Mapping and Modelling the Geographical Distribution and Environmental Limits of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia
Identifieur interne : 000398 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000397; suivant : 000399Mapping and Modelling the Geographical Distribution and Environmental Limits of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia
Auteurs : Kebede Deribe [Royaume-Uni, Éthiopie] ; Jorge Cano [Royaume-Uni] ; Melanie J. Newport [Royaume-Uni] ; Nick Golding [Royaume-Uni] ; Rachel L. Pullan [Royaume-Uni] ; Heven Sime [Éthiopie] ; Abeba Gebretsadik [Éthiopie] ; Ashenafi Assefa [Éthiopie] ; Amha Kebede [Éthiopie] ; Asrat Hailu [Éthiopie] ; Maria P. Rebollo [Royaume-Uni] ; Oumer Shafi [Éthiopie] ; Moses J. Bockarie [Royaume-Uni] ; Abraham Aseffa [Éthiopie] ; Simon I. Hay [Royaume-Uni, États-Unis] ; Richard Reithinger [Royaume-Uni, États-Unis] ; Fikre Enquselassie [Éthiopie] ; Gail Davey [Royaume-Uni] ; Simon J. Brooker [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Ethiopia is assumed to have the highest burden of podoconiosis globally, but the geographical distribution and environmental limits and correlates are yet to be fully investigated. In this paper we use data from a nationwide survey to address these issues.
Our analyses are based on data arising from the integrated mapping of podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) conducted in 2013, supplemented by data from an earlier mapping of LF in western Ethiopia in 2008–2010. The integrated mapping used
Data were available for 141,238 individuals from 1,442 communities in 775 districts from all nine regional states and two city administrations of Ethiopia. In 41.9% of surveyed districts no cases of podoconiosis were identified, with all districts in Affar, Dire Dawa, Somali and Gambella regional states lacking the disease. The disease was most common, with lymphoedema positivity rate exceeding 5%, in the central highlands of Ethiopia, in Amhara, Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples regional states. BRT modelling indicated that the probability of podoconiosis occurrence increased with increasing altitude, precipitation and silt fraction of soil and decreased with population density and clay content. Based on the BRT model, we estimate that in 2010, 34.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.2–51.7) million people (i.e. 43.8%; 95% CI: 25.3–64.8% of Ethiopia’s national population) lived in areas environmentally suitable for the occurrence of podoconiosis.
Podoconiosis is more widespread in Ethiopia than previously estimated, but occurs in distinct geographical regions that are tied to identifiable environmental factors. The resultant maps can be used to guide programme planning and implementation and estimate disease burden in Ethiopia. This work provides a framework with which the geographical limits of podoconiosis could be delineated at a continental scale.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003946
PubMed: 26222887
PubMed Central: 4519246
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: Pour aller vers cette notice dans l'étape Curation :000398
Links to Exploration step
PMC:4519246Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Mapping and Modelling the Geographical Distribution and Environmental Limits of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia</title><author><name sortKey="Deribe, Kebede" sort="Deribe, Kebede" uniqKey="Deribe K" first="Kebede" last="Deribe">Kebede Deribe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Jorge" sort="Cano, Jorge" uniqKey="Cano J" first="Jorge" last="Cano">Jorge Cano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newport, Melanie J" sort="Newport, Melanie J" uniqKey="Newport M" first="Melanie J." last="Newport">Melanie J. Newport</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, Nick" sort="Golding, Nick" uniqKey="Golding N" first="Nick" last="Golding">Nick Golding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rachel L" sort="Pullan, Rachel L" uniqKey="Pullan R" first="Rachel L." last="Pullan">Rachel L. Pullan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sime, Heven" sort="Sime, Heven" uniqKey="Sime H" first="Heven" last="Sime">Heven Sime</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gebretsadik, Abeba" sort="Gebretsadik, Abeba" uniqKey="Gebretsadik A" first="Abeba" last="Gebretsadik">Abeba Gebretsadik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assefa, Ashenafi" sort="Assefa, Ashenafi" uniqKey="Assefa A" first="Ashenafi" last="Assefa">Ashenafi Assefa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kebede, Amha" sort="Kebede, Amha" uniqKey="Kebede A" first="Amha" last="Kebede">Amha Kebede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hailu, Asrat" sort="Hailu, Asrat" uniqKey="Hailu A" first="Asrat" last="Hailu">Asrat Hailu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rebollo, Maria P" sort="Rebollo, Maria P" uniqKey="Rebollo M" first="Maria P." last="Rebollo">Maria P. Rebollo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shafi, Oumer" sort="Shafi, Oumer" uniqKey="Shafi O" first="Oumer" last="Shafi">Oumer Shafi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J." last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aseffa, Abraham" sort="Aseffa, Abraham" uniqKey="Aseffa