The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases
Identifieur interne : 004361 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 004360; suivant : 004362The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases
Auteurs : Peter J. Hotez ; Miriam Alvarado ; María-Gloria Basá Ez ; Ian Bolliger ; Rupert Bourne ; Michel Boussinesq ; Simon J. Brooker ; Ami Shah Brown ; Geoffrey Buckle ; Christine M. Budke ; Hélène Carabin ; Luc E. Coffeng ; Eric M. Fèvre ; Thomas Fürst ; Yara A. Halasa ; Rashmi Jasrasaria ; Nicole E. Johns ; Jennifer Keiser ; Charles H. King ; Rafael Lozano ; Michele E. Murdoch ; Simon O'Hanlon ; Sébastien D. S. Pion ; Rachel L. Pullan ; Kapa D. Ramaiah ; Thomas Roberts ; Donald S. Shepard ; Jennifer L. Smith ; Wilma A. Stolk ; Eduardo A. Undurraga ; Jürg Utzinger ; Mengru Wang ; Christopher J. L. Murray ; Mohsen NaghaviSource :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2014.
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865
PubMed: 25058013
PubMed Central: 4109880
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PMC:4109880Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><author><name sortKey="Hotez, Peter J" sort="Hotez, Peter J" uniqKey="Hotez P" first="Peter J." last="Hotez">Peter J. Hotez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>James A. Baker III Institute at Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarado, Miriam" sort="Alvarado, Miriam" uniqKey="Alvarado M" first="Miriam" last="Alvarado">Miriam Alvarado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basa Ez, Maria Gloria" sort="Basa Ez, Maria Gloria" uniqKey="Basa Ez M" first="María-Gloria" last="Basá Ez">María-Gloria Basá Ez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolliger, Ian" sort="Bolliger, Ian" uniqKey="Bolliger I" first="Ian" last="Bolliger">Ian Bolliger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bourne, Rupert" sort="Bourne, Rupert" uniqKey="Bourne R" first="Rupert" last="Bourne">Rupert Bourne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boussinesq, Michel" sort="Boussinesq, Michel" uniqKey="Boussinesq M" first="Michel" last="Boussinesq">Michel Boussinesq</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooker, Simon J" sort="Brooker, Simon J" uniqKey="Brooker S" first="Simon J." last="Brooker">Simon J. Brooker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Ami Shah" sort="Brown, Ami Shah" uniqKey="Brown A" first="Ami Shah" last="Brown">Ami Shah Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buckle, Geoffrey" sort="Buckle, Geoffrey" uniqKey="Buckle G" first="Geoffrey" last="Buckle">Geoffrey Buckle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Budke, Christine M" sort="Budke, Christine M" uniqKey="Budke C" first="Christine M." last="Budke">Christine M. Budke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carabin, Helene" sort="Carabin, Helene" uniqKey="Carabin H" first="Hélène" last="Carabin">Hélène Carabin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coffeng, Luc E" sort="Coffeng, Luc E" uniqKey="Coffeng L" first="Luc E." last="Coffeng">Luc E. Coffeng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fevre, Eric M" sort="Fevre, Eric M" uniqKey="Fevre E" first="Eric M." last="Fèvre">Eric M. Fèvre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furst, Thomas" sort="Furst, Thomas" uniqKey="Furst T" first="Thomas" last="Fürst">Thomas Fürst</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halasa, Yara A" sort="Halasa, Yara A" uniqKey="Halasa Y" first="Yara A." last="Halasa">Yara A. Halasa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jasrasaria, Rashmi" sort="Jasrasaria, Rashmi" uniqKey="Jasrasaria R" first="Rashmi" last="Jasrasaria">Rashmi Jasrasaria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johns, Nicole E" sort="Johns, Nicole E" uniqKey="Johns N" first="Nicole E." last="Johns">Nicole E. Johns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keiser, Jennifer" sort="Keiser, Jennifer" uniqKey="Keiser J" first="Jennifer" last="Keiser">Jennifer Keiser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="King, Charles H" sort="King, Charles H" uniqKey="King C" first="Charles H." last="King">Charles H. King</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano, Rafael" sort="Lozano, Rafael" uniqKey="Lozano R" first="Rafael" last="Lozano">Rafael Lozano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murdoch, Michele E" sort="Murdoch, Michele E" uniqKey="Murdoch M" first="Michele E." last="Murdoch">Michele E. Murdoch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>Watford General Hospital, Watford, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Hanlon, Simon" sort="O Hanlon, Simon" uniqKey="O Hanlon S" first="Simon" last="O'Hanlon">Simon O'Hanlon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pion, Sebastien D S" sort="Pion, Sebastien D S" uniqKey="Pion S" first="Sébastien D. S." last="Pion">Sébastien D. S. Pion</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rachel L" sort="Pullan, Rachel L" uniqKey="Pullan R" first="Rachel L." last="Pullan">Rachel L. Pullan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramaiah, Kapa D" sort="Ramaiah, Kapa D" uniqKey="Ramaiah K" first="Kapa D." last="Ramaiah">Kapa D. Ramaiah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Thomas" sort="Roberts, Thomas" uniqKey="Roberts T" first="Thomas" last="Roberts">Thomas Roberts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shepard, Donald S" sort="Shepard, Donald S" uniqKey="Shepard D" first="Donald S." last="Shepard">Donald S. Shepard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Jennifer L" sort="Smith, Jennifer L" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jennifer L." last="Smith">Jennifer L. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stolk, Wilma A" sort="Stolk, Wilma A" uniqKey="Stolk W" first="Wilma A." last="Stolk">Wilma A. Stolk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Undurraga, Eduardo A" sort="Undurraga, Eduardo A" uniqKey="Undurraga E" first="Eduardo A." last="Undurraga">Eduardo A. Undurraga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Utzinger, Jurg" sort="Utzinger, Jurg" uniqKey="Utzinger J" first="Jürg" last="Utzinger">Jürg Utzinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Mengru" sort="Wang, Mengru" uniqKey="Wang M" first="Mengru" last="Wang">Mengru Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, Christopher J L" sort="Murray, Christopher J L" uniqKey="Murray C" first="Christopher J. L." last="Murray">Christopher J. L. Murray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naghavi, Mohsen" sort="Naghavi, Mohsen" uniqKey="Naghavi M" first="Mohsen" last="Naghavi">Mohsen Naghavi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">25058013</idno><idno type="pmc">4109880</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109880</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4109880</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865</idno><date when="2014">2014</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">004361</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">004361</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><author><name sortKey="Hotez, Peter J" sort="Hotez, Peter J" uniqKey="Hotez P" first="Peter J." last="Hotez">Peter J. Hotez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"><addr-line>National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff2"><addr-line>Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff3"><addr-line>James A. Baker III Institute at Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alvarado, Miriam" sort="Alvarado, Miriam" uniqKey="Alvarado M" first="Miriam" last="Alvarado">Miriam Alvarado</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Basa Ez, Maria Gloria" sort="Basa Ez, Maria Gloria" uniqKey="Basa Ez M" first="María-Gloria" last="Basá Ez">María-Gloria Basá Ez</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bolliger, Ian" sort="Bolliger, Ian" uniqKey="Bolliger I" first="Ian" last="Bolliger">Ian Bolliger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Bourne, Rupert" sort="Bourne, Rupert" uniqKey="Bourne R" first="Rupert" last="Bourne">Rupert Bourne</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff6"><addr-line>Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Boussinesq, Michel" sort="Boussinesq, Michel" uniqKey="Boussinesq M" first="Michel" last="Boussinesq">Michel Boussinesq</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brooker, Simon J" sort="Brooker, Simon J" uniqKey="Brooker S" first="Simon J." last="Brooker">Simon J. Brooker</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, Ami Shah" sort="Brown, Ami Shah" uniqKey="Brown A" first="Ami Shah" last="Brown">Ami Shah Brown</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff9"><addr-line>Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Buckle, Geoffrey" sort="Buckle, Geoffrey" uniqKey="Buckle G" first="Geoffrey" last="Buckle">Geoffrey Buckle</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff10"><addr-line>Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Budke, Christine M" sort="Budke, Christine M" uniqKey="Budke C" first="Christine M." last="Budke">Christine M. Budke</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff11"><addr-line>Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Carabin, Helene" sort="Carabin, Helene" uniqKey="Carabin H" first="Hélène" last="Carabin">Hélène Carabin</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff12"><addr-line>University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Coffeng, Luc E" sort="Coffeng, Luc E" uniqKey="Coffeng L" first="Luc E." last="Coffeng">Luc E. Coffeng</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fevre, Eric