Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis and Mapping Lymphatic Filariasis: Two Perfect Illustrations of “To Be in English or Not to Be”
Identifieur interne : 004328 ( Pmc/Corpus ); précédent : 004327; suivant : 004329Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis and Mapping Lymphatic Filariasis: Two Perfect Illustrations of “To Be in English or Not to Be”
Auteurs : Bernard CarmeSource :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases [ 1935-2727 ] ; 2012.
Abstract
Interest in filariasis has found a new impetus now that neglected tropical diseases have their own journal. However, some of the advances published in renowned international journals have completely ignored previous publications on the subject, particularly those in languages other than English. The rapid assessment procedure for loiasis and the mapping of lymphatic filariasis provide two perfect illustrations of this. This problem may seem a bit outdated, given that all “good authors” now publish exclusively in English. It certainly is outdated for most areas of medicine. But, surely, this should not be the case for neglected tropical diseases, for which certain long-standing findings are every bit as important as what may be presented as new discoveries. One possibility would be for certain journals, such as
Url:
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001863
PubMed: 23272254
PubMed Central: 3521720
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PMC:3521720Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis and Mapping Lymphatic Filariasis: Two Perfect Illustrations of “To Be in English or Not to Be”</title><author><name sortKey="Carme, Bernard" sort="Carme, Bernard" uniqKey="Carme B" first="Bernard" last="Carme">Bernard Carme</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23272254</idno><idno type="pmc">3521720</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3521720</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3521720</idno><idno type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0001863</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">004328</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">004328</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis and Mapping Lymphatic Filariasis: Two Perfect Illustrations of “To Be in English or Not to Be”</title><author><name sortKey="Carme, Bernard" sort="Carme, Bernard" uniqKey="Carme B" first="Bernard" last="Carme">Bernard Carme</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1"></nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</title><idno type="ISSN">1935-2727</idno><idno type="eISSN">1935-2735</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p>Interest in filariasis has found a new impetus now that neglected tropical diseases have their own journal. However, some of the advances published in renowned international journals have completely ignored previous publications on the subject, particularly those in languages other than English. The rapid assessment procedure for loiasis and the mapping of lymphatic filariasis provide two perfect illustrations of this. This problem may seem a bit outdated, given that all “good authors” now publish exclusively in English. It certainly is outdated for most areas of medicine. But, surely, this should not be the case for neglected tropical diseases, for which certain long-standing findings are every bit as important as what may be presented as new discoveries. One possibility would be for certain journals, such as <italic>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</italic>, to include a specific heading permitting the publication in English of older studies that initially appeared in a language other than English. The texts would be English versions respecting the entirety of the original text. Submission should be accompanied by a presentation of the problem, with details and explanatory comments, with submission at the initiative of the authors of the former article in question or their students or sympathizers.</p></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Zoure, Hg" uniqKey="Zoure H">HG Zouré</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wanji, S" uniqKey="Wanji S">S Wanji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noma, M" uniqKey="Noma M">M Noma</name></author><author><name sortKey="Amazigo, Uv" uniqKey="Amazigo U">UV Amazigo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Diggle, Pj" uniqKey="Diggle P">PJ Diggle</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gardon, J" uniqKey="Gardon J">J Gardon</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gardon Wendel, N" uniqKey="Gardon Wendel N">N Gardon-Wendel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Demanga Ngangue Kamgno, J" uniqKey="Demanga Ngangue Kamgno J">J Demanga-Ngangue, Kamgno</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chippaux, Jp" uniqKey="Chippaux J">JP Chippaux</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carme, B" uniqKey="Carme B">B Carme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carme, B" uniqKey="Carme B">B Carme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Takougang, I" uniqKey="Takougang I">I Takougang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Meremikwu, M" uniqKey="Meremikwu M">M Meremikwu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wandji, S" uniqKey="Wandji S">S Wandji</name></author><author><name sortKey="Yenshu, Ev" uniqKey="Yenshu E">EV Yenshu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Aripko, B" uniqKey="Aripko B">B Aripko</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kershaw, We" uniqKey="Kershaw W">WE Kershaw</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Noireau, F" uniqKey="Noireau F">F Noireau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Apembet, Jd" uniqKey="Apembet J">JD Apembet</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nzoulani, A" uniqKey="Nzoulani A">A Nzoulani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Carme, B" uniqKey="Carme B">B Carme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carme, B" uniqKey="Carme B">B Carme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mamboueni, Jp" uniqKey="Mamboueni J">JP Mamboueni</name></author><author><name sortKey="Copin, N" uniqKey="Copin N">N Copin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Noireau, F" uniqKey="Noireau F">F Noireau</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Carme, B" uniqKey="Carme B">B Carme</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><pmc article-type="research-article"><pmc-dir>properties open_access</pmc-dir>