A" first="Abraham" last="Aseffa">Abraham Aseffa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hay, Simon I" sort="Hay, Simon I" uniqKey="Hay S" first="Simon I." last="Hay">Simon I. Hay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reithinger, Richard" sort="Reithinger, Richard" uniqKey="Reithinger R" first="Richard" last="Reithinger">Richard Reithinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enquselassie, Fikre" sort="Enquselassie, Fikre" uniqKey="Enquselassie F" first="Fikre" last="Enquselassie">Fikre Enquselassie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, Gail" sort="Davey, Gail" uniqKey="Davey G" first="Gail" last="Davey">Gail Davey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooker, Simon J" sort="Brooker, Simon J" uniqKey="Brooker S" first="Simon J." last="Brooker">Simon J. Brooker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26222887</idno><idno type="pmc">4519246</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4519246</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4519246</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003946</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000398</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000398</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000398</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000398</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Mapping and Modelling the Geographical Distribution and Environmental Limits of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia</title><author><name sortKey="Deribe, Kebede" sort="Deribe, Kebede" uniqKey="Deribe K" first="Kebede" last="Deribe">Kebede Deribe</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cano, Jorge" sort="Cano, Jorge" uniqKey="Cano J" first="Jorge" last="Cano">Jorge Cano</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Newport, Melanie J" sort="Newport, Melanie J" uniqKey="Newport M" first="Melanie J." last="Newport">Melanie J. Newport</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, Nick" sort="Golding, Nick" uniqKey="Golding N" first="Nick" last="Golding">Nick Golding</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rachel L" sort="Pullan, Rachel L" uniqKey="Pullan R" first="Rachel L." last="Pullan">Rachel L. Pullan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Sime, Heven" sort="Sime, Heven" uniqKey="Sime H" first="Heven" last="Sime">Heven Sime</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gebretsadik, Abeba" sort="Gebretsadik, Abeba" uniqKey="Gebretsadik A" first="Abeba" last="Gebretsadik">Abeba Gebretsadik</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Assefa, Ashenafi" sort="Assefa, Ashenafi" uniqKey="Assefa A" first="Ashenafi" last="Assefa">Ashenafi Assefa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kebede, Amha" sort="Kebede, Amha" uniqKey="Kebede A" first="Amha" last="Kebede">Amha Kebede</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff005"><addr-line>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hailu, Asrat" sort="Hailu, Asrat" uniqKey="Hailu A" first="Asrat" last="Hailu">Asrat Hailu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff006"><addr-line>School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Rebollo, Maria P" sort="Rebollo, Maria P" uniqKey="Rebollo M" first="Maria P." last="Rebollo">Maria P. Rebollo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shafi, Oumer" sort="Shafi, Oumer" uniqKey="Shafi O" first="Oumer" last="Shafi">Oumer Shafi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff008"><addr-line>Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, Moses J" sort="Bockarie, Moses J" uniqKey="Bockarie M" first="Moses J." last="Bockarie">Moses J. Bockarie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff007"><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Aseffa, Abraham" sort="Aseffa, Abraham" uniqKey="Aseffa A" first="Abraham" last="Aseffa">Abraham Aseffa</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff009"><addr-line>Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hay, Simon I" sort="Hay, Simon I" uniqKey="Hay S" first="Simon I." last="Hay">Simon I. Hay</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff004"><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff010"><addr-line>Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff011"><addr-line>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Reithinger, Richard" sort="Reithinger, Richard" uniqKey="Reithinger R" first="Richard" last="Reithinger">Richard Reithinger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff012"><addr-line>RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Enquselassie, Fikre" sort="Enquselassie, Fikre" uniqKey="Enquselassie F" first="Fikre" last="Enquselassie">Fikre Enquselassie</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff002"><addr-line>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Éthiopie</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, Gail" sort="Davey, Gail" uniqKey="Davey G" first="Gail" last="Davey">Gail Davey</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff001"><addr-line>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooker, Simon J" sort="Brooker, Simon J" uniqKey="Brooker S" first="Simon J." last="Brooker">Simon J. Brooker</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="aff003"><addr-line>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Ethiopia is assumed to have the highest burden of podoconiosis globally, but the geographical distribution and environmental limits and correlates are yet to be fully investigated. In this paper we use data from a nationwide survey to address these issues.