M" sort="Fevre, Eric M" uniqKey="Fevre E" first="Eric M." last="Fèvre">Eric M. Fèvre</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff14"><addr-line>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff15"><addr-line>International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Furst, Thomas" sort="Furst, Thomas" uniqKey="Furst T" first="Thomas" last="Fürst">Thomas Fürst</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Halasa, Yara A" sort="Halasa, Yara A" uniqKey="Halasa Y" first="Yara A." last="Halasa">Yara A. Halasa</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Jasrasaria, Rashmi" sort="Jasrasaria, Rashmi" uniqKey="Jasrasaria R" first="Rashmi" last="Jasrasaria">Rashmi Jasrasaria</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Johns, Nicole E" sort="Johns, Nicole E" uniqKey="Johns N" first="Nicole E." last="Johns">Nicole E. Johns</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Keiser, Jennifer" sort="Keiser, Jennifer" uniqKey="Keiser J" first="Jennifer" last="Keiser">Jennifer Keiser</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="King, Charles H" sort="King, Charles H" uniqKey="King C" first="Charles H." last="King">Charles H. King</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff19"><addr-line>Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lozano, Rafael" sort="Lozano, Rafael" uniqKey="Lozano R" first="Rafael" last="Lozano">Rafael Lozano</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murdoch, Michele E" sort="Murdoch, Michele E" uniqKey="Murdoch M" first="Michele E." last="Murdoch">Michele E. Murdoch</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff20"><addr-line>Watford General Hospital, Watford, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="O Hanlon, Simon" sort="O Hanlon, Simon" uniqKey="O Hanlon S" first="Simon" last="O'Hanlon">Simon O'Hanlon</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff5"><addr-line>Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pion, Sebastien D S" sort="Pion, Sebastien D S" uniqKey="Pion S" first="Sébastien D. S." last="Pion">Sébastien D. S. Pion</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff7"><addr-line>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Pullan, Rachel L" sort="Pullan, Rachel L" uniqKey="Pullan R" first="Rachel L." last="Pullan">Rachel L. Pullan</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ramaiah, Kapa D" sort="Ramaiah, Kapa D" uniqKey="Ramaiah K" first="Kapa D." last="Ramaiah">Kapa D. Ramaiah</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff21"><addr-line>Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry, India</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Roberts, Thomas" sort="Roberts, Thomas" uniqKey="Roberts T" first="Thomas" last="Roberts">Thomas Roberts</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff22"><addr-line>Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shepard, Donald S" sort="Shepard, Donald S" uniqKey="Shepard D" first="Donald S." last="Shepard">Donald S. Shepard</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Smith, Jennifer L" sort="Smith, Jennifer L" uniqKey="Smith J" first="Jennifer L." last="Smith">Jennifer L. Smith</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff8"><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Stolk, Wilma A" sort="Stolk, Wilma A" uniqKey="Stolk W" first="Wilma A." last="Stolk">Wilma A. Stolk</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff13"><addr-line>Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Undurraga, Eduardo A" sort="Undurraga, Eduardo A" uniqKey="Undurraga E" first="Eduardo A." last="Undurraga">Eduardo A. Undurraga</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff18"><addr-line>Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Utzinger, Jurg" sort="Utzinger, Jurg" uniqKey="Utzinger J" first="Jürg" last="Utzinger">Jürg Utzinger</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff16"><addr-line>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff17"><addr-line>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Wang, Mengru" sort="Wang, Mengru" uniqKey="Wang M" first="Mengru" last="Wang">Mengru Wang</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Murray, Christopher J L" sort="Murray, Christopher J L" uniqKey="Murray C" first="Christopher J. L." last="Murray">Christopher J. L. Murray</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Naghavi, Mohsen" sort="Naghavi, Mohsen" uniqKey="Naghavi M" first="Mohsen" last="Naghavi">Mohsen Naghavi</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff4"><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2014">2014</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Murray, Cjl" uniqKey="Murray C">CJL 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">25058013</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">4109880</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PNTD-D-13-01611</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Viewpoints</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Biology and Life Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Veterinary Science</subject><subj-group><subject>Veterinary Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Zoonoses</subject><subj-group><subject>Trypanosomiasis</subject><subj-group><subject>African Trypanosomiasis</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Leishmaniasis</subject><subject>Leptospirosis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine and Health Sciences</subject><subj-group><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subj-group><subject>Disease Informatics</subject><subject>Disease Surveillance</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Infectious Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Bacterial Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Leprosy</subject><subject>Trachoma</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Viral Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Arboviral Infections</subject><subject>Dengue Fever</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Parasitic Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Helminth Infections</subject><subj-group><subject>Foodborne Trematodiases</subject><subj-group><subject>Clonorchiasis</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Larva Migrans</subject><subj-group><subject>Toxocariasis</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases</subject><subj-group><subject>Ascariasis</subject><subject>Hookworm Diseases</subject><subject>Trichuriasis</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Cysticercosis</subject><subject>Loiasis</subject><subject>Onchocerciasis</subject><subject>Schistosomiasis</subject></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Protozoan Infections</subject><subj-group><subject>Amebiasis</subject><subject>Chagas Disease</subject><subject>Giardiasis</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group><subj-group><subject>Tropical Diseases</subject><subj-group><subject>Neglected Tropical Diseases</subject></subj-group></subj-group></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: Interpretation and Implications for the Neglected Tropical Diseases</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Hotez</surname><given-names>Peter J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Alvarado</surname><given-names>Miriam</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Basáñez</surname><given-names>María-Gloria</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bolliger</surname><given-names>Ian</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bourne</surname><given-names>Rupert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>6</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boussinesq</surname><given-names>Michel</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brooker</surname><given-names>Simon J.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brown</surname><given-names>Ami Shah</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>9</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buckle</surname><given-names>Geoffrey</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>10</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Budke</surname><given-names>Christine M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11"><sup>11</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carabin</surname><given-names>Hélène</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12"><sup>12</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coffeng</surname><given-names>Luc E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fèvre</surname><given-names>Eric M.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14"><sup>14</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15"><sup>15</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Fürst</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Halasa</surname><given-names>Yara A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Jasrasaria</surname><given-names>Rashmi</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Johns</surname><given-names>Nicole E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Keiser</surname><given-names>Jennifer</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>Charles H.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19"><sup>19</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lozano</surname><given-names>Rafael</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Murdoch</surname><given-names>Michele E.