and relevant doses/concentrations, the likelihood of increased effects in a compromised organism, and also the benefits of possible desirable effects. An interdisciplinary team approach (e.g., toxicology, materials science, medicine, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to name a few) is mandatory for nanotoxicology research to arrive at an appropriate risk assessment.</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group><kwd>biokinetics</kwd>
<kwd>central nervous system</kwd>
<kwd>engineered nanomaterials</kwd>
<kwd>environmental health</kwd>
<kwd>human health</kwd>
<kwd>nanosized particles</kwd>
<kwd>respiratory tract</kwd>
<kwd>risk assessment</kwd>
<kwd>skin</kwd>
<kwd>ultrafine particles</kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="f1-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Idealized size distribution of traffic-related particulate matter (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b169-ehp0113-000823">U.S. EPA 2004</xref>
). <italic>D</italic>
<italic><sub>p</sub>
</italic>
, particle diameter. The four polydisperse modes of traffic-related ambient particulate matter span approximately four orders of magnitude from < 1 nm to > 10 μm. Nucleation- and Aitken-mode particles are defined as UFPs (< approximately 100 nm). Source-dependent chemical composition is not well controlled and varies considerably. In contrast, NPs (1–100 nm) have well-controlled chemistry and are generally monodispersed.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f2-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Surface molecules as a function of particle size. Surface molecules increase exponentially when particle size decreases < 100 nm, reflecting the importance of surface area for increased chemical and biologic activity of NSPs. The increased biologic activity can be positive and desirable (e.g., antioxidant activity, carrier capacity for therapeutics, penetration of cellular barriers), negative and undesirable (e.g., toxicity, induction of oxidative stress or of cellular dysfunction), or a mix of both. Figure courtesy of H. Fissan (personal communication).</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f3-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Hypothetical cellular interaction of NSPs (adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42-ehp0113-000823">Donaldson and Tran 2002</xref>
). EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor. Inflammation and oxidative stress can be mediated by several primary pathways: <italic>a</italic>
) the particle surface causes oxidative stress resulting in increased intracellular calcium and gene activation; <italic>b</italic>
) transition metals released from particles result in oxidative stress, increased intracellular calcium, and gene activation; <italic>c</italic>
) cell surface receptors are activated by transition metals released from particles, resulting in subsequent gene activation; or <italic>d</italic>
) intracellular distribution of NSPs to mitochondria generates oxidative stress.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f4-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Percentage of neutrophils in lung lavage of rats (<italic>A,B</italic>
) and mice (<italic>C,D</italic>
) as indicators of inflammation 24 hr after intratracheal instillation of different mass doses of 20-nm and 250-nm TiO<sub>2</sub>
particles in rats and mice. (<italic>A,C</italic>
) The steeper dose response of nanosized TiO<sub>2</sub>
is obvious when the dose is expressed as mass. (<italic>B,D</italic>
) The same dose response relationship as in (<italic>A,C</italic>
) but with dose expressed as particle surface area; this indicates that particle surface area seems to be a more appropriate dosemetric for comparing effects of different-sized particles, provided they are of the same chemical structure (anatase TiO<sub>2</sub>
in this case). Data show mean ± SD.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f5-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><title>Routes of exposure, uptake, distribution, and degradation of NSPs in the environment. Solid lines indicate routes that have been demonstrated in the laboratory or field or that are currently in use (remediation). Magenta lettering indicates possible degradation routes, and blue lettering indicates possible sinks and sources of NSPs.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f5"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f6-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><title>NPs have been shown to release oxyradicals [pictured here is the mechanism of C<sub>60</sub>
as determined by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b186-ehp0113-000823">Yamakoshi et al. (2003)</xref>
], which can interact with the antioxidant defense system. Abbreviations: GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, reduced glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; ISC, intersystem crossing; R, any organic molecule; SOD, superoxide dismutase. In addition to fullerenes, metals such as cadmium, iron, or nickel quantum dots, or iron from SWNT manufacturing, could also act in Fenton-type reactions. Phase II biotransformation, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, beta carotene, and other interactions are not shown.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f6"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f7-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label>
<caption><title>Some basic shapes of exposure–response or dose–response relationships. Abbreviations: H, hormetic (biphasic); L, linear (no threshold); S, supralinear; T, threshold. Prerequisites for establishing these relationships for NSPs from <italic>in vitro</italic>
or <italic>in vivo</italic>
studies include a sufficient number of data points, that is, over a wide range of exposure concentrations or doses; knowledge about exposure levels; and information about correlation of exposure with doses at the organismal or cellular level (an exposure is not a dose). Dose–response curves of different shapes can be extrapolated when only response data at high dose levels (indicated by dashed oval) are available. Lack of data in the low—oftentimes the most relevant—dose range can result in severe misinterpretation if a threshold or even a hormetic response is present. Consideration also needs to be given to the likelihood that the shape or slope of exposure–dose–response relationships change for susceptible parts of the population.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f7"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f8-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label>
<caption><title>Predicted fractional deposition of inhaled particles in the nasopharyngeal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar region of the human respiratory tract during nose breathing. Based on data from the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b80-ehp0113-000823">International Commission on Radiological Protection (1994)</xref>
. Drawing courtesy of J. Harkema.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f8"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f9-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 9</label>
<caption><title>Pathways of particle clearance (disposition) in and out of the respiratory tract. There are significant differences between NSPs and larger particles for some of these pathways (see “Disposition of NSPs in the respiratory tract”). Drawing courtesy of J. Harkema.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f9"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f10-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 10</label>
