Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in American Samoa: Evaluation of Molecular Xenomonitoring as a Surveillance Tool in the Endgame
Identifieur interne : 004296 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 004295; suivant : 004297Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in American Samoa: Evaluation of Molecular Xenomonitoring as a Surveillance Tool in the Endgame
Auteurs : Colleen L. Lau [Australie] ; Kimberly Y. Won [États-Unis] ; Patrick J. Lammie [États-Unis] ; Patricia M. Graves [Australie]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis has made significant progress toward interrupting transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) through mass drug administration (MDA). Operational challenges in defining endpoints of elimination programs include the need to determine appropriate post-MDA surveillance strategies. As humans are the only reservoirs of LF parasites, one such strategy is molecular xenomonitoring (MX), the detection of filarial DNA in mosquitoes using molecular methods (PCR), to provide an indirect indicator of infected persons nearby. MX could potentially be used to evaluate program success, provide support for decisions to stop MDA, and conduct post-MDA surveillance. American Samoa has successfully completed MDA and passed WHO recommended Transmission Assessment Surveys in 2011 and 2015, but recent studies using spatial analysis of antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) prevalence in adults (aged ≥18 years) and entomological surveys showed evidence of possible ongoing transmission. This study evaluated MX as a surveillance tool in American Samoa by linking village-level results of published human and mosquito studies. Of 32 villages, seropositive persons for Og4C3 Ag were identified in 11 (34.4%), for Wb123 Ab in 18 (56.3%) and for Bm14 Ab in 27 (84.4%) of villages. Village-level seroprevalence ranged from 0–33%, 0–67% and 0–100% for Og4C3 Ag, Wb123 Ab and Bm14 Ab respectively. PCR-positive
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DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005108
PubMed: 27802280
PubMed Central: 5089733
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in American Samoa: Evaluation of Molecular Xenomonitoring as a Surveillance Tool in the Endgame</title><author><name sortKey="Lau, Colleen L" sort="Lau, Colleen L" uniqKey="Lau C" first="Colleen L." last="Lau">Colleen L. Lau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Won, Kimberly Y" sort="Won, Kimberly Y" uniqKey="Won K" first="Kimberly Y." last="Won">Kimberly Y. Won</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lammie, Patrick J" sort="Lammie, Patrick J" uniqKey="Lammie P" first="Patrick J." last="Lammie">Patrick J. Lammie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graves, Patricia M" sort="Graves, Patricia M" uniqKey="Graves P" first="Patricia M." last="Graves">Patricia M. Graves</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine and College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine and College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">27802280</idno><idno type="pmc">5089733</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5089733</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5089733</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0005108</idno><date when="2016">2016</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">004297</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">004297</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">004296</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">004296</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in American Samoa: Evaluation of Molecular Xenomonitoring as a Surveillance Tool in the Endgame</title><author><name sortKey="Lau, Colleen L" sort="Lau, Colleen L" uniqKey="Lau C" first="Colleen L." last="Lau">Colleen L. Lau</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Won, Kimberly Y" sort="Won, Kimberly Y" uniqKey="Won K" first="Kimberly Y." last="Won">Kimberly Y. Won</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lammie, Patrick J" sort="Lammie, Patrick J" uniqKey="Lammie P" first="Patrick J." last="Lammie">Patrick J. Lammie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Graves, Patricia M" sort="Graves, Patricia M" uniqKey="Graves P" first="Patricia M." last="Graves">Patricia M. Graves</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine and College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine and College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2016">2016</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis has made significant progress toward interrupting transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) through mass drug administration (MDA). Operational challenges in defining endpoints of elimination programs include the need to determine appropriate post-MDA surveillance strategies. As humans are the only reservoirs of LF parasites, one such strategy is molecular xenomonitoring (MX), the detection of filarial DNA in mosquitoes using molecular methods (PCR), to provide an indirect indicator of infected persons nearby. MX could potentially be used to evaluate program success, provide support for decisions to stop MDA, and conduct post-MDA surveillance. American Samoa has successfully completed MDA and passed WHO recommended Transmission Assessment Surveys in 2011 and 2015, but recent studies using spatial analysis of antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) prevalence in adults (aged ≥18 years) and entomological surveys showed evidence of possible ongoing transmission. This study evaluated MX as a surveillance tool in American Samoa by linking village-level results of published human and mosquito studies. Of 32 villages, seropositive persons for Og4C3 Ag were identified in 11 (34.4%), for Wb123 Ab in 18 (56.3%) and for Bm14 Ab in 27 (84.4%) of villages. Village-level seroprevalence ranged from 0–33%, 0–67% and 0–100% for Og4C3 Ag, Wb123 Ab and Bm14 Ab respectively. PCR-positive <italic>Aedes polynesiensis</italic> mosquitoes were found in 15 (47%) villages, and their presence was significantly associated with seropositive persons for Og4C3 Ag (67% vs 6%, <italic>p</italic><0.001) and Wb123 Ab (87% vs 29%, <italic>p</italic> = 0.001), but not Bm14 Ab. In villages with persons seropositive for Og4C3 Ag and Wb123 Ab, PCR-positive <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>polynesiensis</italic> were found in 90.9% and 72.2% respectively. In villages without seropositive persons for Og4C3 Ag or Wb123 Ab, PCR-positive <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>polynesiensis</italic> were also absent in 94.1% and 70.6% of villages respectively. Our study provides promising evidence to support the potential usefulness of MX in post-MDA surveillance in an <italic>Aedes</italic> transmission area in the Pacific Islands setting.