Cross-Reactivity of Filariais ICT Cards in Areas of Contrasting Endemicity of Loa loa and Mansonella perstans in Cameroon: Implications for Shrinking of the Lymphatic Filariasis Map in the Central African Region
Identifieur interne : 000405 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000404; suivant : 000406Cross-Reactivity of Filariais ICT Cards in Areas of Contrasting Endemicity of Loa loa and Mansonella perstans in Cameroon: Implications for Shrinking of the Lymphatic Filariasis Map in the Central African Region
Auteurs : Samuel Wanji [Cameroun] ; Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia [Cameroun] ; Benjamin Koudou [Royaume-Uni] ; Abdel Jelil Njouendou [Cameroun] ; Patrick W. Chounna Ndongmo [Cameroun] ; Jonas A. Kengne-Ouafo [Cameroun] ; Fabrice R. Datchoua-Poutcheu [Cameroun] ; Bridget Adzemye Fovennso [Cameroun] ; Dizzle Bita Tayong [Cameroun] ; Fanny Fri Fombad [Cameroun] ; Peter U. Fischer [États-Unis] ; Peter I. Enyong [Cameroun] ; Moses Bockarie [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Immunochromatographic card test (ICT) is a tool to map the distribution of
A cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence and intensity of
This study has confirmed the strong association between the ICT positivity and
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004184
PubMed: 26544042
PubMed Central: 4636288
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Cross-Reactivity of Filariais ICT Cards in Areas of Contrasting Endemicity of <italic>Loa loa</italic> and <italic>Mansonella perstans</italic> in Cameroon: Implications for Shrinking of the Lymphatic Filariasis Map in the Central African Region</title><author><name sortKey="Wanji, Samuel" sort="Wanji, Samuel" uniqKey="Wanji S" first="Samuel" last="Wanji">Samuel Wanji</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amvongo Adjia, Nathalie" sort="Amvongo Adjia, Nathalie" uniqKey="Amvongo Adjia N" first="Nathalie" last="Amvongo-Adjia">Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koudou, Benjamin" sort="Koudou, Benjamin" uniqKey="Koudou B" first="Benjamin" last="Koudou">Benjamin Koudou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (incorporating the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (incorporating the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njouendou, Abdel Jelil" sort="Njouendou, Abdel Jelil" uniqKey="Njouendou A" first="Abdel Jelil" last="Njouendou">Abdel Jelil Njouendou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chounna Ndongmo, Patrick W" sort="Chounna Ndongmo, Patrick W" uniqKey="Chounna Ndongmo P" first="Patrick W." last="Chounna Ndongmo">Patrick W. Chounna Ndongmo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kengne Ouafo, Jonas A" sort="Kengne Ouafo, Jonas A" uniqKey="Kengne Ouafo J" first="Jonas A." last="Kengne-Ouafo">Jonas A. Kengne-Ouafo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Datchoua Poutcheu, Fabrice R" sort="Datchoua Poutcheu, Fabrice R" uniqKey="Datchoua Poutcheu F" first="Fabrice R." last="Datchoua-Poutcheu">Fabrice R. Datchoua-Poutcheu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fovennso, Bridget Adzemye" sort="Fovennso, Bridget Adzemye" uniqKey="Fovennso B" first="Bridget Adzemye" last="Fovennso">Bridget Adzemye Fovennso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tayong, Dizzle Bita" sort="Tayong, Dizzle Bita" uniqKey="Tayong D" first="Dizzle Bita" last="Tayong">Dizzle Bita Tayong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fombad, Fanny Fri" sort="Fombad, Fanny Fri" uniqKey="Fombad F" first="Fanny Fri" last="Fombad">Fanny Fri Fombad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, Peter U" sort="Fischer, Peter U" uniqKey="Fischer P" first="Peter U." last="Fischer">Peter U. Fischer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enyong, Peter I" sort="Enyong, Peter I" uniqKey="Enyong P" first="Peter I." last="Enyong">Peter I. Enyong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses" sort="Bockarie, Moses" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses" last="Bockarie">Moses Bockarie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (incorporating the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (incorporating the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26544042</idno><idno type="pmc">4636288</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636288</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4636288</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0004184</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000405</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000405</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000405</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000405</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Cross-Reactivity of Filariais ICT Cards in Areas of Contrasting Endemicity of <italic>Loa loa</italic> and <italic>Mansonella perstans</italic> in Cameroon: Implications for Shrinking of the Lymphatic Filariasis Map in the Central African Region</title><author><name sortKey="Wanji, Samuel" sort="Wanji, Samuel" uniqKey="Wanji S" first="Samuel" last="Wanji">Samuel Wanji</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Amvongo Adjia, Nathalie" sort="Amvongo Adjia, Nathalie" uniqKey="Amvongo Adjia N" first="Nathalie" last="Amvongo-Adjia">Nathalie Amvongo-Adjia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Koudou, Benjamin" sort="Koudou, Benjamin" uniqKey="Koudou B" first="Benjamin" last="Koudou">Benjamin Koudou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (incorporating