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methodology</title><p>Our analyses are based on data arising from the integrated mapping of podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) conducted in 2013, supplemented by data from an earlier mapping of LF in western Ethiopia in 2008–2010. The integrated mapping used <italic>woreda</italic> (district) health offices’ reports of podoconiosis and LF to guide selection of survey sites. A suite of environmental and climatic data and boosted regression tree (BRT) modelling was used to investigate environmental limits and predict the probability of podoconiosis occurrence.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Principal Findings</title><p>Data were available for 141,238 individuals from 1,442 communities in 775 districts from all nine regional states and two city administrations of Ethiopia. In 41.9% of surveyed districts no cases of podoconiosis were identified, with all districts in Affar, Dire Dawa, Somali and Gambella regional states lacking the disease. The disease was most common, with lymphoedema positivity rate exceeding 5%, in the central highlands of Ethiopia, in Amhara, Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples regional states. BRT modelling indicated that the probability of podoconiosis occurrence increased with increasing altitude, precipitation and silt fraction of soil and decreased with population density and clay content. Based on the BRT model, we estimate that in 2010, 34.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.2–51.7) million people (i.e. 43.8%; 95% CI: 25.3–64.8% of Ethiopia’s national population) lived in areas environmentally suitable for the occurrence of podoconiosis.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Podoconiosis is more widespread in Ethiopia than previously estimated, but occurs in distinct geographical regions that are tied to identifiable environmental factors. The resultant maps can be used to guide programme planning and implementation and estimate disease burden in Ethiopia. This work provides a framework with which the geographical limits of podoconiosis could be delineated at a continental scale.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davey, G" uniqKey="Davey G">G Davey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tekola, F" uniqKey="Tekola F">F Tekola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newport, Mj" uniqKey="Newport M">MJ Newport</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Price, E" uniqKey="Price E">E Price</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davey, G" uniqKey="Davey G">G Davey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bockarie, M" uniqKey="Bockarie M">M Bockarie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wanji S, Ad" uniqKey="Wanji S A">AD Wanji S</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fuller, C" uniqKey="Fuller C">C Fuller</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fox, L" uniqKey="Fox L">L Fox</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deribe, K" uniqKey="Deribe K">K Deribe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meribo, K" uniqKey="Meribo K">K Meribo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gebre, T" uniqKey="Gebre T">T Gebre</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hailu, A" uniqKey="Hailu A">A Hailu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ali, A" uniqKey="Ali A">A Ali</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sikorski, C" uniqKey="Sikorski C">C Sikorski</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ashine, M" uniqKey="Ashine M">M Ashine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zeleke, Z" uniqKey="Zeleke Z">Z Zeleke</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, G" uniqKey="Davey G">G Davey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oomen, Ap" uniqKey="Oomen A">AP Oomen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Price, Ew" uniqKey="Price E">EW Price</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deribe, K" uniqKey="Deribe K">K Deribe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brooker, Sj" uniqKey="Brooker S">SJ Brooker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rl" uniqKey="Pullan R">RL Pullan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sime, H" uniqKey="Sime H">H Sime</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gebretsadik, A" uniqKey="Gebretsadik A">A Gebretsadik</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alemu, G" uniqKey="Alemu G">G Alemu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tekola, Ayele F" uniqKey="Tekola A">Ayele F Tekola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daniel, T" uniqKey="Daniel T">T Daniel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahrens, C" uniqKey="Ahrens C">C Ahrens</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, G" uniqKey="Davey G">G Davey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Desta, K" uniqKey="Desta K">K