High Body Mass Index and Young Age Are not Associated with Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Case-Control Study
Identifieur interne : 000343 ( Pmc/Curation ); précédent : 000342; suivant : 000344High Body Mass Index and Young Age Are not Associated with Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Case-Control Study
Auteurs : Roghayeh Shahbazi [Iran] ; Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari [Iran] ; Morteza Hashemian [Iran] ; Mehrnaz Abbasi [Iran] ; Saba Jalali [Iran] ; Reza Homayounfar [Iran] ; Sayed Hossein Davoodi [Iran]Source :
- Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention [ 2008-2398 ] ; 2015.
Abstract
Surgery is usually the first treatment for breast cancer which is followed by some complications such as chronic pain. Post mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is a common complication among breast cancer survivors and is considered as a chronic neuropathic pain in the side of surgery which persists more than three months. The exact mechanisms and related risk factors of the chronic pain after breast surgery are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) and age with PMPS.
In this case-control study, a total of 122 women were assessed; of these, 61 women were diagnosed with PMPS and selected as cases and 61 pain-free patients were selected as controls. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants were collected through questionnaires and medical record of patients. Logistic regression model was used to determine the association of BMI and age with PMPS, adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics.
No significant differences were found in means of weight (68.02±8.80 vs. 68.67±11.82, p=0.726), BMI (26.38±3.28 vs. 27.10±6.03, p=0.410), and age (46.34±11.67 vs. 48.54±12.57, p=0.319) between those with PMPS and those not reporting PMPS. A non-significant slight increase in odds ratio of PMPS was observed in obese category compared to normal weight category [OR=1.152 (95% CI 0.405-3.275), p=0.908], but after adjusting the confounding factors, the risk of pain development was attenuated in obese subjects [OR=0.748 (95% CI 0.228-2.459), p=0.633]. Also, non-significant decrease in odds ratios of PMPS was found in 20-39 y, 40-49 y, and 50-59 y ages categories compared to oldest age category [adjusted OR= 0.781 (95% CI 0.213-2.866), p=0.576; adjusted OR=0.485 (95% CI 0.152- 1.554), p=0.183; adjusted OR=0.735 (95% CI 0.206-2.627), p=0.628; respectively].
In contrast with some observational studies, present study showed that high BMI and younger age might not be associated with increased risk of PMPS development. Further research is necessary to determine the main risk factors and directionality and causal mechanisms for associations of these risk factors with chronic pain after mastectomy.
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PubMed: 25821568
PubMed Central: 4360348
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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">High Body Mass Index and Young Age Are not Associated with Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Case-Control Study</title><author><name sortKey="Shahbazi, Roghayeh" sort="Shahbazi, Roghayeh" uniqKey="Shahbazi R" first="Roghayeh" last="Shahbazi">Roghayeh Shahbazi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-IJCP-08-029">National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil" sort="Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil" uniqKey="Akbari M" first="Mohammad Esmaeil" last="Akbari">Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-IJCP-08-029">Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashemian, Morteza" sort="Hashemian, Morteza" uniqKey="Hashemian M" first="Morteza" last="Hashemian">Morteza Hashemian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-IJCP-08-029">Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abbasi, Mehrnaz" sort="Abbasi, Mehrnaz" uniqKey="Abbasi M" first="Mehrnaz" last="Abbasi">Mehrnaz Abbasi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff 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first="Reza" last="Homayounfar">Reza Homayounfar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-IJCP-08-029">Dept. of Biochemistry, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Biochemistry, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davoodi, Sayed Hossein" sort="Davoodi, Sayed Hossein" uniqKey="Davoodi S" first="Sayed Hossein" last="Davoodi">Sayed Hossein Davoodi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-IJCP-08-029">Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic, National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic, National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 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wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-IJCP-08-029">National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil" sort="Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil" uniqKey="Akbari M" first="Mohammad Esmaeil" last="Akbari">Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af2-IJCP-08-029">Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hashemian, Morteza" sort="Hashemian, Morteza" uniqKey="Hashemian M" first="Morteza" last="Hashemian">Morteza Hashemian</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af3-IJCP-08-029">Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Abbasi, Mehrnaz" sort="Abbasi, Mehrnaz" uniqKey="Abbasi M" first="Mehrnaz" last="Abbasi">Mehrnaz Abbasi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-IJCP-08-029">National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jalali, Saba" sort="Jalali, Saba" uniqKey="Jalali S" first="Saba" last="Jalali">Saba Jalali</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af1-IJCP-08-029">National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Homayounfar, Reza" sort="Homayounfar, Reza" uniqKey="Homayounfar R" first="Reza" last="Homayounfar">Reza Homayounfar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af4-IJCP-08-029">Dept. of Biochemistry, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Biochemistry, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Davoodi, Sayed Hossein" sort="Davoodi, Sayed Hossein" uniqKey="Davoodi S" first="Sayed Hossein" last="Davoodi">Sayed Hossein Davoodi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="af5-IJCP-08-029">Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic, National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Iran</country><wicri:regionArea>Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic, National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention</title><idno type="ISSN">2008-2398</idno><idno type="eISSN">2008-2401</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Background</title><p>Surgery is usually the first treatment for breast cancer which is followed by some complications such as chronic pain. Post mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is a common complication among breast cancer survivors and is considered as a chronic neuropathic pain in the side of surgery which persists more than three months. The exact mechanisms and related risk factors of the chronic pain after breast surgery are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) and age with PMPS.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Methods</title><p>In this case-control study, a total of 122 women were assessed; of these, 61 women were diagnosed with PMPS and selected as cases and 61 pain-free patients were selected as controls. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants were collected through questionnaires and medical record of patients. Logistic regression model was used to determine the association of BMI and age with PMPS, adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results</title><p>No significant differences were found in means of weight (68.02±8.80 vs. 68.67±11.82, p=0.726), BMI (26.38±3.28 vs. 27.10±6.03, p=0.410), and age (46.34±11.67 vs. 48.54±12.57, p=0.319) between those with PMPS and those not reporting PMPS. A non-significant slight increase in odds ratio of PMPS was observed in obese category compared to normal weight category [OR=1.152 (95% CI 0.405-3.275), p=0.908], but after adjusting the confounding factors, the risk of pain development was attenuated in obese subjects [OR=0.748 (95% CI 0.228-2.459), p=0.633]. Also, non-significant decrease in odds ratios of PMPS was found in 20-39 y, 40-49 y, and 50-59 y ages categories compared to oldest age category [adjusted OR= 0.781 (95% CI 0.213-2.866), p=0.576; adjusted OR=0.485 (95% CI 0.152- 1.554), p=0.183; adjusted OR=0.735 (95% CI 0.206-2.627), p=0.628; respectively].