the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (incorporating the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Njouendou, Abdel Jelil" sort="Njouendou, Abdel Jelil" uniqKey="Njouendou A" first="Abdel Jelil" last="Njouendou">Abdel Jelil Njouendou</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chounna Ndongmo, Patrick W" sort="Chounna Ndongmo, Patrick W" uniqKey="Chounna Ndongmo P" first="Patrick W." last="Chounna Ndongmo">Patrick W. Chounna Ndongmo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kengne Ouafo, Jonas A" sort="Kengne Ouafo, Jonas A" uniqKey="Kengne Ouafo J" first="Jonas A." last="Kengne-Ouafo">Jonas A. Kengne-Ouafo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Datchoua Poutcheu, Fabrice R" sort="Datchoua Poutcheu, Fabrice R" uniqKey="Datchoua Poutcheu F" first="Fabrice R." last="Datchoua-Poutcheu">Fabrice R. Datchoua-Poutcheu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fovennso, Bridget Adzemye" sort="Fovennso, Bridget Adzemye" uniqKey="Fovennso B" first="Bridget Adzemye" last="Fovennso">Bridget Adzemye Fovennso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tayong, Dizzle Bita" sort="Tayong, Dizzle Bita" uniqKey="Tayong D" first="Dizzle Bita" last="Tayong">Dizzle Bita Tayong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fombad, Fanny Fri" sort="Fombad, Fanny Fri" uniqKey="Fombad F" first="Fanny Fri" last="Fombad">Fanny Fri Fombad</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fischer, Peter U" sort="Fischer, Peter U" uniqKey="Fischer P" first="Peter U." last="Fischer">Peter U. Fischer</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enyong, Peter I" sort="Enyong, Peter I" uniqKey="Enyong P" first="Peter I." last="Enyong">Peter I. Enyong</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses" sort="Bockarie, Moses" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses" last="Bockarie">Moses Bockarie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (incorporating the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (incorporating the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Immunochromatographic card test (ICT) is a tool to map the distribution of <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic>. In areas highly endemic for loaisis in DRC and Cameroon, a relationship has been envisaged between high <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> microfilaria (Mf) loads and ICT positivity. However, similar associations have not been demonstrated from other areas with contrasting levels of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> endemicity. This study investigated the cross-reactivity of ICT when mapping lymphatic filariasis (LF) in areas with contrasting endemicity levels of loiasis and mansonellosis in Cameroon.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>A cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence and intensity of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic>, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>perstans</italic> was carried out in 42 villages across three regions (East, North-west and South-west) of the Cameroon rainforest domain. Diurnal blood was collected from participants for the detection of circulating filarial antigen (CFA) by ICT and assessment of Mf using a thick blood smear. Clinical manifestations of LF were also assessed. ICT positives and patients clinically diagnosed with lymphoedema were further subjected to night blood collection for the detection of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> Mf. Overall, 2190 individuals took part in the study. Overall, 24 individuals residing in 14 communities were tested positive by ICT, with prevalence rates ranging from 0% in the South-west to 2.1% in the North-west. Lymphoedema were diagnosed in 20 individuals with the majority of cases found in the North-west (11/20), and none of them were tested positive by ICT. No Mf of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> were found in the night blood of any individual with a positive ICT result or clinical lymphoedema. Positive ICT results were strongly associated with high <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> Mf intensity with 21 subjects having more than 8,000 <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> Mf ml/blood (Odds ratio = 15.4; 95%CI: 6.1–39.0; p < 0.001). Similarly, a strong positive association (Spearman’s rho = 0.900; p = 0.037) was observed between the prevalence of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> and ICT positivity by area: a rate of 1% or more of positive ICT results was found only in areas with an <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> Mf prevalence above 15%. In contrast, there was no association between ICT positivity and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>perstans</italic> prevalence (Spearman’s rho = - 0.200; p = 0.747) and Mf density (Odds ratio = 1.8; 95%CI: 0.8–4.2; p = 0.192).</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>This study has confirmed the strong association between the ICT positivity and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> intensity (Mf/ml of blood) at the individual level. Furthermore, the study has demonstrated that ICT positivity is strongly associated with high <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> prevalence. These results suggest that the main confounding factor for positive ICT test card results are high levels of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic>. The findings may indicate that <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> is much less prevalent in the Central African region where <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> is highly endemic than previously assumed and accurate re-mapping of the region would be very useful for shrinking of the map of LF distribution.