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20"><sup>20</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O'Hanlon</surname><given-names>Simon</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pion</surname><given-names>Sébastien D. S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>7</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pullan</surname><given-names>Rachel L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ramaiah</surname><given-names>Kapa D.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21"><sup>21</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Roberts</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22"><sup>22</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shepard</surname><given-names>Donald S.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Smith</surname><given-names>Jennifer L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>8</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stolk</surname><given-names>Wilma A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13"><sup>13</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Undurraga</surname><given-names>Eduardo A.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18"><sup>18</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Utzinger</surname><given-names>Jürg</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16"><sup>16</sup></xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17"><sup>17</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Mengru</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>Christopher J. L.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Naghavi</surname><given-names>Mohsen</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><addr-line>National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><addr-line>Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><addr-line>James A. Baker III Institute at Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><addr-line>Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff5"><label>5</label><addr-line>Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff6"><label>6</label><addr-line>Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff7"><label>7</label><addr-line>Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff8"><label>8</label><addr-line>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff9"><label>9</label><addr-line>Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff10"><label>10</label><addr-line>Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff11"><label>11</label><addr-line>Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff12"><label>12</label><addr-line>University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff13"><label>13</label><addr-line>Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff14"><label>14</label><addr-line>Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff15"><label>15</label><addr-line>International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff16"><label>16</label><addr-line>Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff17"><label>17</label><addr-line>University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff18"><label>18</label><addr-line>Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff19"><label>19</label><addr-line>Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff20"><label>20</label><addr-line>Watford General Hospital, Watford, United Kingdom</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff21"><label>21</label><addr-line>Vector Control Research Centre, Pondicherry, India</addr-line></aff><aff id="aff22"><label>22</label><addr-line>Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>de Silva</surname><given-names>Nilanthi</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>hotez@bcm.edu</email> (PJH); <email>cjlm@uw.edu</email> (CJLM); <email>nagham@uw.edu</email> (MN)</corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>I have read the journal's policy and have the following conflicts: ASB is employed by a commercial company, Inovio Pharmaceuticals. This does not alter our adherence to all PLOS NTDs policies on sharing data and materials. There are no other competing interests to declare.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>7</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>7</issue><elocation-id>e2865</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Hotez et al</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution License</ext-link>, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><funding-group><funding-statement>The authors have indicated that no funding was received for this work.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="9"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><sec sec-type="intro" id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>The publication of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) and the accompanying collection of <italic>Lancet</italic> articles in December 2012 provided the most comprehensive attempt to quantify the burden of almost 300 diseases, injuries, and risk factors, including neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>–<xref rid="pntd.0002865-Vos1" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY), the metric used in the GBD 2010, is a tool which may be used to assess and compare the relative impact of a number of diseases locally and globally <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Hotez1" ref-type="bibr">[4]</xref>–<xref rid="pntd.0002865-King1" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="pntd-0002865-t001">Table 1</xref> lists the major NTDs as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) <xref rid="pntd.0002865-WHO1" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref> and their estimated DALYs <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. With a few exceptions, most of the NTDs currently listed by the WHO <xref rid="pntd.0002865-WHO1" ref-type="bibr">[7]</xref> or those on the expanded list from <italic>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</italic><xref rid="pntd.0002865-PLOS1" ref-type="bibr">[8]</xref> are disablers rather than killers, so the DALY estimates represent one of the few metrics available that could fully embrace the chronic effects of these infections.</p><table-wrap id="pntd-0002865-t001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865.t001</object-id><label>Table 1</label><caption><title>Estimated DALYs (in millions) of the NTDs from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pntd-0002865-t001-1" xlink:href="pntd.0002865.t001"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DALYs from GBD 2010 (numbers in parentheses indicate 95% confidence intervals) <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>NTDs</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.06 (20.30–35.12)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Intestinal nematode infections</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.19 (2.98–8.81)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hookworm disease</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23 (1.70–5.73)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascariasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.32 (0.71–2.35)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trichuriasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64 (0.35–1.06)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Leishmaniasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.32 (2.18–4.90)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Schistosomiasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.31 (1.70–6.26)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lymphatic filariasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.78 (1.8–4.00)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Food-borne trematodiases</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88 (0.70–4.84)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rabies</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46 ((0.85–2.66)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dengue</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83 (0.34–1.41)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>African trypanosomiasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56 (0.08–1.77)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Chagas disease</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55 (0.27–1.05)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cysticercosis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50 (0.38–0.66)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Onchocerciasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49 (0.36–0.66)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Trachoma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33 (0.24–0.44)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Echinococcosis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14 (0.07–0.29)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Yellow fever</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Other NTDs</bold><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt101">*</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.72 (3.53–6.35)</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt101"><label></label><p>* Relapsing fevers, typhus fever, spotted fever, Q fever, other rickettsioses, other mosquito-borne viral fevers, unspecified arthropod-borne viral fever, arenaviral haemorrhagic fever, toxoplasmosis, unspecified protozoal disease, taeniasis, diphyllobothriasis and sparganosis, other cestode infections, dracunculiasis, trichinellosis, strongyloidiasis, enterobiasis, and other helminthiases.