Desta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ashine, M" uniqKey="Ashine M">M Ashine</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, G" uniqKey="Davey G">G Davey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Geshere, Oli G" uniqKey="Geshere O">Oli G Geshere</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tekola, Ayele F" uniqKey="Tekola A">Ayele F Tekola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Petros, B" uniqKey="Petros B">B Petros</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Molla, Yb" uniqKey="Molla Y">YB Molla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomczyk, S" uniqKey="Tomczyk S">S Tomczyk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amberbir, T" uniqKey="Amberbir T">T Amberbir</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tamiru, A" uniqKey="Tamiru A">A Tamiru</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, G" uniqKey="Davey G">G Davey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tekola, Ayele F" uniqKey="Tekola A">Ayele F Tekola</name></author><author><name sortKey="Alemu, G" uniqKey="Alemu G">G Alemu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Davey, G" uniqKey="Davey G">G Davey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ahrens, C" uniqKey="Ahrens C">C Ahrens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deribe, K" uniqKey="Deribe K">K Deribe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brooker, Sj" uniqKey="Brooker S">SJ Brooker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rl" uniqKey="Pullan R">RL Pullan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hailu, A" uniqKey="Hailu A">A Hailu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enquselassie, F" uniqKey="Enquselassie F">F Enquselassie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sime, H" uniqKey="Sime H">H Sime</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deribe, K" uniqKey="Deribe K">K Deribe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Assefa, A" uniqKey="Assefa A">A Assefa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newport, Mj" uniqKey="Newport M">MJ Newport</name></author><author><name sortKey="Enquselassie, F" uniqKey="Enquselassie F">F Enquselassie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hailu, A" uniqKey="Hailu A">A Hailu</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Shiferaw, W" uniqKey="Shiferaw W">W Shiferaw</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kebede, T" uniqKey="Kebede T">T Kebede</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graves, Pm" uniqKey="Graves P">PM Graves</name></author><author><name sortKey="Golasa, L" uniqKey="Golasa L">L Golasa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gebre, T" uniqKey="Gebre T">T Gebre</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Farr, Tg" uniqKey="Farr T">TG Farr</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kobrick, M" uniqKey="Kobrick M">M Kobrick</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hijmans, Rj" uniqKey="Hijmans R">RJ Hijmans</name></author><author><name sortKey="Cameron, Se" uniqKey="Cameron S">SE Cameron</name></author><author><name sortKey="Parra, Jl" uniqKey="Parra J">JL Parra</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jones, Pg" uniqKey="Jones P">PG Jones</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jarvis, A" uniqKey="Jarvis A">A Jarvis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tatem, Aj" uniqKey="Tatem A">AJ Tatem</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noor, Am" uniqKey="Noor A">AM Noor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Von Hagen, C" uniqKey="Von Hagen C">C von Hagen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Di Gregorio, A" uniqKey="Di Gregorio A">A Di Gregorio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Si, H" uniqKey="Si H">H SI</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Linard, C" uniqKey="Linard C">C Linard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gilbert, M" uniqKey="Gilbert M">M Gilbert</name></author><author><name sortKey="Snow, Rw" uniqKey="Snow R">RW Snow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noor, Am" uniqKey="Noor A">AM Noor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tatem, Aj" uniqKey="Tatem A">AJ Tatem</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Balk, Dl" uniqKey="Balk D">DL Balk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deichmann, U" uniqKey="Deichmann U">U Deichmann</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yetman, G" uniqKey="Yetman G">G Yetman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pozzi, F" uniqKey="Pozzi F">F Pozzi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hay, Si" uniqKey="Hay S">SI Hay</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elvidge, De" uniqKey="Elvidge D">DE Elvidge</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baugh, Ke" uniqKey="Baugh K">KE Baugh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dietz, Jb" uniqKey="Dietz J">JB Dietz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bland, T" uniqKey="Bland T">T Bland</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sutton, Pc" uniqKey="Sutton P">PC Sutton</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zomer, Rj" uniqKey="Zomer R">RJ Zomer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trabucco, A" uniqKey="Trabucco A">A