<caption><title><italic>In vivo</italic>
retention of inhaled nanosized and larger particles in alveolar macrophages (<italic>A</italic>
) and in exhaustively lavaged lungs (epithelial and interstitial retention; <italic>B</italic>
) 24 hr postexposure. The alveolar macrophage is the most important defense mechanism in the alveolar region for fine and coarse particles, yet inhaled singlet NSPs are not efficiently phagocytized by alveolar macrophages.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f10"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f11-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 11</label>
<caption><title>Different forms of caveolae and cellular tight junctions function as translocation mechanisms across cell layers. Depending on particle surface chemistry, NSPs have been shown to transcytose across alveolar type I epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4-ehp0113-000823">Table 4</xref>
), but not via cellular tight junctions in the healthy state (<italic>A</italic>
). However, in a compromised or disease state (e.g., endotoxin exposure; <italic>B</italic>
) translocation across widened tight junction occurs as well (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b71-ehp0113-000823">Heckel et al. 2004</xref>
). This indicates that assessing potential effects of NSPs in the compromised state is an important component of nanotoxicology. Adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b29-ehp0113-000823">Cohen et al. (2004)</xref>
.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f11"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f12-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 12</label>
<caption><title>Close proximity of olfactory mucosa to olfactory bulb of the CNS. Inhaled NSP[s], especially below 10 nm, deposit efficiently on the olfactory mucosa by diffusion, similar to airborne “smell” molecules which deposit in this area of olfactory dendritic cilia. Subsequent uptake and translocation of solid NSP[s] along axons of the olfactory nerve has been demonstrated in non-human primates and rodents. Surface chemistry of the particles may influence their neuronal translocation. Copyright © the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Reproduced from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b181-ehp0113-000823">Widmaier et al. (2004)</xref>
with permission from McGraw-Hill.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f12"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f13-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 13</label>
<caption><title>Occlusion of the right nostril of rats during 6-hr inhalation of nanosized MnO<sub>2</sub>
particles (~ 30 nm CMD, ~ 450 μg/m<sup>3</sup>
) resulted in accumulation of Mn only in the left olfactory bulb only at 24 hr after dosing. Data are mean ± SD. Data from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b52-ehp0113-000823">Feikert et al. (2004)</xref>
.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f13"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f14-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 14</label>
<caption><title>The epidermis represents a tight barrier against NSP penetration. Quantitatively, dermal translocation will therefore be minimal or nonexistent under normal conditions but increases in areas of skin flexing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b163-ehp0113-000823">Tinkle et al. 2003</xref>
) and broken skin. Once in the dermis, lymphatic uptake is a major translocation route, likely facilitated by uptake in dendritic cells (epidermis) and macrophages; other potential pathways may include the dense networks of blood circulation and sensory nerves in the dermis. Adapted from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b49-ehp0113-000823">Essential Day Spa (2005)</xref>
with permission from <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="www.essentialdayspa.com">www.essentialdayspa.com</ext-link>
.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f14"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f15-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 15</label>
<caption><title>Risk assessment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b121-ehp0113-000823">NRC 1983</xref>
) and risk management paradigm for NPs. Risk assessment requires answers to the following questions: Do NPs have adverse effects? What are the dose–response relationships? What are occupational/environmental levels in different media? What is the calculated risk? Once a risk is determined, a risk management decision can be established, including exposure standards and regulations and efforts for effective risk communication. Modified from Oberdörster (1994).</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f15"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f16-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Figure 16</label>
<caption><title>Biokinetics of NSPs. PNS, peripheral nervous system. Although many uptake and translocation routes have been demonstrated, others still are hypothetical and need to be investigated. Translocation rates are largely unknown, as are accumulation and retention in critical target sites and their underlying mechanisms. These, as well as potential adverse effects, largely depend on physicochemical characteristics of the surface and core of NSPs. Both qualitative and quantitative changes in NSP biokinetics in a diseased or compromised organism also need to be considered.</title>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="ehp0113-000823f16"></graphic>
</fig>
<table-wrap id="t1-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Table 1</label>
<caption><p>UFPs/NPs (< 100 nm), natural and anthropogenic sources.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="bottom"><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></th>
<th colspan="2" align="center" rowspan="1">Anthropogenic
<hr></hr>
</th>
</tr>
<tr><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Natural</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Unintentional</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Intentional (NPs)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Gas-to-particle conversions</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Internal combustion engines</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Controlled size and shape, designed for functionality</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Forest fires</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Power plants</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Volcanoes (hot lava)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Incinerators</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Metals, semiconductors, metal oxides, carbon, polymers</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Viruses</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Jet engines</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Biogenic magnetite: magnetotactic</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Metal fumes (smelting, welding, etc.)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Nanospheres, -wires, -needles, -tubes, -shells, -rings, -platelets</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> bacteria protoctists, mollusks, arthropods, fish, birds</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Polymer fumes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> human brain, meteorite (?)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Other fumes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Untreated, coated (nanotechnology applied to many products: cosmetics, medical, fabrics, electronics, optics, displays, etc.)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Ferritin (12.5 nm)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Heated surfaces</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Microparticles (< 100 nm; activated cells)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Frying, broiling, grilling