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramaiah, Kd" uniqKey="Ramaiah K">KD Ramaiah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ottesen, Ea" uniqKey="Ottesen E">EA Ottesen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ichimori, K" uniqKey="Ichimori K">K Ichimori</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crump, A" uniqKey="Crump A">A Crump</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Weil, Gj" uniqKey="Weil G">GJ Weil</name></author><author><name sortKey="Curtis, Kc" uniqKey="Curtis K">KC Curtis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fakoli, L" uniqKey="Fakoli L">L Fakoli</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, K" uniqKey="Fischer K">K 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Roberts</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kubofcik, J" uniqKey="Kubofcik J">J Kubofcik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">27802280</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5089733</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0005108</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PNTD-D-16-01230</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Disease Vectors</subject><subj-group><subject>Insect Vectors</subject><subj-group><subject>Mosquitoes</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Organisms</subject><subj-group><subject>Animals</subject><subj-group><subject>Invertebrates</subject><subj-group><subject>Arthropoda</subject><subj-group><subject>Insects</subject><subj-group><subject>Mosquitoes</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and places</subject><subj-group><subject>Geographical locations</subject><subj-group><subject>Oceania</subject><subj-group><subject>American Samoa</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Parasitic Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Helminth Infections</subject><subj-group><subject>Filariasis</subject><subj-group><subject>Lymphatic Filariasis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Tropical Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Neglected Tropical Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Lymphatic Filariasis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Zoology</subject><subj-group><subject>Entomology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Pathology and Laboratory Medicine</subject><subj-group><subject>Serology</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology</subject><subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension</subject><subj-group><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Molecular Biology Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Artificial Gene Amplification and Extension</subject><subj-group><subject>Polymerase Chain Reaction</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>People and places</subject><subj-group><subject>Geographical locations</subject><subj-group><subject>Oceania</subject><subj-group><subject>Pacific Islands</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Research and Analysis Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Mathematical and Statistical Techniques</subject><subj-group><subject>Statistical Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Forecasting</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v3"><subject>Physical Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Mathematics</subject><subj-group><subject>Statistics (Mathematics)</subject><subj-group><subject>Statistical Methods</subject><subj-group><subject>Forecasting</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination in American Samoa: Evaluation of Molecular Xenomonitoring as a Surveillance Tool in the Endgame</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Molecular Xenomonitoring in American Samoa</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lau</surname><given-names>Colleen L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor001">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Won</surname><given-names>Kimberly Y.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lammie</surname><given-names>Patrick J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Graves</surname><given-names>Patricia M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Atlanta, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine and College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Rinaldi</surname><given-names>Gabriel</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, UNITED KINGDOM</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="COI-statement" id="coi001"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con"><p><list list-type="simple"><list-item><p><bold>Conceptualization:</bold> CLL KYW PJL PMG.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Data curation:</bold> CLL.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Formal analysis:</bold> CLL.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Methodology:</bold> CLL PMG.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Project administration:</bold> CLL.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Visualization:</bold> CLL.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Writing – original draft:</bold> CLL PMG.</p></list-item><list-item><p><bold>Writing – review & editing:</bold> KYW PJL.</p></list-item></list></p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>colleen.lau@anu.edu.au</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>1</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>11</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>11</issue><elocation-id>e0005108</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>15</day><month>7</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>13</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">Creative Commons CC0</ext-link> public domain dedication.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="pntd.0005108.