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, M" uniqKey="Bockarie M">M Bockarie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Molyneux, D" uniqKey="Molyneux D">D Molyneux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ramaiah, Kd" uniqKey="Ramaiah K">KD Ramaiah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ottesen, Ea" uniqKey="Ottesen E">EA Ottesen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Otaka, T" uniqKey="Otaka T">T Otaka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Uchiyama, M" uniqKey="Uchiyama M">M 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26544042</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4636288</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0004184</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PNTD-D-15-01389</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Cross-Reactivity of Filariais ICT Cards in Areas of Contrasting Endemicity of <italic>Loa loa</italic> and <italic>Mansonella perstans</italic> in Cameroon: Implications for Shrinking of the Lymphatic Filariasis Map in the Central African Region</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Cross-Reactivity of the ICT Card Test in <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> Endemic Areas</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wanji</surname><given-names>Samuel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Amvongo-Adjia</surname><given-names>Nathalie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koudou</surname><given-names>Benjamin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Njouendou</surname><given-names>Abdel Jelil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chounna Ndongmo</surname><given-names>Patrick W.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kengne-Ouafo</surname><given-names>Jonas A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Datchoua-Poutcheu</surname><given-names>Fabrice R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fovennso</surname><given-names>Bridget Adzemye</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tayong</surname><given-names>Dizzle Bita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fombad</surname><given-names>Fanny Fri</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fischer</surname><given-names>Peter U.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Enyong</surname><given-names>Peter I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname><given-names>Moses</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Parasites and Vector Biology research unit (PAVBRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and the Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaounde, Cameroon</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (incorporating the Lymphatic Filariasis Support Centre), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Bottomley</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UNITED KINGDOM</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: SW MB PUF. Performed the experiments: SW NAA AJN BK PWCN JAKO FRDP BAF DBT FFF PIE. Analyzed the data: SW NAA AJN FRDP BAF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SW MB BK. Wrote the paper: SW NAA AJN BK PWCN JAKO FRDP BAF DBT FFF PIE PUF MB.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>swanji@yahoo.fr</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>6</day><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>11</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>11</issue><elocation-id>e0004184</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>6</day><month>8</month><year>2015</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>30</day><month>9</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Wanji et al</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pntd.0004184.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Immunochromatographic card test (ICT) is a tool to map the distribution of <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic>. In areas highly endemic for loaisis in DRC and Cameroon, a relationship has been envisaged between high <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> microfilaria (Mf) loads and ICT positivity. However, similar associations have not been demonstrated from other areas with contrasting levels of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> endemicity. This study investigated the cross-reactivity of ICT when mapping lymphatic filariasis (LF) in areas with contrasting endemicity levels of loiasis and mansonellosis in Cameroon.