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>Even DALYs, however, do not tell the complete story of the harmful effects from NTDs. Some of the specific and potential shortcomings of GBD 2010 have been highlighted elsewhere <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Byass1" ref-type="bibr">[9]</xref>. Furthermore, DALYs measure only direct health loss and, for example, do not consider the economic impact of the NTDs that results from detrimental effects on school attendance and child development, agriculture (especially from zoonotic NTDs), and overall economic productivity <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Miguel1" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Hotez2" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>. Nor do DALYs account for direct costs of treatment, surveillance, and prevention measures. Yet, economic impact has emerged as an essential feature of the NTDs, which may trap people in a cycle of poverty and disease <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Miguel1" ref-type="bibr">[10]</xref>–<xref rid="pntd.0002865-King2" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>. Additional aspects not considered by the DALY metrics are the important elements of social stigma for many of the NTDs and the spillover effects to family and community members <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Perera1" ref-type="bibr">[13]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Weiss1" ref-type="bibr">[14]</xref>, loss of tourism <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Mavalankar1" ref-type="bibr">[15]</xref>, and health system overload (e.g., during dengue outbreaks). Ultimately NTD control and elimination efforts could produce social and economic benefits not necessarily reflected in the DALY metrics, especially among the most affected poor communities <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Hotez2" ref-type="bibr">[11]</xref>.</p></sec><sec id="s2"><title>Variations in DALYs</title><p>Despite the importance of the concept of disease burden and disability to the NTD community, assigning DALYs or related metrics to each NTD has been a bit of a roller-coaster ride over the past decade and may continue to be for many years to come. Significant variations in ascribing DALYs to the NTDs are due to many factors, including data scarcity and inherent difficulties in accurately estimating the number of individuals at risk, the number of incident cases, the number of prevalent cases, and, among these, the duration of the infection. Challenges also include uncertainty about the relationship between acute and chronic infections and their link to specific morbidities, duration of morbidity, and the proportion of the population infected or with morbidities that are treated versus untreated. An additional challenge is to obtain all of the aforementioned values stratified by age and gender, data which are seldom available for NTDs. Moreover, the affordable diagnostic tools typically used to measure NTDs in resource-constrained settings are inaccurate and many sequelae (i.e., morbidities) of NTDs are nonspecific, making it difficult to attribute them to a particular infection or risk factor. For several NTDs, controversies remain regarding what proportion of a sequelae should be ascribed to different infections or diseases. An extreme example is the case of schistosomiasis, for which disease burden estimates over the past decade have ranged from 1.7 million DALYs to as many as 56 million DALYs, depending on whether higher disease prevalence estimates are considered and if specific chronic morbidities are attributed to this NTD <xref rid="pntd.0002865-King2" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>. The variation is also due to continuous refinement of definitions and methodologies for burden estimation, which affects the estimates for all diseases, injuries, and risk factors and further complicates the comparison of different GBD versions. Among the furthest-reaching methodological alterations of GBD 2010 are the shift from incidence- to prevalence-based DALYs, the abandonment of age weighting and discounting, the application of refined reference life tables and disability weights, and the introduction of comorbidity adjustments <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray2" ref-type="bibr">[16]</xref>.</p><p>Some of the greatest variation in the disease burden estimates over the past decade has been observed among the three major intestinal nematode infections (also known as soil-transmitted helminthiases, i.e., ascariasis, hookworm disease, and trichuriasis) as well as in schistosomiasis. A key reason for this wide variation is the fact that these helminth infections are among the most common infections of humankind <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Steinmann1" ref-type="bibr">[17]</xref>–<xref rid="pntd.0002865-Pullan1" ref-type="bibr">[19]</xref>, so small variations in an assigned disability weight become amplified by the hundreds of millions of people estimated to harbor these parasites. Another reason for variations in some burden estimates is due to how GBD 2010 uniquely classified certain diseases or groups of diseases. A prominent example was the decision to combine the burdens of cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis into a single estimate (i.e., echinococcosis). This was a questionable decision seeing that the two parasites have different life cycles, geographic distributions, and clinical outcomes. Future iterations of the GBD will therefore need to consider reporting these estimates as separate conditions, paying greater attention to the unique attributes of the individual parasites.</p><p>Overall, the NTD community was dismayed by the previous WHO estimates between 1999 and 2004 <xref rid="pntd.0002865-WHO2" ref-type="bibr">[20]</xref>, which assigned DALYs that were equivalent to conditions of comparatively minor global health importance for major diseases such as schistosomiasis <xref rid="pntd.0002865-King3" ref-type="bibr">[21]</xref>. At the other extreme, the higher DALY estimates for NTDs elevate the status of these diseases to a level at which they could be thought of as the fourth leg to a table built on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Hotez4" ref-type="bibr">[22]</xref>. The GBD 2010 is an ambitious attempt to resolve some of the differences between earlier estimates (including use of strictly comparable data and methods for 1990, 2005, and 2010) and to provide a first attempt at estimating the disease burden of cysticercosis, echinococcosis, and rabies as part of the largest ever burden of disease study <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>–<xref rid="pntd.0002865-Vos1" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. The GBD 2010 also provides first-time disease burden estimates for amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, trichomoniasis, scabies, fungal skin infections, and venomous animal contact (including snake bite), although they are not listed under the NTD category (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pntd-0002865-t002">Table 2</xref>) <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>–<xref rid="pntd.0002865-Vos1" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>. One surprising finding from these estimates was the huge disease burden that results from cryptosporidiosis among young children. Together, the NTDs listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pntd-0002865-t001">Table 1</xref> and those in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pntd-0002865-t002">Table 2</xref> add up to almost 48 million DALYs. This number is comparable to tuberculosis (49 million) and is more than half of the global burden of two of the world's major diseases, malaria (83 million) and HIV/AIDS (82 million). However, these comparisons must be conducted with great care given the large variation in the quantity and quality of epidemiological data currently available across the world.</p><table-wrap id="pntd-0002865-t002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865.t002</object-id><label>Table 2</label><caption><title>Other NTDs in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 not listed in the “NTD and malaria” category.<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt102">1</xref></title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pntd-0002865-t002-2" xlink:href="pntd.0002865.t002"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DALYs from GBD 2010 in millions (numbers in parentheses indicate 95% confidence intervals) <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref></td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cryptosporidiosis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8.37 (6.52–10.35)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cholera</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.46 (3.34–5.80)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Animal contact (venomous)</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.72 (1.54–4.80)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Amebiasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.24 (1.73–2.84)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Fungal skin diseases</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.30 (0.72–5.27)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Scabies</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.58 (0.80–2.79)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Trichomoniasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.17 (0.01–0.53)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Leprosy</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.006 (0.002–0.11)</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">21.84</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Total of NTDs in </bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="pntd-0002865-t001"><bold>Table 1</bold></xref><bold> (from GBD 2010) and NTDs in </bold><xref ref-type="table" rid="pntd-0002865-t002"><bold>Table 2</bold></xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">47.90</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt102"><label>1</label><p>The table provides numbers of DALYs in millions as calculated in GBD 2010 <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. The diseases are not listed as NTDs in GBD 2010 and, with the exception of leprosy, these diseases are also not on the WHO list of 17 NTDs <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Mathers1" ref-type="bibr">[5]</xref>. However, these conditions (as well as some other diarrheal diseases) are considered by <italic>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</italic><xref rid="pntd.0002865-King1" ref-type="bibr">[6]</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap></sec><sec id="s3"><title>Killers and Disablers</title><p>Some of the details of the new disease burden estimates for NTDs are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pntd-0002865-t003">Table 3</xref>, while the total number of estimated cases is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="pntd-0002865-t004">Table 4</xref>. Briefly, as stated by Murray et al. (2012), “DALYs are the sum of two components: years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs)” <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. For many of the major NTDs, including hookworm disease and the other intestinal nematode infections, schistosomiasis, food-borne trematodiases, onchocerciasis, cysticercosis, and trachoma, most (and in some cases all) of the reported DALYs result from YLDs (i.e., disability, not deaths) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pntd-0002865-g001">Figure 1</xref>). These NTDs are genuinely not thought of as killer diseases, although it has been noted that some disabling NTDs such as onchocerciasis, cysticercosis, and food-borne trematodiases cause excess mortality associated with blindness, heavy infection in sighted individuals, hydrocephalus, stroke, gliomas, ectopic infections, cholangiocarcinoma, and other (yet unmeasured) factors <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Little1" ref-type="bibr">[23]</xref>–<xref rid="pntd.0002865-Furst1" ref-type="bibr">[26]</xref>. An added feature about the publication of the YLDs from the NTDs was the listing of the specific sequelae that were considered in deriving these estimates <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Vos1" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref>, which allows comparability across studies.</p><fig id="pntd-0002865-g001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865.g001</object-id><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Fractions of YLD and YLL (as components of DALYs) for each of the NTDs. Also included in this graph are “other NTDs.”</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="pntd.0002865.g001"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="pntd-0002865-t003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865.t003</object-id><label>Table 3</label><caption><title>DALYs, YLDs, YLLs, and deaths from NTDs from the Global Burden of Disease Study.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pntd-0002865-t003-3" xlink:href="pntd.0002865.t003"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DALYs in millions <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">DALY rank</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YLDs in millions <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Vos1" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YLD rank</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YLLs in millions <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>–<xref rid="pntd.0002865-Vos1" ref-type="bibr">[3]</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">YLL rank</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Deaths <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Lozano1" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Death rank</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>All NTDs</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26.06</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">18.22</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.90</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">152,000</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Intestinal nematode infections</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5.19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.98</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,700</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hookworm disease</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.23</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascariasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.20</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2,700</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trichuriasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.64</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Leishmaniasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.19</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">51,600</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Schistosomiasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.31</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.99</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.32</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11,700</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Lymphatic filariasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.78</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.77</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Food-borne trematodiases</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.88</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.87</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Rabies</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.46</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">26,400</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Dengue</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.83</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.81</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14,700</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>African trypanosomiasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.56</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.08</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,100</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Chagas disease</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.55</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">12</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.30</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.24</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">6</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10,300</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">5</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Cysticercosis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.50</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.46</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.05</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,200</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Onchocerciasis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.49</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Trachoma</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">15</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.33</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Echinococcosis</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.14</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.11</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">13</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.03</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,200</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Yellow fever</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.001</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">17</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><0.01</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Other NTDs</bold></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.72</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.69</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.03</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">-</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">23,700</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1"></td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives></table-wrap><table-wrap id="pntd-0002865-t004" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865.t004</object-id><label>Table 4</label><caption><title>Expected number of cases in 2010 and 95% confidence intervals of the neglected tropical diseases (mean and uncertainty) as extrapolated from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.