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><p>The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis has made significant progress toward interrupting transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) through mass drug administration (MDA). Operational challenges in defining endpoints of elimination programs include the need to determine appropriate post-MDA surveillance strategies. As humans are the only reservoirs of LF parasites, one such strategy is molecular xenomonitoring (MX), the detection of filarial DNA in mosquitoes using molecular methods (PCR), to provide an indirect indicator of infected persons nearby. MX could potentially be used to evaluate program success, provide support for decisions to stop MDA, and conduct post-MDA surveillance. American Samoa has successfully completed MDA and passed WHO recommended Transmission Assessment Surveys in 2011 and 2015, but recent studies using spatial analysis of antigen (Ag) and antibody (Ab) prevalence in adults (aged ≥18 years) and entomological surveys showed evidence of possible ongoing transmission. This study evaluated MX as a surveillance tool in American Samoa by linking village-level results of published human and mosquito studies. Of 32 villages, seropositive persons for Og4C3 Ag were identified in 11 (34.4%), for Wb123 Ab in 18 (56.3%) and for Bm14 Ab in 27 (84.4%) of villages. Village-level seroprevalence ranged from 0–33%, 0–67% and 0–100% for Og4C3 Ag, Wb123 Ab and Bm14 Ab respectively. PCR-positive <italic>Aedes polynesiensis</italic> mosquitoes were found in 15 (47%) villages, and their presence was significantly associated with seropositive persons for Og4C3 Ag (67% vs 6%, <italic>p</italic><0.001) and Wb123 Ab (87% vs 29%, <italic>p</italic> = 0.001), but not Bm14 Ab. In villages with persons seropositive for Og4C3 Ag and Wb123 Ab, PCR-positive <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>polynesiensis</italic> were found in 90.9% and 72.2% respectively. In villages without seropositive persons for Og4C3 Ag or Wb123 Ab, PCR-positive <italic>Ae</italic>. <italic>polynesiensis</italic> were also absent in 94.1% and 70.6% of villages respectively. Our study provides promising evidence to support the potential usefulness of MX in post-MDA surveillance in an <italic>Aedes</italic> transmission area in the Pacific Islands setting.</p></abstract><abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author Summary</title><p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is caused by infection with filarial worms that are transmitted by mosquito bites. Globally, 36 million are disfigured and disabled by complications such as severe swelling of the legs (elephantiasis) or scrotum (hydrocele). The Global Programme to Eliminate LF (GPELF) aims to interrupt disease transmission through mass drug administration (MDA), and to control illness and suffering in affected persons. Significant progress has been made toward eliminating LF from many parts of the world, including the Pacific Islands. Current challenges of the GPELF include identification of any residual hotspots of ongoing transmission, and effective strategies for early identification of any resurgence of infections. As humans are the only reservoirs of LF parasites and mosquitoes have short flight ranges, one such strategy is to monitor LF infection in mosquitoes as an indicator of ongoing transmission nearby. Mosquito monitoring could potentially be used to evaluate program success, provide support for decisions to stop MDA, and conduct post-MDA surveillance. Our study evaluated mosquito monitoring as a surveillance tool in American Samoa by linking village-level results of published studies of LF in humans and mosquitoes, and provides promising evidence to support the potential usefulness of mosquito monitoring in post-MDA surveillance the Pacific Islands.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>CLL was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Fellowship (1109035). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="3"></fig-count><table-count count="4"></table-count><page-count count="16"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>Entomological data used in this paper have previously been published, and data are available from the journal's website: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003087">http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003087</ext-link> Results of the human data used in this study have also previously been published: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003297">http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003297</ext-link> Village-level human seroprevalence data used in the analyses are provided in an appendix - "<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pntd.0005108.s001">S1 Appendix</xref>. Village-level human serological data for Og4C3, Wb123 and Bm14". We are unable to provide individual-level serological and demographic data because of the potential for breaching participant confidentiality. The communities in American Samoa are very small, and individual-level data such as age, sex, occupation, and village of residence could potentially be used to identify specific persons.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>Entomological data used in this paper have previously been published, and data are available from the journal's website: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003087">http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003087</ext-link> Results of the human data used in this study have also previously been published: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003297">http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003297</ext-link> Village-level human seroprevalence data used in the analyses are provided in an appendix - "<xref ref-type="supplementary-material" rid="pntd.0005108.s001">S1 Appendix</xref>. Village-level human serological data for Og4C3, Wb123 and Bm14". We are unable to provide individual-level serological and demographic data because of the potential for breaching participant confidentiality. The communities in American Samoa are very small, and individual-level data such as age, sex, occupation, and village of residence could potentially be used to identify specific persons.</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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