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title><p>A cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence and intensity of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic>, <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>perstans</italic> was carried out in 42 villages across three regions (East, North-west and South-west) of the Cameroon rainforest domain. Diurnal blood was collected from participants for the detection of circulating filarial antigen (CFA) by ICT and assessment of Mf using a thick blood smear. Clinical manifestations of LF were also assessed. ICT positives and patients clinically diagnosed with lymphoedema were further subjected to night blood collection for the detection of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> Mf. Overall, 2190 individuals took part in the study. Overall, 24 individuals residing in 14 communities were tested positive by ICT, with prevalence rates ranging from 0% in the South-west to 2.1% in the North-west. Lymphoedema were diagnosed in 20 individuals with the majority of cases found in the North-west (11/20), and none of them were tested positive by ICT. No Mf of <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> were found in the night blood of any individual with a positive ICT result or clinical lymphoedema. Positive ICT results were strongly associated with high <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> Mf intensity with 21 subjects having more than 8,000 <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> Mf ml/blood (Odds ratio = 15.4; 95%CI: 6.1–39.0; p < 0.001). Similarly, a strong positive association (Spearman’s rho = 0.900; p = 0.037) was observed between the prevalence of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> and ICT positivity by area: a rate of 1% or more of positive ICT results was found only in areas with an <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> Mf prevalence above 15%. In contrast, there was no association between ICT positivity and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>perstans</italic> prevalence (Spearman’s rho = - 0.200; p = 0.747) and Mf density (Odds ratio = 1.8; 95%CI: 0.8–4.2; p = 0.192).</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Conclusions/Significance</title><p>This study has confirmed the strong association between the ICT positivity and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> intensity (Mf/ml of blood) at the individual level. Furthermore, the study has demonstrated that ICT positivity is strongly associated with high <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> prevalence. These results suggest that the main confounding factor for positive ICT test card results are high levels of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic>. The findings may indicate that <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> is much less prevalent in the Central African region where <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> is highly endemic than previously assumed and accurate re-mapping of the region would be very useful for shrinking of the map of LF distribution.</p></sec></abstract><abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author Summary</title><p>Mapping of lymphatic filariasis (LF) caused by <italic>W</italic>. <italic>brancrofti</italic> is usually done by employing a rapid diagnostic test that permits the detection of worm antigen in daytime blood. This is sometimes combined with a thick blood film (TBF) for microscopic examination, as confirmatory tool for detecting <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> Mf in peripheral night blood. During recent epidemiological surveys using immunochromatographic card test (ICT) to map LF in areas highly endemic for loiasis, positive card tests were observed in individuals’ amicrofilaremic for <italic>W</italic>. <italic>bancrofti</italic> during night TBF examination, as well as by parasite DNA detection. The possibility of ICT cross-reacting with <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> antigen was envisaged, but so far associations between ICT positivity and <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> endemicity levels and loads of Mf in day blood have not yet been established. Moreover, <italic>M</italic>. <italic>perstans</italic> another filaria with blood dwelling Mf, that is often sympatric with <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic>, could contribute to the observed ICT cross-reactivity. The authors investigated the cross-reactivity of ICT in areas with contrasting endemicity levels of <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> and <italic>M</italic>. <italic>perstans</italic> in Cameroon. Results incriminated <italic>L</italic>. <italic>loa</italic> as the major confounder in ICT cross-reactivity, with significant association between ICT positivity and loiasis both at individual level (load of Mf/ml of blood) and endemicity level (Mf prevalence). <italic>M</italic>. <italic>perstans</italic> displayed no association with ICT positivity. The findings raised concerns about the specificity of the whole blood ICT used for LF mapping in loiasis co-endemic areas. The development of an algorithm for LF mapping in loiasis co-endemic areas will be important to validate the LF map obtained using ICT in Central Africa.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>The work was funded by the Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases (CNTD) under the contract number CNTD/REFOTDE Loa121130MBUB yr4Ref25. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="5"></fig-count><table-count count="11"></table-count><page-count count="20"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>Public availability will compromise the patient privacy. Nevertheless, data can be accessed upon request by writing to the data management unit of Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE) at <email>lanzochrist@yahoo.fr</email>.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>Public availability will compromise the patient privacy. Nevertheless, data can be accessed upon request by writing to the data management unit of Research Foundation for Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE) at <email>lanzochrist@yahoo.fr</email>.</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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