</title></caption><alternatives><graphic id="pntd-0002865-t004-4" xlink:href="pntd.0002865.t004"></graphic><table frame="hsides" rules="groups"><colgroup span="1"><col align="left" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col><col align="center" span="1"></col></colgroup><thead><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Disease</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Number of cases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">95% confidence intervals</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Selected comments</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ascariasis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt104">1</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">819 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">772–892 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of cases</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trichuriasis<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt104">1</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">465 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">430–508 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of cases</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hookworm disease<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt104">1</xref></td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">439 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">406–480 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of cases</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Schistosomiasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">252 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">252–252 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of cases</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Onchocerciasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">30.4 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">27.3–33.6 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of cases with adult worms<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="nt103">*</xref></td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lymphatic filariasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">36 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">34–39 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Lymphedema and/or hydrocele only</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Food-borne trematodiases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">16 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7–41 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Heavy and cerebral infections only</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cutaneous leishmaniasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">10 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">8–13 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of cases</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Chagas disease</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">7.5 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">2.5–12.4 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symptomatic cases only</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Trachoma</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">4.4 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">3.5–5.5 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Low vision and blindness cases only</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Cysticercosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.4 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.3–1.6 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Epilepsy cases only</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Echinococcosis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1.1 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0.6–2.1 million</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symptomatic liver, lung, and central nervous system cases only</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Dengue</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">179,000 cases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">109,000–299,000</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incident (acute) symptomatic cases only</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Visceral leishmaniasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">76,000 cases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">61,000–93,500</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Total number of cases</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">African trypanosomiasis</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">37,000 cases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">9,000–106,000</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Symptomatic cases only</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Rabies</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">1,100 cases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">600–2,000</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incident cases</td></tr><tr><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Yellow fever</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">100 cases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">0–100 cases</td><td align="left" rowspan="1" colspan="1">Incident cases</td></tr></tbody></table></alternatives><table-wrap-foot><fn id="nt103"><label></label><p>* This number includes 14.6 million people (13.2–16.1 million) with detectable skin microfilariae.</p></fn><fn id="nt104"><label>1</label><p>These are updated estimates recently published in Pullan et al. <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Pullan2" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>.</p></fn></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap><p>According to the GBD 2010 estimations, intestinal nematode infections rank first in the list of the NTDs for which a DALY was estimated <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Pullan2" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>. Among intestinal nematodes, hookworm disease was estimated as having the largest YLDs (and 62% of the DALYs). This large contribution of hookworm disease to the YLDs of nematodes comes from the inclusion of recent information linking hookworm disease to moderate and severe anemia across several different populations, including children and pregnant women <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Brooker1" ref-type="bibr">[28]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Smith1" ref-type="bibr">[29]</xref>. On the other hand, important comorbidity effects resulting from hookworm disease and malaria coinfections <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Brooker2" ref-type="bibr">[30]</xref>–<xref rid="pntd.0002865-Righetti1" ref-type="bibr">[32]</xref> and the deaths from these conditions were attributed to malaria in the GBD 2010, reducing the apparent YLLs of hookworm infections.</p><p>Schistosomiasis was estimated to rank second in terms of YLDs (and right behind the intestinal nematode infections in terms of prevalence). Schistosomiasis was one of the NTDs that generated the most controversy and debate in the GBD 2010. Since 2005, important information has been generated about the effects of schistosomiasis that result in chronic pain, inflammation, malnutrition, and exercise intolerance, among other morbid sequelae <xref rid="pntd.0002865-King2" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-King3" ref-type="bibr">[21]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-King4" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref>, which under some scenarios generated DALY estimates that exceeded those of malaria or other better-known conditions <xref rid="pntd.0002865-King2" ref-type="bibr">[12]</xref>. However, many of these aspects were not accepted into the GBD 2010, in part because of disagreements about the long-term health importance and actual YLLs caused by these elements. Fueling the schistosomiasis controversy even further were previously published annual mortality estimates for schistosomiasis (i.e., 280,000 in Africa alone) <xref rid="pntd.0002865-King4" ref-type="bibr">[33]</xref> suggesting that the number of people killed from this disease was at least 20 times higher than indicated in GBD 2010 <xref rid="pntd.0002865-vanderWerf1" ref-type="bibr">[34]</xref>. In addition, there is new information on the links between female urogenital schistosomiasis and the risk of acquiring HIV/AIDS <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Mbabazi1" ref-type="bibr">[35]</xref>. The discussions surrounding the burden of schistosomiasis may just be the start of future investigations on how to best attribute parts of the burden of chronic diseases and sequelae to NTDs. Only through such debates will the estimations of the burden of disease further improve.</p><p>There are two major NTDs linked to blindness—trachoma and onchocerciasis. For trachoma, the DALYs only consider disease due to active infection and do not consider blindness that exists even after removal of the infection. For onchocerciasis, the DALYs do not consider the excess mortality due to blindness <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Little1" ref-type="bibr">[23]</xref> and likely underestimate the effects of onchocercal skin disease. Furthermore, the onchocerciasis estimates have ignored the burden in the Americas and low-endemic African countries, which may now be relatively small compared to the burden in Africa but was not negligible in 1990. Hence, in both instances the disease burdens from blinding NTDs may represent underestimates.