</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>In contrast with some observational studies, present study showed that high BMI and younger age might not be associated with increased risk of PMPS development. Further research is necessary to determine the main risk factors and directionality and causal mechanisms for associations of these risk factors with chronic pain after mastectomy.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mejdahl, Mk" uniqKey="Mejdahl M">MK Mejdahl</name></author><author><name sortKey="Andersen, Kg" uniqKey="Andersen K">KG Andersen</name></author><author><name sortKey="G Rtner, R" uniqKey="G Rtner R">R Gärtner</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kroman, N" uniqKey="Kroman N">N Kroman</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kehlet, H" uniqKey="Kehlet H">H Kehlet</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Cronin Fenton, Dp" uniqKey="Cronin Fenton D">DP Cronin-Fenton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norgaard, M" uniqKey="Norgaard M">M Norgaard</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacobsen, J" uniqKey="Jacobsen J">J Jacobsen</name></author><author><name 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Iran J Cancer Prev</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Iran J Cancer Prev</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJCP</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2008-2398</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2008-2401</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25821568</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4360348</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJCP-08-029</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>High Body Mass Index and Young Age Are not Associated with Post-Mastectomy Pain Syndrome in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Case-Control Study</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shahbazi</surname><given-names>Roghayeh</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-IJCP-08-029">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Akbari</surname><given-names>Mohammad Esmaeil</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af2-IJCP-08-029">2</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hashemian</surname><given-names>Morteza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af3-IJCP-08-029">3</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Abbasi</surname><given-names>Mehrnaz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-IJCP-08-029">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jalali</surname><given-names>Saba</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af1-IJCP-08-029">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Homayounfar</surname><given-names>Reza</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af4-IJCP-08-029">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davoodi</surname><given-names>Sayed Hossein</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="af5-IJCP-08-029">5</xref><xref rid="c1-IJCP-08-029" ref-type="corresp"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="af1-IJCP-08-029"><label>1</label>National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="af2-IJCP-08-029"><label>2</label>Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</aff><aff id="af3-IJCP-08-029"><label>3</label>Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran</aff><aff id="af4-IJCP-08-029"><label>4</label>Dept. of Biochemistry, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran</aff><aff id="af5-IJCP-08-029"><label>5</label>Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic, National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran</aff><author-notes><corresp id="c1-IJCP-08-029">Corresponding Author:
Sayed Hossein Davoodi, PhD;
Associated Professor
Tel: (+98) 912 8115284
Email: <email xlink:href="hdavoodi1345@gmail.com">hdavoodi1345@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>Jan-Feb</season><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received"><day>10</day><month>9</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement>© 2014 Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/" license-type="open-access"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited properly.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Background</title><p>Surgery is usually the first treatment for breast cancer which is followed by some complications such as chronic pain. Post mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is a common complication among breast cancer survivors and is considered as a chronic neuropathic pain in the side of surgery which persists more than three months. The exact mechanisms and related risk factors of the chronic pain after breast surgery are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) and age with PMPS.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Methods</title><p>In this case-control study, a total of 122 women were assessed; of these, 61 women were diagnosed with PMPS and selected as cases and 61 pain-free patients were selected as controls. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants were collected through questionnaires and medical record of patients. Logistic regression model was used to determine the association of BMI and age with PMPS, adjusted for demographic and clinical characteristics.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Results</title><p>No significant differences were found in means of weight (68.02±8.80 vs. 68.67±11.82, p=0.726), BMI (26.38±3.28 vs. 27.10±6.03, p=0.410), and age (46.34±11.67 vs. 48.54±12.57, p=0.319) between those with PMPS and those not reporting PMPS. A non-significant slight increase in odds ratio of PMPS was observed in obese category compared to normal weight category [OR=1.152 (95% CI 0.405-3.275), p=0.908], but after adjusting the confounding factors, the risk of pain development was attenuated in obese subjects [OR=0.748 (95% CI 0.228-2.459), p=0.633]. Also, non-significant decrease in odds ratios of PMPS was found in 20-39 y, 40-49 y, and 50-59 y ages categories compared to oldest age category [adjusted OR= 0.781 (95% CI 0.213-2.866), p=0.576; adjusted OR=0.485 (95% CI 0.152- 1.554), p=0.183; adjusted OR=0.735 (95% CI 0.206-2.627), p=0.628; respectively].</p></sec><sec id="st4"><title>Conclusion</title><p>In contrast with some observational studies, present study showed that high BMI and younger age might not be associated with increased risk of PMPS development. Further research is necessary to determine the main risk factors and directionality and causal mechanisms for associations of these risk factors with chronic pain after mastectomy.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><kwd>Breast cancer</kwd><kwd>Post-mastectomy pain syndrome</kwd><kwd>BMI</kwd><kwd>Age</kwd><kwd>Risk factors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><floats-group><table-wrap id="t1-IJCP-08-029" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>It shows demographic characteristics of participants.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="middle"><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMPS positive </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMPS negative </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">p value</th></tr><tr valign="middle"><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">(n=61)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">(n=61)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">(n=122)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age groups</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 20-39</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (21.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (23) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (22.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.552</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 40-49</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">25 (41)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (29.5) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (35.2) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 50-59</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (24.