Trabucco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bossio, Da" uniqKey="Bossio D">DA Bossio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Straaten, O" uniqKey="Van Straaten O">O van Straaten</name></author><author><name sortKey="Verchot, Lv" uniqKey="Verchot L">LV Verchot</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zomer, Rj" uniqKey="Zomer R">RJ Zomer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bossio, Da" uniqKey="Bossio D">DA Bossio</name></author><author><name sortKey="Trabucco, A" uniqKey="Trabucco A">A Trabucco</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yuanjie, L" uniqKey="Yuanjie L">L Yuanjie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gupta, Dc" uniqKey="Gupta D">DC Gupta</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="De Th, G" uniqKey="De Th G">G De’ath</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elith, J" uniqKey="Elith J">J Elith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Leathwick, Jr" uniqKey="Leathwick J">JR Leathwick</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hastie, T" uniqKey="Hastie T">T Hastie</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Pigott, Dm" uniqKey="Pigott D">DM Pigott</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bhatt, S" uniqKey="Bhatt S">S Bhatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, N" uniqKey="Golding N">N Golding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duda, Ka" uniqKey="Duda K">KA Duda</name></author><author><name sortKey="Battle, Ke" uniqKey="Battle K">KE Battle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Bhatt, S" uniqKey="Bhatt S">S Bhatt</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gething, Pw" uniqKey="Gething P">PW Gething</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brady, Oj" uniqKey="Brady O">OJ Brady</name></author><author><name sortKey="Messina, Jp" uniqKey="Messina J">JP Messina</name></author><author><name sortKey="Farlow, Aw" uniqKey="Farlow A">AW Farlow</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sinka, Me" uniqKey="Sinka M">ME Sinka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bangs, Mj" uniqKey="Bangs M">MJ Bangs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Manguin, S" uniqKey="Manguin S">S Manguin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rubio Palis, Y" uniqKey="Rubio Palis Y">Y Rubio-Palis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chareonviriyaphap, T" uniqKey="Chareonviriyaphap T">T Chareonviriyaphap</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cano, J" uniqKey="Cano J">J Cano</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rebollo, Mp" uniqKey="Rebollo M">MP Rebollo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Golding, N" uniqKey="Golding N">N Golding</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rl" uniqKey="Pullan R">RL Pullan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Crellen, T" uniqKey="Crellen T">T Crellen</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Elith, J" uniqKey="Elith J">J Elith</name></author><author><name sortKey="Graham, Ch" uniqKey="Graham C">CH Graham</name></author><author><name sortKey="Anderson, Rp" uniqKey="Anderson R">RP Anderson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dudik, M" uniqKey="Dudik M">M Dudik</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrier, S" uniqKey="Ferrier S">S Ferrier</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Birrie, H" uniqKey="Birrie H">H Birrie</name></author><author><name sortKey="Balcha, F" uniqKey="Balcha F">F Balcha</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jemaneh, L" uniqKey="Jemaneh L">L Jemaneh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kloos, H" uniqKey="Kloos H">H Kloos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kello, Ab" uniqKey="Kello A">AB Kello</name></author><author><name sortKey="Addus, A" uniqKey="Addus A">A Addus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mengistu, G" uniqKey="Mengistu G">G Mengistu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Humber, D" uniqKey="Humber D">D Humber</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ersumo, M" uniqKey="Ersumo M">M Ersumo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mamo, T" uniqKey="Mamo T">T Mamo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Brooker, S" uniqKey="Brooker S">S Brooker</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hay, Si" uniqKey="Hay S">SI Hay</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bundy, Da" uniqKey="Bundy D">DA Bundy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Price, Ew" uniqKey="Price E">EW Price</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davey, G" uniqKey="Davey G">G Davey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Deribe, K" uniqKey="Deribe K">K Deribe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tomczyk, S" uniqKey="Tomczyk S">S Tomczyk</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tekola Ayele, F" uniqKey="Tekola Ayele F">F Tekola-Ayele</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Price, Ew" uniqKey="Price E">EW Price</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bailey, D" uniqKey="Bailey D">D Bailey</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Price, E" uniqKey="Price E">E Price</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Davey, G" uniqKey="Davey