<break></break>
Electric motors</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t2-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Table 2</label>
<caption><p>Particle number and particle surface area per 10 μg/m<sup>3</sup>
airborne particles.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="bottom"><th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Particle diameter (μm)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Particle no. (cm<sup>–3</sup>
)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Particle surface area (μm<sup>2</sup>
/cm<sup>3</sup>
)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">153,000,000</td>
<td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12,000</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">20</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2,400,000</td>
<td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3,016</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">250</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1,200</td>
<td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">240</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5,000</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0.15</td>
<td align="right" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t3-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Table 3</label>
<caption><p>Clearance mechanisms for inhaled solid particles in the respiratory tract.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Physical clearance processes (translocation)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Mucociliary movement (nasal, tracheobronchial)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Macrophage phagocytosis (tracheobronchial, alveolar)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Epithelial endocytosis (nasal, tracheobronchial, alveolar)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Interstitial translocation (tracheobronchial, alveolar)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Lymphatic drainage (tracheobronchial)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Blood circulation (tracheobronchial, alveolar)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Sensory neurons (nasal, tracheobronchial)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Chemical clearance processes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn1-ehp0113-000823"><italic><sup>a</sup>
</italic>
</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Dissolution</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Leaching</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> Protein binding</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-ehp0113-000823"><label>a</label>
<p>Nasal, tracheobronchial, and alveolar regions.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t4-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Table 4</label>
<caption><p>Particle size and surface chemistry-related alveolar–capillary translocation.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="bottom"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Particle size (nm)</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Type</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Translocation</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Localization/effect</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5–20</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Gold, albumin coated</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Via caveolae</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b111-ehp0113-000823">Mehta et al. 2004</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Gold, albumin coated</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Via “vesicles”</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b93-ehp0113-000823">König et al. 1993</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Gold, albumin coated</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Via caveolae</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b71-ehp0113-000823">Heckel et al. 2004</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">18</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Iridium</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Yes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ehp0113-000823"><italic><sup>a</sup>
</italic>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Extrapulmonary organs</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b98-ehp0113-000823">Kreyling et al. 2002</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">30</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Gold</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Platelet<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ehp0113-000823">?</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b11-ehp0113-000823">Berry et al. 1977</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">35</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Carbon</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Liver</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b133-ehp0113-000823">Oberdörster et al. 2002</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">60</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Polystyrene<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-ehp0113-000823"><italic><sup>b</sup>
</italic>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Thrombus, early</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b116-ehp0113-000823">Nemmar et al. 2002b</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Silva et al., in press</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">60</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Polystyrene</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn2-ehp0113-000823">?</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">No thrombus</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b116-ehp0113-000823">Nemmar et al. 2002b</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">80</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Iridium</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Yes<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn3-ehp0113-000823"><italic><sup>a</sup>
</italic>