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (27.8) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">32 (26.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- ≥60</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (13.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (19.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">20 (16.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Employment status</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Employed </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (45.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (57.4) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (51.6) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.277</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Unemployed</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (54.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (42.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">59 (48.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Marital status</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Single </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (9.8) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (11.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (10.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.958</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Married </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51 (83.6) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">50 (82)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">101 (82.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Divorced</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (6.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (6.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (6.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Education</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Less than high school diploma
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (16.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (29.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (23)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.002</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- High school diploma</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (29.5) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (47.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (38.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Higher education
</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (54.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14 (23)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47 (38.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t2-IJCP-08-029" position="float"><label>Table 2</label><caption><p>It shows clinical characteristics of participants.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="middle"><th align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMPS positive </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMPS negative </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">p value</th></tr><tr valign="middle"><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">(n=61)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">(n=61)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">(n=122)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N (%)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>BMI groups</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 18.5-24.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (36.1) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (34.5) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (35.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.778</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 25-29.9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (47.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">29 (47.5) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">58 (47.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- ≥30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (16.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (18)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (17.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Breast cancer type<xref rid="tfn1-IJCP-08-029" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- DCIS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (4.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3.3) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.345</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- IDC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">55 (90.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48 (78.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">103 (84.1) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- ILC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1(1.6) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (8.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (4.9) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- IDC+DCIS</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (4.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (4.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- IDC+ILC</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (4.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Stage of cancer</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Stage I</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15 (24.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (19.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27 (22.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.222</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Stage II</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">35 (57.4) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (45.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">63 (51.6) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Stage Ш</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (16.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (29.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (23)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Stage IV</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (4.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Surgery type</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Breast conserving surgery</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">49 (80.3) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">45 (73.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">94 (77.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.519</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Modified radical mastectomy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12 (19.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 (26.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">28 (23.0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Comorbidity </bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Yes </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">22 (36.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18 (29.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">40 (32.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.563</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">39 (63.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">43 (70.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">82 (67.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Pain before surgery </bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17 (27.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (14.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26 (21.3) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.16</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">42 (68.8) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46 (75.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">88 (72.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Not recorded</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (9.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8 (6.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Number of nods excised </bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 1-9</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37 (60.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">38 (62.