<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">PLoS Negl Trop Dis</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">plos</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="pmc">plosntds</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1935-2727</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1935-2735</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Public Library of Science</publisher-name><publisher-loc>San Francisco, USA</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23272254</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3521720</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">PNTD-D-11-01214</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0001863</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Viewpoints</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="Discipline-v2"><subject>Medicine</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis and Mapping Lymphatic Filariasis: Two Perfect Illustrations of “To Be in English or Not to Be”</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Carme</surname><given-names>Bernard</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"><sup>*</sup></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><addr-line>Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Research Team EA 3593 and Centre d'Investigation Clinique - Epidémiologie Clinique des Antilles et de la Guyane (CIE 802 INSERM), Cayenne General Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University Antilles Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana</addr-line></aff><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="editor"><name><surname>Zhou</surname><given-names>Xiao-Nong</given-names></name><role>Editor</role><xref ref-type="aff" rid="edit1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="edit1"><addr-line>National Institute of Parasitic Diseases China CDC, China</addr-line></aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1">* E-mail: <email>carme.bernard@wanadoo.fr</email></corresp><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The author has declared that no competing interests exist.</p></fn></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="collection"><month>12</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>12</issue><elocation-id>e1863</elocation-id><permissions><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Bernard Carme</copyright-holder><license><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><p>Interest in filariasis has found a new impetus now that neglected tropical diseases have their own journal. However, some of the advances published in renowned international journals have completely ignored previous publications on the subject, particularly those in languages other than English. The rapid assessment procedure for loiasis and the mapping of lymphatic filariasis provide two perfect illustrations of this. This problem may seem a bit outdated, given that all “good authors” now publish exclusively in English. It certainly is outdated for most areas of medicine. But, surely, this should not be the case for neglected tropical diseases, for which certain long-standing findings are every bit as important as what may be presented as new discoveries. One possibility would be for certain journals, such as <italic>PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</italic>, to include a specific heading permitting the publication in English of older studies that initially appeared in a language other than English. The texts would be English versions respecting the entirety of the original text. Submission should be accompanied by a presentation of the problem, with details and explanatory comments, with submission at the initiative of the authors of the former article in question or their students or sympathizers.</p></abstract><funding-group><funding-statement>No specific funding was received for this work.</funding-statement></funding-group><counts><page-count count="4"></page-count></counts></article-meta></front><body><p>Interest in filariasis has found a new impetus now that neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have their own journal. However, some of the advances published in renowned international journals have completely ignored previous publications on the subject, particularly those in languages other than English. This Viewpoint article is intended to make us ponder the issue of a language gap or discrimination existing in publishing outcomes and reference citations. This is also the question of deleterious effects of the obligation “to be in English or not to be”.</p><p>The rapid assessment procedure for loiasis (RAPLOA) and the geographical distribution of lymphatic filariasis provide two perfect illustrations of this.</p><p>The RAPLOA has recently been widely used to determine the regional endemicity of loiasis and to update existing endemicity data for this disease over its global distribution range. This important work has been recently published in <italic>PLOS NTDs</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Zour1">[1]</xref>. The determination, within a population of the prevalence or, preferably, the annual incidence of episodes, of conjunctival migration by adult worms is a simple, non-invasive, relatively sensitive and specific method for evaluating the endemicity of <italic>Loa loa</italic>. This approach has proved particularly useful in areas in which both loiasis and onchocerciasis are observed: the mass treatment program to control onchocerciasis is based on the use of ivermectin and there is a risk of adverse treatment outcomes in patients carrying large numbers of <italic>L. loa</italic> worms <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Gardon1">[2]</xref>. In regions of high endemicity, the correlation between the conjunctival migration index and the microfilarial index is strong overall, both for villages and for age groups. Its use as an epidemiological index was clearly proposed in a publication in 1994 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Carme1">[3]</xref>. However, as this article was published in French, in <italic>Médecine Tropicale (Marseille)</italic>, it has never been cited, despite being listed in international databases, including PubMed. A poster communication concerning the same issue had no real impact either, despite being presented at an international congress <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Carme2">[4]</xref>. The origin of this new epidemiological index (RAPLOA) is systematically attributed to two World Health Organization (WHO) publications in 2001 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Wanji1">[5]</xref> and 2002 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Takougang1">[6]</xref>. It is true that the studies reported in these publications validated the concept at a large scale and in different endemic foci.