</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Extrapulmonary organs</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b98-ehp0113-000823">Kreyling et al. 2002</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">240</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Polystyrene, lecithin</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Yes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Monocytes</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b86-ehp0113-000823">Kato et al. 2003</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">240</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Polystyrene, uncoated</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">No</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b86-ehp0113-000823">Kato et al. 2003</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">400</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Polystyrene</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">No</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Thrombus, late</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b117-ehp0113-000823">Nemmar et al. 2003</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-ehp0113-000823"><p>?, unknown.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn3-ehp0113-000823"><label>a</label>
<p>Minimal.</p>
</fn>
<fn id="tfn4-ehp0113-000823"><label>b</label>
<p>Indirect evidence.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t5-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Table 5</label>
<caption><p>Translocation of NSPs in the blood circulation to bone marrow in mice.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="bottom"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Particle size</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Type</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Finding</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">~10 nm</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">PEG quantum dots</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Fast appearance of quantum dots in liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow (mouse)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b8-ehp0113-000823">Ballou et al. 2004</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">< 220 nm</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Metallo-fullerene</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Highest accumulation in bone marrow after liver; continued increase in bone marrow but decrease in liver (mouse)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b21-ehp0113-000823">Cagle et al. 1999</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">90–250 nm</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">HSA-coated polylactic acid nanoparticles</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Significant accumulation in bone marrow, second to liver (rat)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b9-ehp0113-000823">Bazile et al. 1992</xref>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">240 nm</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Polystyrene (nonbiodegradable) polylisohexylcyonacrylate (biodegradable)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Rapid passage through endothelium in bone marrow, uptake by phagocytizing cells in tissue (mouse)</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b63-ehp0113-000823">Gibaud et al. 1996</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b64-ehp0113-000823">1998</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b62-ehp0113-000823">1994</xref>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn5-ehp0113-000823"><p>HSA, human serum albumin.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t6-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Table 6</label>
<caption><p>Studies of neuronal translocation of UFPs from respiratory tract.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="bottom"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Reference</th>
<th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Study</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b15-ehp0113-000823">Bodian and Howe 1941</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Olfactory axonal transport of polio virus (30 nm) after intranasal instillation in chimpanzee; transport velocity, 2.4 mm/hr</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b35-ehp0113-000823">de Lorenzo 1970</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Olfactory axonal transport of 50 nm silver-coated gold after intranasal instillation in squirrel monkey; transport velocity, 2.5 mm/hr</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b76-ehp0113-000823">Hunter and Dey 1998</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Retrograde tracing of trigeminal neurons from nasal epithelium with microspheres</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b77-ehp0113-000823">Hunter and Undem 1999</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Rhodamine-labeled microspheres (20–200 nm) translocation via sensory nerves of TB region to ganglion nodosum in hamster after intratracheal instillation</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b132-ehp0113-000823">Oberdörster et al. 2004</xref>
</td>
<td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><sup>13</sup>
C particles (CMD ~ 36 nm) in olfactory bulb after whole-body inhalation exposure in rats</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn6-ehp0113-000823"><p>TB, tracheobronchial.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="t7-ehp0113-000823" position="float"><label>Table 7</label>
<caption><p>Rat versus human nasal and olfactory parameters.</p>
</caption>
<table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="bottom"><th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Measure</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Rat</th>
<th align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Human</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Breathing mode</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Obligatory nose</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Nasal/oronasal</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Area of nasal mucosa</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">~16 cm<sup>3</sup>
</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">~105 cm<sup>2</sup>
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Area of olfactory mucosa (% total mucosa)</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">~8 cm<sup>3</sup>
(50)</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">~5.25 cm<sup>2</sup>
(5)</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Percent nasal airflow going to olfactory mucosa</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">~15</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">~10</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Weight of olfactory bulb</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">~85 ng</td>
<td align="center" colspan="1" rowspan="1">~168 ng</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn7-ehp0113-000823"><p>Based on <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b88-ehp0113-000823">Keyhani et al. (1997)</xref>
, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b90-ehp0113-000823">Kimbell et al. (1997)</xref>
, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b167-ehp0113-000823">Turetsky et al. (2003)</xref>
.</p>
</fn>
</table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
</record>
Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/LymphedemaV1/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 004980 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 004980 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien |wiki= Wicri/Sante |area= LymphedemaV1 |flux= Pmc |étape= Curation |type= RBID |clé= PMC:1257642 |texte= Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles }}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:16002369" \ | HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd \ | NlmPubMed2Wicri -a LymphedemaV1
![]() | This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. | ![]() |