Does low-level laser therapy enhance the efficacy of intravenous regional anesthesia?
Identifieur interne : 004541 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 004540; suivant : 004542Does low-level laser therapy enhance the efficacy of intravenous regional anesthesia?
Auteurs : Sholeh Nesioonpour [Iran] ; Reza Akhondzadeh [Iran] ; Soheila Mokmeli ; Shahnam Moosavi ; Mandana Mackie [Iran] ; Morteza Naderan [Iran]Source :
- Pain Research & Management : The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society [ 1203-6765 ] ; 2014.
Abstract
Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) is useful during short surgeries, but is not effective against pain due to tourniquet applications or postoperative pain. Several attempts have been made to identify a useful technique that can be coadministered with IVRA to reduce postoperative and tourniquet-related pain. The present study represents one such attempt, in which the authors combined IVRA with low-level laser therapy and assessed the effects on pain following surgical fixation of distal radial fractures.
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PubMed: 24945286
PubMed Central: 4273713
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Soheila Mokmeli<affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-prm-19-e154">Canadian Optic & Laser Production Center, British Columbia;</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">British Columbia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-prm-19-e154">Department of Orthopedics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz;</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Ahvaz</wicri:noCountry></affiliation>Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Does low-level laser therapy enhance the efficacy of intravenous regional anesthesia?</title><author><name sortKey="Nesioonpour, Sholeh" sort="Nesioonpour, Sholeh" uniqKey="Nesioonpour S" first="Sholeh" last="Nesioonpour">Sholeh Nesioonpour</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-prm-19-e154">Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-prm-19-e154">Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akhondzadeh, Reza" sort="Akhondzadeh, Reza" uniqKey="Akhondzadeh R" first="Reza" last="Akhondzadeh">Reza Akhondzadeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-prm-19-e154">Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-prm-19-e154">Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mokmeli, Soheila" sort="Mokmeli, Soheila" uniqKey="Mokmeli S" first="Soheila" last="Mokmeli">Soheila Mokmeli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-prm-19-e154">Canadian Optic & Laser 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id="af2-prm-19-e154">Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akhondzadeh, Reza" sort="Akhondzadeh, Reza" uniqKey="Akhondzadeh R" first="Reza" last="Akhondzadeh">Reza Akhondzadeh</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-prm-19-e154">Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-prm-19-e154">Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mokmeli, Soheila" sort="Mokmeli, Soheila" uniqKey="Mokmeli S" first="Soheila" last="Mokmeli">Soheila Mokmeli</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af3-prm-19-e154">Canadian Optic & Laser Production Center, British Columbia;</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">British Columbia</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moosavi, Shahnam" sort="Moosavi, Shahnam" uniqKey="Moosavi S" first="Shahnam" last="Moosavi">Shahnam Moosavi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="af4-prm-19-e154">Department of Orthopedics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz;</nlm:aff><wicri:noCountry code="subfield">Ahvaz</wicri:noCountry></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mackie, Mandana" sort="Mackie, Mandana" uniqKey="Mackie M" first="Mandana" last="Mackie">Mandana Mackie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-prm-19-e154">Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-prm-19-e154">Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naderan, Morteza" sort="Naderan, Morteza" uniqKey="Naderan M" first="Morteza" last="Naderan">Morteza Naderan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-prm-19-e154">Farzan Clinical Research Institute, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Farzan Clinical Research Institute, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Pain Research & Management : The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society</title><idno type="ISSN">1203-6765</idno><idno type="eISSN">1918-1523</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) is useful during short surgeries, but is not effective against pain due to tourniquet applications or postoperative pain. Several attempts have been made to identify a useful technique that can be coadministered with IVRA to reduce postoperative and tourniquet-related pain. The present study represents one such attempt, in which the authors combined IVRA with low-level laser therapy and assessed the effects on pain following surgical fixation of distal radial fractures.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dos Reis, A" uniqKey="Dos Reis A">A dos Reis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brill, S" uniqKey="Brill S">S Brill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Middleton, W" uniqKey="Middleton W">W Middleton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brill, G" uniqKey="Brill G">G Brill</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fisher, A" uniqKey="Fisher A">A Fisher</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miller, Rd" uniqKey="Miller R">RD Miller</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Memis, D" uniqKey="Memis D">D Memis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Turan, A" 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article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Pain Res Manag</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pain Res Manag</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">PGI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Pain Research & Management : The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1203-6765</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1918-1523</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Pulsus Group Inc</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">24945286</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4273713</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">prm-19-e154</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Does low-level laser therapy enhance the efficacy of intravenous regional anesthesia?</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nesioonpour</surname><given-names>Sholeh</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1-prm-19-e154"></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-prm-19-e154"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-prm-19-e154"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akhondzadeh</surname><given-names>Reza</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-prm-19-e154"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-prm-19-e154"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mokmeli</surname><given-names>Soheila</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-prm-19-e154"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moosavi</surname><given-names>Shahnam</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-prm-19-e154"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mackie</surname><given-names>Mandana</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-prm-19-e154"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-prm-19-e154"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Naderan</surname><given-names>Morteza</given-names></name><degrees>MD</degrees><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-prm-19-e154"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-prm-19-e154"><label>1</label>Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</aff><aff id="af2-prm-19-e154"><label>2</label>Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran;</aff><aff id="af3-prm-19-e154"><label>3</label>Canadian Optic & Laser Production Center, British Columbia;</aff><aff id="af4-prm-19-e154"><label>4</label>Department of Orthopedics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz;</aff><aff id="af5-prm-19-e154"><label>5</label>Farzan Clinical Research Institute, Tehran, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-prm-19-e154">Correspondence: Sholeh Nesioonpour, Department of Anesthesiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Azadegan Avenue, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. Telephone 98-91-6311-6324, fax 98-61-1222-0168, e-mail <email>nesioonpour-sh@ajums.ac.ir</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Nov-Dec</season><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>e154</fpage><lpage>e158</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014, Pulsus Group Inc. All rights reserved</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license><license-p>This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/</ext-link>), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact <email>support@pulsus.com</email></license-p></license></permissions><abstract abstract-type="toc"><p>Intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) is useful during short surgeries, but is not effective against pain due to tourniquet applications or postoperative pain. Several attempts have been made to identify a useful technique that can be coadministered with IVRA to reduce postoperative and tourniquet-related pain. The present study represents one such attempt, in which the authors combined IVRA with low-level laser therapy and assessed the effects on pain following surgical fixation of distal radial fractures.