G">G Davey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gebrehanna, E" uniqKey="Gebrehanna E">E GebreHanna</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adeyemo, A" uniqKey="Adeyemo A">A Adeyemo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rotimi, C" uniqKey="Rotimi C">C Rotimi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newport, M" uniqKey="Newport M">M Newport</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Price, Ew" uniqKey="Price E">EW Price</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gyapong, Jo" uniqKey="Gyapong J">JO Gyapong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Remme, Jh" uniqKey="Remme J">JH Remme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Levin, Sa" uniqKey="Levin S">SA Levin</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Wiens, Ja" uniqKey="Wiens J">JA Wiens</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Molla, Yb" uniqKey="Molla Y">YB Molla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wardrop, Na" uniqKey="Wardrop N">NA Wardrop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Le Blond, Js" uniqKey="Le Blond J">JS Le Blond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baxter, P" uniqKey="Baxter P">P Baxter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Newport, Mj" uniqKey="Newport M">MJ Newport</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Magalhaes, Rj" uniqKey="Magalhaes R">RJ Magalhães</name></author><author><name sortKey="Langa, A" uniqKey="Langa A">A Langa</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sousa Figueiredo, Jc" uniqKey="Sousa Figueiredo J">JC Sousa-Figueiredo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Clements, Ac" uniqKey="Clements A">AC Clements</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nery, Sv" uniqKey="Nery S">SV Nery</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Giraudoux, P" uniqKey="Giraudoux P">P Giraudoux</name></author><author><name sortKey="Raoul, F" uniqKey="Raoul F">F Raoul</name></author><author><name sortKey="Pleydell, D" uniqKey="Pleydell D">D Pleydell</name></author><author><name sortKey="Li, T" uniqKey="Li T">T Li</name></author><author><name sortKey="Han, X" uniqKey="Han X">X Han</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Molla, Yb" uniqKey="Molla Y">YB Molla</name></author><author><name sortKey="Le Blond, Js" uniqKey="Le Blond J">JS Le Blond</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wardrop, N" uniqKey="Wardrop N">N Wardrop</name></author><author><name sortKey="Baxter, P" uniqKey="Baxter P">P Baxter</name></author><author><name sortKey="Atkinson, Pm" uniqKey="Atkinson P">PM Atkinson</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tekola Ayele, F" uniqKey="Tekola Ayele F">F Tekola Ayele</name></author><author><name sortKey="Adeyemo, A" uniqKey="Adeyemo A">A Adeyemo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Finan, C" uniqKey="Finan C">C Finan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hailu, E" uniqKey="Hailu E">E Hailu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sinnott, P" uniqKey="Sinnott P">P Sinnott</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ayode, D" uniqKey="Ayode D">D Ayode</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbride, Cm" uniqKey="Mcbride C">CM McBride</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Heer, H" uniqKey="De Heer H">H de Heer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, E" uniqKey="Watanabe E">E Watanabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gebreyesus, T" uniqKey="Gebreyesus T">T Gebreyesus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ayode, D" uniqKey="Ayode D">D Ayode</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mcbride, Cm" uniqKey="Mcbride C">CM McBride</name></author><author><name sortKey="De Heer, Hd" uniqKey="De Heer H">HD de Heer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Watanabe, E" uniqKey="Watanabe E">E Watanabe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gebreyesus, T" uniqKey="Gebreyesus T">T Gebreyesus</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, CA USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">26222887</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4519246</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003946</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PNTD-D-14-02038</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Mapping and Modelling the Geographical Distribution and Environmental Limits of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia</article-title><alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Mapping the Geographical Distribution of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia</alt-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deribe</surname><given-names>Kebede</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref rid="cor001" ref-type="corresp">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cano</surname><given-names>Jorge</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Newport</surname><given-names>Melanie J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Golding</surname><given-names>Nick</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pullan</surname><given-names>Rachel L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sime</surname><given-names>Heven</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gebretsadik</surname><given-names>Abeba</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Assefa</surname><given-names>Ashenafi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kebede</surname><given-names>Amha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff005"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hailu</surname><given-names>Asrat</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff006"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rebollo</surname><given-names>Maria P.