Intravital Imaging Reveals Dynamics of Lymphangiogenesis and Valvulogenesis
Identifieur interne : 000955 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000954; suivant : 000956Intravital Imaging Reveals Dynamics of Lymphangiogenesis and Valvulogenesis
Auteurs : Gyeong Jin Kang [États-Unis] ; Tatiana Ecoiffier [États-Unis] ; Tan Truong [États-Unis] ; Don Yuen [États-Unis] ; Guangyu Li [États-Unis] ; Narae Lee [États-Unis] ; Liwei Zhang [États-Unis] ; Lu Chen [États-Unis]Source :
- Scientific Reports [ 2045-2322 ] ; 2016.
Abstract
Lymphatic research signifies a field of rapid progression in recent years. Though lymphatic dysfunction has been found in a myriad of disorders, to date, few effective treatments are available for lymphatic diseases. It is therefore urgent to develop new experimental approaches and therapeutic protocols. The cornea offers an ideal site for lymphatic research due to its transparent nature, accessible location, and lymphatic-free but –inducible features. Moreover, we have recently discovered that corneal lymphatic vessels develop luminal valves as lymphangiogenesis proceeds. This tissue thus provides an optimal tool to study both lymphangiogenesis and valvulogenesis upon a pathological insult. In this paper, we show that the modified Prox-1-GFP mice carrying wildtype C57BL/6 background provide a valuable tool for intravital imaging of corneal lymphatic vessels and valves and can be used to study pathological lymphangiogenesis induced by various insults. Further, we demonstrate the multifaceted dynamics of lymphangiogenesis and valvulogenesis associated with transplantation, from the initiation to regression phases, and report several novel and critical phenomena and mechanisms that cannot be detected by conventional
Url:
DOI: 10.1038/srep19459
PubMed: 26785921
PubMed Central: 4726360
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Lymphatic research signifies a field of rapid progression in recent years. Though lymphatic dysfunction has been found in a myriad of disorders, to date, few effective treatments are available for lymphatic diseases. It is therefore urgent to develop new experimental approaches and therapeutic protocols. The cornea offers an ideal site for lymphatic research due to its transparent nature, accessible location, and lymphatic-free but –inducible features. Moreover, we have recently discovered that corneal lymphatic vessels develop luminal valves as lymphangiogenesis proceeds. This tissue thus provides an optimal tool to study both lymphangiogenesis and valvulogenesis upon a pathological insult. In this paper, we show that the modified Prox-1-GFP mice carrying wildtype C57BL/6 background provide a valuable tool for intravital imaging of corneal lymphatic vessels and valves and can be used to study pathological lymphangiogenesis induced by various insults. Further, we demonstrate the multifaceted dynamics of lymphangiogenesis and valvulogenesis associated with transplantation, from the initiation to regression phases, and report several novel and critical phenomena and mechanisms that cannot be detected by conventional <italic>ex vivo</italic>
approaches. Further investigation holds the great potential for divulging new mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for lymphangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis-related diseases at various stages and inside or outside the eye.</p>
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</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group><article-title>Intravital Imaging Reveals Dynamics of Lymphangiogenesis and Valvulogenesis</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kang</surname>
<given-names>Gyeong Jin</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ecoiffier</surname>
<given-names>Tatiana</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Truong</surname>
<given-names>Tan</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Yuen</surname>
<given-names>Don</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Li</surname>
<given-names>Guangyu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname>
<given-names>Narae</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname>
<given-names>Liwei</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chen</surname>
<given-names>Lu</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">a</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a1">1</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="a2">2</xref>
</contrib>
<aff id="a1"><label>1</label>
<institution>Vision Science Graduate Group, University of California</institution>
, Berkeley, CA 94720,<country>USA</country>
</aff>
<aff id="a2"><label>2</label>
<institution>Center for Eye Disease and Development, Program in Vision Science, and School of Optometry, University of California</institution>
, Berkeley, CA 94720,<country>USA</country>
</aff>
</contrib-group>
<author-notes><corresp id="c1"><label>a</label>
<email>chenlu@berkeley.edu</email>
</corresp>
</author-notes>
<pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>6</volume>
<elocation-id>19459</elocation-id>
<history><date date-type="received"><day>26</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted"><day>09</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2015</year>
</date>
</history>
<permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright © 2016, Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder>Macmillan Publishers Limited</copyright-holder>
<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><pmc-comment>author-paid</pmc-comment>
<license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link>
