MR Lymphangiography: A Practical Guide to Perform It and a Brief Review of the Literature from a Technical Point of View
Identifieur interne : 003C28 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 003C27; suivant : 003C29MR Lymphangiography: A Practical Guide to Perform It and a Brief Review of the Literature from a Technical Point of View
Auteurs : Francesco Giuseppe Mazzei [Italie] ; Francesco Gentili [Italie] ; Susanna Guerrini [Italie] ; Nevada Cioffi Squitieri [Italie] ; Duccio Guerrieri [Italie] ; Paolo Gennaro [Italie] ; Michele Scialpi [Italie] ; Luca Volterrani [Italie] ; Maria Antonietta Mazzei [Italie]Source :
- BioMed Research International [ 2314-6133 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
We propose a practical approach for performing high-resolution MR lymphangiography (MRL). We shall discuss and illustrate the technical approach for the visualization of lymphatic vessels in patients suffering from lymphedema, how to distinguish lymphatic vessels from veins, and MRL role in supermicrosurgery treatment planning. A brief review of literature, from a technical point of view, is also reported.
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DOI: 10.1155/2017/2598358
PubMed: 28367439
PubMed Central: 5359436
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">MR Lymphangiography: A Practical Guide to Perform It and a Brief Review of the Literature from a Technical Point of View</title><author><name sortKey="Mazzei, Francesco Giuseppe" sort="Mazzei, Francesco Giuseppe" uniqKey="Mazzei F" first="Francesco Giuseppe" last="Mazzei">Francesco Giuseppe Mazzei</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Diagnostic Imaging, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Diagnostic Imaging, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gentili, Francesco" sort="Gentili, Francesco" uniqKey="Gentili F" first="Francesco" last="Gentili">Francesco Gentili</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerrini, Susanna" sort="Guerrini, Susanna" uniqKey="Guerrini S" first="Susanna" last="Guerrini">Susanna Guerrini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cioffi Squitieri, Nevada" sort="Cioffi Squitieri, Nevada" uniqKey="Cioffi Squitieri N" first="Nevada" last="Cioffi Squitieri">Nevada Cioffi Squitieri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerrieri, Duccio" sort="Guerrieri, Duccio" uniqKey="Guerrieri D" first="Duccio" last="Guerrieri">Duccio Guerrieri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Diagnostic Imaging, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Diagnostic Imaging, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gennaro, Paolo" sort="Gennaro, Paolo" uniqKey="Gennaro P" first="Paolo" last="Gennaro">Paolo Gennaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scialpi, Michele" sort="Scialpi, Michele" uniqKey="Scialpi M" first="Michele" last="Scialpi">Michele Scialpi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Radiology 2, Perugia University, S. 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University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28367439</idno><idno type="pmc">5359436</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5359436</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5359436</idno><idno type="doi">10.1155/2017/2598358</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003C29</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003C29</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">003C28</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" 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and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerrini, Susanna" sort="Guerrini, Susanna" uniqKey="Guerrini S" first="Susanna" last="Guerrini">Susanna Guerrini</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cioffi Squitieri, Nevada" sort="Cioffi Squitieri, Nevada" uniqKey="Cioffi Squitieri N" first="Nevada" last="Cioffi Squitieri">Nevada Cioffi Squitieri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guerrieri, Duccio" sort="Guerrieri, Duccio" uniqKey="Guerrieri D" first="Duccio" last="Guerrieri">Duccio Guerrieri</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I1">Diagnostic Imaging, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Diagnostic Imaging, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gennaro, Paolo" sort="Gennaro, Paolo" uniqKey="Gennaro P" first="Paolo" last="Gennaro">Paolo Gennaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I3">Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Scialpi, Michele" sort="Scialpi, Michele" uniqKey="Scialpi M" first="Michele" last="Scialpi">Michele Scialpi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I4">Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Radiology 2, Perugia University, S. Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Radiology 2, Perugia University, S. Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Volterrani, Luca" sort="Volterrani, Luca" uniqKey="Volterrani L" first="Luca" last="Volterrani">Luca Volterrani</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mazzei, Maria Antonietta" sort="Mazzei, Maria Antonietta" uniqKey="Mazzei M" first="Maria Antonietta" last="Mazzei">Maria Antonietta Mazzei</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="I2">Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BioMed Research International</title><idno type="ISSN">2314-6133</idno><idno type="eISSN">2314-6141</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>We propose a practical approach for performing high-resolution MR lymphangiography (MRL). We shall discuss and illustrate the technical approach for the visualization of lymphatic vessels in patients suffering from lymphedema, how to distinguish lymphatic vessels from veins, and MRL role in supermicrosurgery treatment planning. A brief review of literature, from a technical point of view, is also reported.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cho, S" uniqKey="Cho S">S. Cho</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atwood, J E" uniqKey="Atwood J">J. E. Atwood</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olszewski, W L" uniqKey="Olszewski W">W. L. Olszewski</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="White, R D" uniqKey="White R">R. D. White</name></author><author><name sortKey="Weir Mccall, J R" uniqKey="Weir Mccall J">J. R. Weir-Mccall</name></author><author><name sortKey="Budak, M J" uniqKey="Budak M">M. J. 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Biomed Res Int</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">BMRI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>BioMed Research International</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2314-6133</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2314-6141</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Hindawi</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">28367439</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">5359436</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2017/2598358</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Clinical Study</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>MR Lymphangiography: A Practical Guide to Perform It and a Brief Review of the Literature from a Technical Point of View</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2145-7133</contrib-id><name><surname>Mazzei</surname><given-names>Francesco Giuseppe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gentili</surname><given-names>Francesco</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7875-3342</contrib-id><name><surname>Guerrini</surname><given-names>Susanna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4004-5011</contrib-id><name><surname>Cioffi Squitieri</surname><given-names>Nevada</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Guerrieri</surname><given-names>Duccio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gennaro</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Scialpi</surname><given-names>Michele</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6655-5979</contrib-id><name><surname>Volterrani</surname><given-names>Luca</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid" authenticated="false">http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6778-6894</contrib-id><name><surname>Mazzei</surname><given-names>Maria Antonietta</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="I1"><sup>1</sup>Diagnostic Imaging, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</aff><aff id="I2"><sup>2</sup>Department of Medical, Surgical and Neuro Sciences, Diagnostic Imaging, University of Siena, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</aff><aff id="I3"><sup>3</sup>Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 10, 53100 Siena, Italy</aff><aff id="I4"><sup>4</sup>Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Division of Radiology 2, Perugia University, S. Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">*Susanna Guerrini: <email>guerrinisus@gmail.com</email></corresp><fn fn-type="other"><p>Academic Editor: Martin G. Mack</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>7</day><month>3</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>2017</volume><elocation-id>2598358</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>19</day><month>1</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2017 Francesco Giuseppe Mazzei et al.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>We propose a practical approach for performing high-resolution MR lymphangiography (MRL). We shall discuss and illustrate the technical approach for the visualization of lymphatic vessels in patients suffering from lymphedema, how to distinguish lymphatic vessels from veins, and MRL role in supermicrosurgery treatment planning. A brief review of literature, from a technical point of view, is also reported.</p></abstract></article-meta></front><floats-group><fig id="fig1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Depiction of end-to-end lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) to treat lymphedema; V = vein, L = lymphatic vessel, and A = excluded lymphatic vessel.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-2598358.001"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig2" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Patient's position for the study of the lower limb.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-2598358.002"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig3" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Patient's position for the study of the upper limb.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-2598358.003"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig4" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Sites of injection of the contrast media.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-2598358.004"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig5" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Coronal and axial 3D SSFP-balanced MIP images depict the characteristic muscle-sparing epifascial distribution of lymphedema.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-2598358.005"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig6" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>MRL (1,5 T, GE) in a 43-year-old man with congenital primary lymphedema. 3D frontal spoiled gradient-echo MIP after 5 (a) and 20 (b) minutes show a progressive delineation and enhancement of lymphatic vessels (white solid arrows) with an extensive area of dermal backflow (interstitial dispersion of the contrast medium in soft tissue due to proximal obstruction of lymph drainage) in the left foot (arrow head in (b)); please note the beaded appearance of lymphatics comparing to the substantially more rectilinear shape of veins (open arrows). The possibility of visualizing a precontrast venogram through a 3D steady-state free precession (SSFP) balanced sequence makes the distinction between veins and lymphatic vessels easier. The optimal depiction of the high-intensity epifascial lymphedema (c) and inguinal lymph nodes (d) is also evident.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-2598358.006"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig7" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>MRL in a 52-year-old woman with high-grade upper right limb lymphedema secondary to lymphadenectomy for a breast cancer. 3D frontal spoiled gradient-echo MIP after 35 minutes from the contrast agent administration (a) shows only some discontinuous lightly enhanced skin lymphatic vessels (white solid arrows) in the inferior lateral portion of the affected limb within a honeycombing area (open arrows). No pathological lymphatic vessels are seen in the upper right arm after 45 minutes.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-2598358.007"></graphic></fig><fig id="fig8" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Figure 8</label><caption><p>MRL and clinical appearance, before (a, b) and after LVA (c), of the left lower limb in a 67-year-old woman with unilateral lymphedema secondary to a pelvic carcinoma. MRL (a) depicts pathological lymphatic vessels (white solid arrows) and adjacent veins (open arrows) to perform the anastomoses. Changes in limb diameter and skin colour are clear two months after treatment (c).</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="BMRI2017-2598358.008"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="tab1" orientation="portrait" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Imaging parameters for magnetic resonance lymphangiography at 1,5 T.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TR</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TE</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">TI</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FA (°)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">FOV (cm)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Matrix</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thickness/overlap (mm)</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">NEX</th><th align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bandwidth (khz)</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coronal 3D SSFP balanced<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>4.0</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>1.9</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>90</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>40 × 40</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>224 × 192</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>2/1</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>0.53</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>±125</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Coronal 3D spoiled GRE T1W with SPECtral inversion at lipid balanced<sup><italic>∗</italic></sup></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>5.0</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>2.1</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>17</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>25</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>44 × 44</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>448 × 320</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>2.8/1.4</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>1</italic></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>±111.1</italic></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3D T2-weighted turbo spin-echo</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2000</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">680</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"> </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 × 40</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">320 × 224</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5/1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic>±31.2</italic></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn><p>TR = repetition time; TE = echo time: TI = inversion time; FA = flip angle; FOV = field of view; NEX = number of excitations.</p></fn><fn><p><sup><italic>∗</italic></sup>Sequences performed in our experience.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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