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shafi</surname><given-names>Oumer</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff008"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bockarie</surname><given-names>Moses J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff007"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aseffa</surname><given-names>Abraham</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff009"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hay</surname><given-names>Simon I.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff004"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff010"><sup>10</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff011"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Reithinger</surname><given-names>Richard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff012"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Enquselassie</surname><given-names>Fikre</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff002"><sup>2</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davey</surname><given-names>Gail</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff001"><sup>1</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brooker</surname><given-names>Simon J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff003"><sup>3</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff001"><label>1</label><addr-line>Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff002"><label>2</label><addr-line>School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff003"><label>3</label><addr-line>Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff004"><label>4</label><addr-line>Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff005"><label>5</label><addr-line>Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff006"><label>6</label><addr-line>School of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff007"><label>7</label><addr-line>Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff008"><label>8</label><addr-line>Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff009"><label>9</label><addr-line>Armauer Hansen Research Institute/ALERT, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff010"><label>10</label><addr-line>Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff011"><label>11</label><addr-line>Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff012"><label>12</label><addr-line>RTI International, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Soares Magalhaes</surname><given-names>Ricardo J.</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>School of Population Health, University of Queensland, AUSTRALIA</addr-line></aff><author-notes><fn fn-type="conflict" id="coi001"><p>The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn><fn fn-type="con" id="contrib001"><p>Conceived and designed the experiments: KD MJN GD SJB. Performed the experiments: KD HS AG AAss AH OS GD. Analyzed the data: KD JC NG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KD JC NG RLP MPR MJB SIH GD SJB AAss AAse. Wrote the paper: KD JC MJN NG RLP HS AG AAss AK AH MPR OS MJB AAse SIH RR FE GD SJB.</p></fn><corresp id="cor001">* E-mail: <email>kebededeka@yahoo.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>7</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>e0003946</elocation-id><history><date date-type="received"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>2</day><month>7</month><year>2015</year></date></history><permissions><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"><license-p>This is an open-access article, free of all copyright, and may be freely reproduced, distributed, transmitted, modified, built upon, or otherwise used by anyone for any lawful purpose. The work is made available under the Creative Commons CC0 public domain dedication.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="pntd.0003946.pdf"></self-uri><abstract><sec id="sec001"><title>Background</title><p>Ethiopia is assumed to have the highest burden of podoconiosis globally, but the geographical distribution and environmental limits and correlates are yet to be fully investigated. In this paper we use data from a nationwide survey to address these issues.</p></sec><sec id="sec002"><title>Methodology</title><p>Our analyses are based on data arising from the integrated mapping of podoconiosis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) conducted in 2013, supplemented by data from an earlier mapping of LF in western Ethiopia in 2008–2010. The integrated mapping used <italic>woreda</italic> (district) health offices’ reports of podoconiosis and LF to guide selection of survey sites. A suite of environmental and climatic data and boosted regression tree (BRT) modelling was used to investigate environmental limits and predict the probability of podoconiosis occurrence.