</license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>Lymphatic research signifies a field of rapid progression in recent years. Though lymphatic dysfunction has been found in a myriad of disorders, to date, few effective treatments are available for lymphatic diseases. It is therefore urgent to develop new experimental approaches and therapeutic protocols. The cornea offers an ideal site for lymphatic research due to its transparent nature, accessible location, and lymphatic-free but –inducible features. Moreover, we have recently discovered that corneal lymphatic vessels develop luminal valves as lymphangiogenesis proceeds. This tissue thus provides an optimal tool to study both lymphangiogenesis and valvulogenesis upon a pathological insult. In this paper, we show that the modified Prox-1-GFP mice carrying wildtype C57BL/6 background provide a valuable tool for intravital imaging of corneal lymphatic vessels and valves and can be used to study pathological lymphangiogenesis induced by various insults. Further, we demonstrate the multifaceted dynamics of lymphangiogenesis and valvulogenesis associated with transplantation, from the initiation to regression phases, and report several novel and critical phenomena and mechanisms that cannot be detected by conventional <italic>ex vivo</italic>
approaches. Further investigation holds the great potential for divulging new mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for lymphangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis-related diseases at various stages and inside or outside the eye.</p>
</abstract>
</article-meta>
</front>
<floats-group><fig id="f1"><label>Figure 1</label>
<caption><title>Corneal intravital imaging in modified Prox-1-GFP mice showing lymphatic vessels induced by various insults.</title>
<p>(<bold>a</bold>
) Intravial images of Prox-1-GFP mice of the FVB/N background and FVB/N-C57BL/6 hybrid showing high fluorescence signals from lens epithelium were blocked by the pigmented iris in the hybrid. Scale bars: 1 mm. (<bold>b</bold>
) Intravital images demonstrating newly formed lymphatic vessels induced by various pathological insults. Scale bar: 500 μm. (<bold>c</bold>
) Intravital images of the same cornea post-suturing showing newly formed lymphatic vessels (green) visualized under green fluorescent light and blood vessels (red) under bright field light. Scale bar: 500 μm. Dashed line: demarcation of the limbus between the cornea and conjunctiva; Dotted line: pupil margin (<bold>a</bold>
) or graft-host border (<bold>b</bold>
); Asterisk: site of VEGF-C pellet implantation or suture placement (<bold>b</bold>
).</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep19459-f1"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f2"><label>Figure 2</label>
<caption><title>Immunofluorescent microscopic analysis confirming Prox-1 GFP signals identify lymphatic vessels and valves in the cornea.</title>
<p><bold>(a)</bold>
Immunofluorescent microscopic images showing co-localization of Prox-1 GFP signal (green) and LYVE-1 staining (red) along newly formed lymphatic vessels in the inflamed cornea. Scale bars: 50 μm. <bold>(b)</bold>
Immunofluorescent microscopic images showing co-localization of Prox-1 GFP signal (green) and Itga-9 staining (red) on the luminal valve of the lymphatic vessel. Scale bars: 25 μm.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep19459-f2"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f3"><label>Figure 3</label>
<caption><title>Intravital time course evaluation of a pharmaceutical intervention on inflammatory lymphangiogenesis.</title>
<p><bold>(a)</bold>
Intravital images showing VEGFR-2 blockade via intraperitoneal injections of neutralizing antibodies suppressed corneal lymphatic vessel formation induced by suture placement. Scale bars: 200 μm. Summarized data are presented in <bold>(b).</bold>
*<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep19459-f3"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f4"><label>Figure 4</label>
<caption><title>Intravital time course imaging showing the initiative and progressive processes of lymphangiogenesis and valvulogenesis after transplantation.</title>
<p>(<bold>a</bold>
) Intravital time course evaluation on the initiation and progression of valve formation within limbal vessels. Scale bars: 100 μm. (<bold>b</bold>
) Intravital time course evaluation on progressive lymphangiogenesis in parallel with valvulogenesis into central cornea after transplantation. Scale bars: 150 μm. Vertical vessel to the right of the panel: limbal vessel; Dotted circles: newly formed valves. (<bold>c</bold>
) Summarized data showing time course increase of lymphatic density, branching points, and valves. Lymphatic valves are predominantly located at the branching points across the time points studied with progressive LG and VG. *<italic>P</italic>
< 0.05.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep19459-f4"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f5"><label>Figure 5</label>
<caption><title>Intravital video showing lateral migration of stalk cells during lymphatic elongation.</title>
<p>Snap pictures of intravital video illustrating departure of two endothelial stalk cells (indicated by magenta arrows) along the axis of vessel elongation. (<bold>a</bold>
,<bold>b</bold>
, top panels) Images showing the close proximity of the two cells before separation (<bold>a</bold>
, 0 second) and after lateral migration (<bold>b</bold>
, 120 seconds). Scale bars: 25 μm. Corresponding magnified images are presented in the lower panels. Scale bars: 5 μm.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep19459-f5"></graphic>
</fig>
<fig id="f6"><label>Figure 6</label>
<caption><title>Intravital time course imaging demonstrating processes of lymphatic pruning and regression at the early and late stages after transplantation.</title>
<p>(<bold>a</bold>
) Representative intravital images showing a pruning process by tip retraction. Arrow: tip of lymphatic vessel. Scale bars: 50 μm. (<bold>b</bold>
) Representative intravital images illustrating a regression process by breakage in the middle of the lymphatic branches. Arrow: site of breakage. Scale bars: 150 μm.</p>
</caption>
<graphic xlink:href="srep19459-f6"></graphic>
</fig>
</floats-group>
</pmc>
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