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">75 (61.4) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.803</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 10-20</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23 (37.7)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (34.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">44 (36.1) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- 21-30</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2 (3.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (2.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Infection </bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (8.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0 (0)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5 (4.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.022</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">56 (91.8%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61 (100)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">117 (95.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lymphedema </bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Yes</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (4.9) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (1.6%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (3.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.328</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- No</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">52 (85.3%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">57 (93.5%) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109 (89.3)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Not recorded</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (9.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3 (4.9%)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (7.4)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Adjuvant therapy</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Hormone/chemo/radio-therapy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">33 (54.1)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34 (55.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">67 (54.9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.542</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Hormone/chemo-therapy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (6.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9 (14.8)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13 (10.7) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Hormone/radio-therapy</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6 (9.8) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (6.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (8.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- Chemo/radio-therapy </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (18)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 (16.4) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21 (17.2)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">- None</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7 (11.5)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4 (6.6)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11 (9)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table><table-wrap-foot><fn id="tfn1-IJCP-08-029"><label>*</label><p>DCIS, Ductal Carcinoma in Situ; IDC, Invasive Ductal Carcinoma; ILC, Invasive Lobular Carcinoma;</p></fn><fn id="tfn2-IJCP-08-029"><p>IDC+DCIS, Invasive Ductal Carcinoma and Ductal Carcinoma In Situ; IDC+ILC, Invasive Ductal Carcinoma and Invasive Lobular Carcinoma</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t3-IJCP-08-029" position="float"><label>Table 3</label><caption><p>It shows comparison of mean (S.D) of some anthropometric measures and age between cases and controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="middle"><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Characteristics</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMPS positive </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">PMPS negative </th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">p value</th></tr><tr valign="middle"><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N=61</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">N=61</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr><tr><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean±SD</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mean±SD</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1"></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Age</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">46.34±11.67</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">48.54±12.57</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.319</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Weight (kg)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.02±8.80</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">68.67±11.82</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.729</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Height (cm)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">160.62±5.98</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">159.97±9.52</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.650</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Body mass index</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.38±3.28</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.10±6.03</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.410</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap><table-wrap id="t4-IJCP-08-029" position="float"><label>Table 4</label><caption><p>It shows comparison of mean (S.D) of some anthropometric measures and age between cases and controls.</p></caption><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><thead><tr valign="middle"><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Variable</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Odds ratio (95% CI)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">p value</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)</th><th rowspan="1" colspan="1">P-value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>BMI</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Normal weight (18.5-24.9) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Over weight (25-29.9) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.048 (0.476-2.306) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.965</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.740 (0.298-1.836) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.516</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Obese (≥30)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.152 (0.405-3.275)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.908</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.748 (0.228-2.459)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.633</td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><hr></hr></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Age</bold></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">20-39 y </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.718 (0.223- 2.315) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.579</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.781 (0.213-2.866)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.710</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">40-49 y</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.480 (0.163- 1.414) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.183</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.485 (0.152-1.554)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.224</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">50-59 y </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.756 (0.243-2.345)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.628</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.735 (0.206-2.627) </td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.636 </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">≥60 y</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1 (Reference)</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td></tr></tbody></table></table-wrap></floats-group></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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