</p></sec><sec id="sec003"><title>Principal Findings</title><p>Data were available for 141,238 individuals from 1,442 communities in 775 districts from all nine regional states and two city administrations of Ethiopia. In 41.9% of surveyed districts no cases of podoconiosis were identified, with all districts in Affar, Dire Dawa, Somali and Gambella regional states lacking the disease. The disease was most common, with lymphoedema positivity rate exceeding 5%, in the central highlands of Ethiopia, in Amhara, Oromia and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples regional states. BRT modelling indicated that the probability of podoconiosis occurrence increased with increasing altitude, precipitation and silt fraction of soil and decreased with population density and clay content. Based on the BRT model, we estimate that in 2010, 34.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.2–51.7) million people (i.e. 43.8%; 95% CI: 25.3–64.8% of Ethiopia’s national population) lived in areas environmentally suitable for the occurrence of podoconiosis.</p></sec><sec id="sec004"><title>Conclusions</title><p>Podoconiosis is more widespread in Ethiopia than previously estimated, but occurs in distinct geographical regions that are tied to identifiable environmental factors. The resultant maps can be used to guide programme planning and implementation and estimate disease burden in Ethiopia. This work provides a framework with which the geographical limits of podoconiosis could be delineated at a continental scale.</p></sec></abstract><abstract abstract-type="summary"><title>Author Summary</title><p>Podoconiosis is a neglected tropical disease that results in swelling of the lower legs and feet. It is common among barefoot individuals with prolonged contact with irritant soils of volcanic origin. The disease causes significant social and economic burden. The disease can be prevented by consistent shoe wearing and regular foot hygiene. A pre-requisite for implementation of prevention and morbidity management is information on where the disease is endemic and the identification of priority areas. We undertook nationwide mapping of podoconiosis in Ethiopia covering 1442 communities in 775 districts all over Ethiopia. During the survey, individuals underwent a rapid-format antigen test for diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis and clinical history and physical examination for podoconiosis. A suite of environmental and climatic data and a method called boosted regression tree modelling was used to predict the occurrence of podoconiosis. Our survey results indicated that podoconiosis is more widespread in Ethiopia than previously estimated. The modelling indicated that the probability of podoconiosis occurrence increased with increasing altitude, precipitation and silt fraction of soil and decreased with more clay content and population density. The map showed that in 2010, 34.9 million people lived in areas environmentally suitable for the occurrence of podoconiosis in Ethiopia.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>This study was financially supported by The Wellcome Trust [grant number 099876]. KD is supported by a Wellcome Trust Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine [grant number 099876]. GD is supported by a Wellcome Trust University award [grant number 091956] to do work in podoconiosis. SJB is supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellowship in Basic Biomedical Science [grant number 098045], which also supports RLP and the Global Atlas of Helminth Infections (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.thiswormyworld.org">www.thiswormyworld.org</ext-link>). SIH is funded by a Senior Research Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust (#095066), which also supports NG and a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (#OPP1093011). SIH would also like to acknowledge funding support from the RAPIDD program of the Science & Technology Directorate, Department of Homeland Security, and the Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><fig-count count="5"></fig-count><table-count count="3"></table-count><page-count count="18"></page-count></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta id="data-availability"><meta-name>Data Availability</meta-name><meta-value>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta><notes><title>Data Availability</title><p>All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.</p></notes></front></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/LymphedemaV1/Data/Pmc/Curation
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000398 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd -nk 000398 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= LymphedemaV1
|flux= Pmc
|étape= Curation
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:4519246
|texte= Mapping and Modelling the Geographical Distribution and Environmental Limits of Podoconiosis in Ethiopia
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:26222887" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Pmc/Curation/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a LymphedemaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. |  |