</p><p>Finally, in terms of YLDs, important “newcomers” on the GBD scene were the food-borne trematodiases, cysticercosis, and echinococcosis, which must now be recognized as important causes of global disability. Still, no deaths were ascribed to either clonorchiasis or opisthorchiasis (two of the key food-borne trematode infections) in the GBD 2010, despite the strong evidence base linking these liver fluke infections to cholangiocarcinoma in Southeast Asia and elsewhere <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Sripa1" ref-type="bibr">[36]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-World1" ref-type="bibr">[37]</xref>. Similarly, the YLLs from cysticercosis are most likely underestimated. Indeed, a recent systematic review of the literature showed the proportion of neurocysticercosis patients under care who died during their follow-up could vary from 0.9% to 18.5% <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Pullan2" ref-type="bibr">[27]</xref>. Mostly due to a lack of available data on a global scale, the current estimate for cysticercosis is limited to its role in epilepsy in endemic countries and does not yet include the role of this infection in causing severe chronic headaches and hydrocephalus, depressive disorders, stroke, gliomas, and other neurological sequelae <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Carabin1" ref-type="bibr">[24]</xref>.</p><p>Among the killer NTDs, almost all of the DALYs due to diseases such as rabies, dengue, and African trypanosomiasis resulted from YLLs, and practically no disability was associated with nonlethal effects from these conditions (YLDs) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pntd-0002865-g001">Figure 1</xref>). However, for dengue, considerable evidence now points to a potentially higher percentage of DALYs due to YLDs (∼25%) as a result of underreporting of nonfatal cases <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Shepard1" ref-type="bibr">[38]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Shepard2" ref-type="bibr">[39]</xref>. Similarly, for leishmaniasis the DALY estimates mostly considered the large number of deaths resulting from visceral leishmaniasis but included virtually nothing from the disability of cutaneous leishmaniasis. This finding is a debatable point given the evidence linking disfiguring cutaneous (and mucocutaneous) leishmaniasis on the face to stigma and its impact on girls and women <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Alvar1" ref-type="bibr">[40]</xref>. In addition, for African trypanosomiasis there is also a long-term disease burden resulting from nonfatal consequences, including those suffered by survivors who are eventually treated <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Fevre1" ref-type="bibr">[41]</xref>. Chagas disease was one of the important NTDs whose DALYs were roughly equally distributed between YLDs and YLLs.</p></sec><sec id="s4"><title>Trends</title><p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="pntd-0002865-g002">Figure 2</xref> depicts the ranking of the different NTDs in 1990 as compared to 2010. Although the estimates for both years stem from GBD 2010 and are therefore extrapolated by using the same methodology, they must be interpreted with great care given that the accuracy of the underlying data may have changed through time, with more accurate diagnostic tests becoming available in recent years. The survey locations for frequency data may also have varied between the two periods.</p><fig id="pntd-0002865-g002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865.g002</object-id><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Global trends in DALYs from NTDs, 1990 to 2010.</title><p>*Estimation of percent (%) change is not from the means. Each metric in this figure is estimated on 1000 times in the modeling process, and then causes that have a high degree of uncertainty in their draw estimates can have skewed % change results. Abbreviations: UI, unit interval.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pntd.0002865.g002"></graphic></fig><p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pntd-0002865-g002">Figure 2</xref>, ascariasis exhibited the largest decrease in DALYs, possibly as a consequence of deworming and socioeconomic development, although it could also reflect the fact that many follow-up studies may have been conducted in areas where such control programs took place. In addition, ascariasis exhibited the greatest decrease in rank, whereas the rankings for trichuriasis and hookworm disease remained constant. The basis for this difference among the intestinal nematode infections is not known, although it may be related to the differential susceptibility of the different helminth species to benzimidazole anthelmintics <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Keiser1" ref-type="bibr">[42]</xref>. It is anticipated that helminth control through mass drug administration and improved access to clean water and sanitation may alter epidemiologic patterns and disease prevalence in the coming years <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Basaez1" ref-type="bibr">[43]</xref>.</p><p>African trypanosomiasis and rabies (and some other NTDs) were also greatly diminished, the former possibly due to increased access to public health control in association with the resolution of some civil and international conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa <xref rid="pntd.0002865-BerrangFord1" ref-type="bibr">[44]</xref>. In contrast, DALY estimates for schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and trachoma appear to have increased over the past 20 years. The underlying bases for these increases include population growth, ecological transformations (e.g., construction of large dams and irrigation systems), and possibly increased surveillance, although it is anticipated that as integrated parasitic disease control and preventive chemotherapy initiatives progress and access to clean water and sanitation increases, we should witness a reduction in several of these disease burden estimates in future years <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Basaez1" ref-type="bibr">[43]</xref>. For dengue, urbanization and increases in global commerce and travel contribute to the emergence of this important disease <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Teixeira1" ref-type="bibr">[45]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Simmons1" ref-type="bibr">[46]</xref>, but increased access to diagnostic tools may also play a role. Since the publication of the GBD 2010, a new estimate suggests that as many as 390 million cases of dengue infections now occur annually <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Bhatt1" ref-type="bibr">[47]</xref>, more than three times the previous estimates by the WHO.</p></sec><sec id="s5"><title>Geographic Distribution</title><p>Comparison in the geographical distribution of NTDs must also be conducted with great care since the quality and quantity of data available will depend on where epidemiological studies have been conducted. In addition, within each country, the reported country-level DALYs may be based on surveys conducted specifically in areas where an infection is known to be endemic, which may increase their relative importance as compared to countries where surveys have not been conducted due to a lack of funding or have been conducted in both endemic and nonendemic areas of the country. It is also important to emphasize that many NTDs are of local or of focal importance, often affecting marginalized populations who may not be recognized as national priorities <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Schratz1" ref-type="bibr">[48]</xref>. However, keeping these limitations in mind, the GBD 2010 suggests that there exists an extensive geographic distribution of the NTDs, with sub-Saharan Africa representing the highest DALY rate per 100,000 individuals from NTDs—in part because of their high prevalence together with coinfections that result from hookworm disease, schistosomiasis, onchocerciasis, and African trypanosomiasis <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. Oceania also has a disproportionate share of NTDs (especially from hookworm disease in Papua New Guinea), as does Southeast Asia, South Asia, and tropical Latin America <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>. Overall the largest (net) number of DALYs from NTDs occurs in Asia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pntd-0002865-g003">Figure 3</xref>). It has been noted that the largest number of cases of many of the high-burden NTDs actually occur in the large emerging-market Asian countries such as China, India, and Indonesia, as well as other countries of the group of 20 (G20) nations <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Hotez5" ref-type="bibr">[49]</xref>.</p><fig id="pntd-0002865-g003" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0002865.g003</object-id><label>Figure 3</label><caption><title>DALYs: Number by disease and for the 21 regions in 2010 (in thousands).</title></caption><graphic xlink:href="pntd.0002865.g003"></graphic></fig><p>In many Latin American countries, Chagas disease is the predominant NTD. Exceptions are several countries where either intestinal nematode infections predominate (e.g., Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela) or Chagas may be underreported, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic, where dengue is the largest source of DALYs. In Bolivia and Peru, food-borne trematodiases rank closely with Chagas disease as the leading NTDs, while emerging information about Chagas disease in the United States <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Bern1" ref-type="bibr">[50]</xref> may eventually make it an important NTD there as well. Schistosomiasis is the predominant NTD among sub-Saharan African countries, except in selected nations where leishmaniasis (e.g., Sudan), African trypanosomiasis (e.g., Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, and Chad), onchocerciasis (e.g., Cameroon), lymphatic filariasis (e.g., Senegal and Guinea-Bissau), intestinal nematode infections (South Africa, Botswana, and Namibia), or rabies (Niger) rank higher. In the Middle East, leishmaniasis is an important NTD, while rabies is the predominant NTD in Afghanistan. In Asia, leishmaniasis is the leading NTD in India; food-borne trematodiases predominate in China, North Korea, and Japan; and intestinal nematode infections are the leading NTDs in much of Southeast Asia (with the exception of dengue in Lao PDR) and Papua New Guinea.