</p></abstract><abstract><sec><title>BACKGROUND:</title><p>The use of intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA) is limited by pain resulting from the application of tourniquets and postoperative pain.</p></sec><sec><title>OBJECTIVE:</title><p>To assess the efficacy of low-level laser therapy added to IVRA for improving pain related to surgical fixation of distal radius fractures.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS:</title><p>The present double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial involved 48 patients who were undergoing surgical fixation of distal radius fractures. Participants were randomly assigned to either an intervention group (n=24), who received 808 nm laser irradiation as 4 J/point for 20 s over ipsilateral three nerve roots in the cervical region corresponding to C5–C8 vertebrae, and 808 nm laser irradiation as 0.1 J/cm<sup>2</sup> for 5 min in a tangential scanning mode over the affected extremity; or a control group (n=24), who underwent the same protocol and timing of laser probe application with the laser switched off. Both groups received the same IVRA protocol using 2% lidocaine.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS:</title><p>The mean visual analogue scale scores were significantly lower in the laser-assisted group than in the lidocaine-only group on all measurements during and after operation (P<0.05). The mean time to the first need for fentanyl administration during the operation was longer in the laser group (P=0.04). The total amount of fentanyl administered to patients was significantly lower in the laser-assisted group (P=0.003). The laser group needed significantly less pethidine for pain relief (P=0.001) and at a later time (P=0.002) compared with the lidocaine-only group. There was no difference between the groups in terms of mean arterial pressure and heart rate.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION:</title><p>The addition of gallium-aluminum-arsenide laser irradiation to intravenous regional anesthesia is safe, and reduces pain during and after the operation.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="fr"><sec><title>HISTORIQUE :</title><p>L’anesthésie régionale intraveineuse (ARIV) est limitée par la douleur découlant de l’application des tourniquets et par la douleur postopératoire.</p></sec><sec><title>OBJECTIF :</title><p>Évaluer l’efficacité du traitement au laser à basse énergie ajoutée à l’ARIV pour soulager la douleur liée à la réduction chirurgicale d’une fracture du radius distal.</p></sec><sec><title>MÉTHODOLOGIE :</title><p>La présente étude clinique aléatoire à double insu contrôlée contre placebo portait sur 48 candidats qui subissaient une réduction chirurgicale de fracture du radius distal. Les participants ont été répartis au hasard entre un groupe d’intervention (n=24) qui ont reçu une irradiation au laser de 808 nm à 4 J/point pendant 20 secondes sur trois racines nerveuses ipsilatérales de la région cervicale, correspondant aux vertèbres C5 à C8, et une irradiation au laser de 808 nm à 0,1 J/cm<sup>2</sup> pendant 5 minutes en mode de numérisation tangentielle sur le membre touché. Le groupe témoin (n=24) a subi le même protocole et la même durée d’application de la sonde laser, mais le laser était éteint. Les deux groupes ont été soumis au même protocole d’ARIV à l’aide de lidocaïne 2 %.</p></sec><sec><title>RÉSULTATS :</title><p>Les indices moyens de l’échelle analogique visuelle étaient considérablement plus faibles dans le groupe ayant subi le traitement au laser que dans celui ayant reçu seulement de la lidocaïne à l’égard de toutes les mesures pendant et après l’opération (P<0,05). Le délai moyen avant qu’il soit nécessaire d’administrer du fentanyl pendant l’opération était plus long dans le groupe ayant reçu le traitement au laser (P=0,04). La quantité totale de fentanyl administrée aux patients était beaucoup plus faible dans ce groupe (P=0,003), qui avait besoin de beaucoup moins de péthidine pour soulager la douleur (P=0,001) et en prenait plus tard (P=0,002) que le groupe n’ayant reçu que de la lidocaïne. On ne constatait pas de différence entre les groupes pour ce qui est de la pression artérielle moyenne et du rythme cardiaque.</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION :</title><p>L’ajout d’une irradiation au laser à l’arséniure de gallium et d’aluminium à l’ARIV est sécuritaire et atténue la douleur pendant et après l’opération.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Distal radius fracture</kwd><kwd>Intravenous regional anesthesia</kwd><kwd>Low-level laser therapy</kwd><kwd>Postoperative pain</kwd><kwd>Tourniquet</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="f1-prm-19-e154" position="float"><label>Figure 1)</label><caption><p>The points and locations irradiated in the patients</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="prm-19-e154-1"></graphic></fig><fig id="f2-prm-19-e154" position="float"><label>Figure 2)</label><caption><p>Schematic comparison of visual analogue scale scores between the lidocaine-only group (blue) and the laser-assisted group (green) during operation. Vertical axis shows visual analogue scale scores and horizontal axis shows time in min</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="prm-19-e154-2"></graphic></fig><fig id="f3-prm-19-e154" position="float"><label>Figure 3)</label><caption><p>Schematic comparison of visual analogue scale scores between lidocaine-only group (blue) and laser-assisted group (green) after operation. The vertical axis shows visual analogue scale scores and the horizontal axis shows time in h</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="prm-19-e154-3"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="t1-prm-19-e154" position="float"><label>TABLE 1</label><caption><p>Exclusion criteria for the study population</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reynaud’s phenomenon</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Systemic sclerosis</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sickle cell anemia</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Diabetes mellitus</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Renal failure</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hepatic dysfunction</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Pregnancy</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Malignancy</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Benign tumours with malignant potential</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Photosensitivity (eg, systemic lupus erythematosus)</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">History of convulsions</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-prm-19-e154" position="float"><label>TABLE 2</label><caption><p>Baseline characteristics of the study population</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1"><bold>Group (n=24)</bold><hr></hr></th><th valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Characteristic</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Laser assisted</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lidocaine only</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age, years</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35.3±8.9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34.5±7.8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Sex, n (%)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Male</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (87.5)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (70.83)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> Female</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (12.5)</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (29.16)</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight, kg</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.04±6.9</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">71.6±6.6</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.76</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height, cm</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168.7±5.38</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">168.5±5.59</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.89</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Duration of inflation, min</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39.7±6.8</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">41.3±5.9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-prm-19-e154"><p>Data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-prm-19-e154" position="float"><label>TABLE 3</label><caption><p>Heart rate and mean arterial pressure of the participants during operation</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th colspan="3" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1"><bold>Heart rate</bold><hr></hr></th><th colspan="3" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1"><bold>Mean arterial pressure</bold><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Time interval</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Laser assisted</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lidocaine only</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Laser assisted</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lidocaine only</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P</bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Before inflation</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.5±9.13</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">84.7±9.07</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.31±9.6</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.97±7.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.78</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">After inflation</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.04±9.34</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.1±9.16</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.06</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.6±5.7</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.41±9.51</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 min</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.7±7.08</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.7±9.01</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101.6±11</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">99.5±8.7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 min</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.87±6.47</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.29±8.81</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.79</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.03±10.1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100.59±7.17</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.8</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 min</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.29±6.5</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88.9±5.7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.4</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">97.83±11.2</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101.38±7.9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.21</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 min</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">89.6±6.1</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">86.5±7.4</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.13</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.2±12</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101.04±8.9</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 min</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.2±8</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.9±7.1</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.3</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">96.5±13.7</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.1±8.7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.09</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 min</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">90.95±7.6</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">87.7±6.7</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">98.16±10.39</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">102.1±9.02</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn2-prm-19-e154"><p>Data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-prm-19-e154" position="float"><label>TABLE 4</label><caption><p>Visual analogue scale scores during and after operation</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th valign="bottom" rowspan="3" align="left" colspan="1"><bold>Time interval</bold></th><th colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1"><bold>Group (n=24 per group)</bold></th><th rowspan="2" valign="top" align="left" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></th></tr><tr><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Laser assisted</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lidocaine only</bold></th><th valign="bottom" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>P<sup><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tfn4-prm-19-e154">*</xref></sup></bold></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 min</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2±0.04</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.04±0.8</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.04</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 min</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.2±0.03</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.08±1.24</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 min</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58±0.45</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.37± 1.13</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30 min</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7±0.33</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3±0.97</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.02</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 min</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.77±0.54</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.7±1.85</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 min</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.7±0.45</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.58±1.34</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 h postoperation</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.41±0.71</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6.2±1.38</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 h postoperation</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2±0.97</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.45±0.88</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 h postoperation</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83±0.63</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.7±0.55</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.001</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 h postoperation</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.58±0.50</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.37±0.49</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">24 h postoperation</td><td valign="top" align="right" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.44±0.25</td><td valign="top" align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.66±0.48</td><td valign="top" align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.003</td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn3-prm-19-e154"><p>Data presented as mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated.</p></fn><fn id="tfn4-prm-19-e154"><label>*</label><p>P<0.05, statistically significant</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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