</p></sec><sec id="s6"><title>Missing in Action</title><p>There remain some important NTDs for which there are no or limited published disease-burden estimates. These include strongyloidiasis <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Schar1" ref-type="bibr">[51]</xref>, toxocariasis <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Macpherson1" ref-type="bibr">[52]</xref>, and loiasis, which are among the most common parasitic nematode infections worldwide, as well as toxoplasmosis <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Torgerson1" ref-type="bibr">[53]</xref>, an important maternal-child protozoan infection that has recently been linked to schizophrenia in immune-competent people and to issues of mental health; leptospirosis, a major bacterial infection; and podoconiosis, a noninfectious condition. In order to estimate the burden subsumed and named as “other NTDs”, the respective cases of death were modeled by using a Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) tool <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Lozano1" ref-type="bibr">[2]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Foreman1" ref-type="bibr">[54]</xref>, and then the ratio of YLLs to YLDs as derived from the rest of the NTDs was applied to extrapolate the respective YLDs.</p></sec><sec id="s7"><title>Concluding Statements and Future Directions</title><p>An important overriding conclusion of the GBD 2010 is the apparent global shift away from communicable to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray1" ref-type="bibr">[1]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Murray3" ref-type="bibr">[55]</xref>. Such a conclusion must be tempered by the knowledge that many NTDs are actually underlying causes of the so-called NCDs. In 2008, several NCDs were described, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and liver disease, that result from chronic long-standing NTDs or from past infections with NTDs such as cysticercosis <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Hotez6" ref-type="bibr">[56]</xref>. With regards to cancer, a new review has identified a substantial burden that can be attributed to infectious diseases <xref rid="pntd.0002865-deMartel1" ref-type="bibr">[57]</xref>. These estimates suggest that, globally, 16% of cancers are caused by underlying infectious agents, and in some developing regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, almost one-third of cancers are caused by infections <xref rid="pntd.0002865-deMartel1" ref-type="bibr">[57]</xref>. In terms of the NTDs, it is known that <italic>Schistosoma haematobium</italic> (the cause of urogenital schistosomiasis) and three of the major liver flukes—<italic>Opisthorchis viverrini</italic>, <italic>O. felineus</italic>, and <italic>Clonorchis sinensis</italic>—are potent carcinogens responsible for a substantial but largely unknown burden of bladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma, respectively <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Sripa1" ref-type="bibr">[36]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Mayer1" ref-type="bibr">[58]</xref>, <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Botelho1" ref-type="bibr">[59]</xref>. The burden of cardiovascular disease attributed to NTDs has been recently summarized <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Moolani1" ref-type="bibr">[60]</xref>, as have some interesting links between NTDs and chronic liver disease <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Sanghvi1" ref-type="bibr">[61]</xref> and between onchocerciasis and epilepsy <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Kaiser1" ref-type="bibr">[62]</xref>. As new information is obtained, the number of NCD YLLs and YLDs attributed to NTDs will almost certainly increase.</p><p>The GBD 2010 is not intended to be the final word on the global disease burden resulting from NTDs. Additional research is needed for almost all of the NTDs, and it is expected that as new information becomes available it can be incorporated into new DALY estimates. For example, the annual number of officially reported dengue cases in eight endemic countries in the Americas and Asia (574,000) is almost three times the episodes estimated by GBD 2010 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="pntd-0002865-t004">Table 4</xref>) <xref rid="pntd.0002865-Suaya1" ref-type="bibr">[63]</xref>. Other important examples include the nonlethal consequences of African trypanosomiasis, dengue, and leishmaniasis that will add a larger YLD component to disease burdens for these conditions, as well as the deaths that result from cysticercosis, food-borne trematodiases, hookworm disease, onchocerciasis, and schistosomiasis, among others, which will add YLLs. The GBD 2010 will be updated regularly, which might also allow epidemiologists and policy makers to observe spatiotemporal and presumably declining trends in ascariasis, African trypanosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, trachoma, and possibly other NTDs as a result of preventive chemotherapy and other control interventions. In so doing, a sincere hope is that the GBD 2010 can become a living and breathing document with the flexibility to adapt and change and can ultimately resolve discrepancies and controversies on the true disease burden resulting from NTDs and diseases, injuries, and risk factors.</p></sec></body><back><ack><p>The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.</p></ack><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="pntd.0002865-Murray1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Murray</surname><given-names>CJL</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lozano</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Naghavi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Flaxman</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><volume>380</volume>: <fpage>2197</fpage>–<lpage>2223</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23245608</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0002865-Lozano1"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Lozano</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Naghavi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Foreman</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lim</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Shibuya</surname><given-names>K</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><volume>380</volume>: <fpage>2095</fpage>–<lpage>2128</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23245604</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0002865-Vos1"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Vos</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Flaxman</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Naghavi</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lozano</surname><given-names>R</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Michaud</surname><given-names>C</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2012</year>) <article-title>Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><volume>380</volume>: <fpage>2163</fpage>–<lpage>2196</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">23245607</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0002865-Hotez1"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Hotez</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>Measuring neglect</article-title>. <source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source><volume>1</volume>: <fpage>e118</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18060078</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0002865-Mathers1"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Mathers</surname><given-names>CD</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Ezzati</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Lopez</surname><given-names>AD</given-names></name> (<year>2007</year>) <article-title>Measuring the burden of neglected tropical diseases: the global burden of disease framework</article-title>. <source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source><volume>1</volume>: <fpage>e114</fpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18060077</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0002865-King1"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>King</surname><given-names>CH</given-names></name> (<year>2010</year>) <article-title>Health metrics for helminthic infections</article-title>. <source>Adv Parasitol</source><volume>73</volume>: <fpage>51</fpage>–<lpage>69</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">20627139</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0002865-WHO1"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="book">WHO (2010) Working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: first WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. 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