</p><p>The usefulness of specific clinical manifestations (eye worm and Calabar swelling) to assess <italic>L. loa</italic> had been recommended by different authors as early as 1950 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Kershaw1">[7]</xref>. But the correlation between the microfilarial index and the frequency of ocular migration has not been studied, and even less attention was paid to the notion of an epidemiological index until the epidemiological studies carried out in Congo Republic (former People's Republic of the Congo) during the 1980s <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Noireau1">[8]</xref>. However, the index as such was clearly defined in 1994 <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Carme1">[3]</xref>. Here is a direct translation of an excerpt of the French text published in 1994: “For loiasis, the usual parasitological indices (microfilarial index and mean microfilarial density) are the only measures recognized as providing information about the level of endemicity in humans. In addition to requiring blood samples standardized in terms of both volume and sampling time, these indices do not reflect the real level of parasitism, given the high frequency of infected subjects without microfilaria in the blood. Subjects infested with mature, fertile adult worms, as demonstrated by the removal of a subconjunctival female containing microfilaria from a patient with no detectable microfilaria in the blood, are frequently observed. Two symptoms are both specific and frequent in infected subjects both with and without microfilaria in the blood: subconjunctival migration of an adult worm and elusive, migrating edemas of the hands, wrists and lower part of the forearm” <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Carme3">[9]</xref>. “The index of subconjunctival filarial migration over the preceding year is particularly useful, because it correlates well with the microfilarial index but is more sensitive” (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="pntd-0001863-g001">Figure 1</xref>). “Its determination involves precise questioning of the patient, which can be facilitated by the use of a demonstration chart, with diagrams and photographs” (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="pntd-0001863-g002">Figure 2</xref>).</p><fig id="pntd-0001863-g001" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0001863.g001</object-id><label>Figure 1</label><caption><title>Index of the subconjunctival migration of <italic>Loa loa</italic> adult worms and microfilarial index.</title><p>Reproduced from <italic>Medicine Tropicale</italic><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Carme1">[3]</xref>, released under CC BY 2.0 by <italic>Medicine Tropicale</italic>. IMSC = Indice de Migration Sous-Conjonctivale in French and Index of the SubConjunctival Migration in English. IM = Indice Microfilarien in French and Microfilarial Index in English.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pntd.0001863.g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="pntd-0001863-g002" orientation="portrait" position="float"><object-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1371/journal.pntd.0001863.g002</object-id><label>Figure 2</label><caption><title>Illustration of the passage of an adult worm (<italic>Loa loa</italic>) across the eye.</title><p>This illustration (diagram and photograph) was made for presentation to patients questioned in endemic regions.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="pntd.0001863.g002"></graphic></fig><p>The conclusion of this article was formulated as follows: “Screening for foci of filarial endemicity could be improved by the use of a simplified method and the validation of simple, inexpensive indices. Once these foci have been identified, a more precise evaluation can be carried out.”</p><p>What is most astounding about the two WHO publications cited as the origin of this “new epidemiological index” <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Wanji1">[5]</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Takougang1">[6]</xref> is that the principal authors come from French-speaking African countries and/or work in or with this institution. They would therefore have been able to understand articles written in French. Furthermore, the WHO has a long-standing culture of multilingualism, particularly in English and French.</p><p>Against this background, the rejection by the <italic>Bulletin of the World Health Organization</italic> and by other international journals published in English of an opinion article dealing with this issue and using the example of lymphatic filariasis does not seem to be justified, and is another illustration of “to be in English or not to be.”</p><p>Indeed, filariasis due to <italic>Wuchereria bancrofti</italic> is systematically described as endemic in Congo and Gabon, two French-speaking countries, in non-specialist works on tropical medicine and in more specialist publications (WHO) despite a total absence of epidemiologic studies and/or confirmed case report over the last 30 years to prove it. What is certain is that no case was found when the last studies were conducted in these countries at the end of the 1970s and during the 1980s but unfortunately published in French. The studies that we carried out in the Congo as part of the National Project on Onchocerciasis and Other Filariases (between 1982 and 1987) confirmed the presence of four types of human filariasis: onchocerciasis, loaiasis, and the filariases caused by <italic>Mansonella perstans</italic> and <italic>M. streptocerca</italic>. There was a total absence of confirmed cases of lymphatic filariasis (bancroftosis). In this case, it is not a question of the attribution of merit for a particular “discovery”, but of basic knowledge of the geographic distribution of a scarcely studied disease, lymphatic filiariasis, in French Central Africa. Taking into account only publications in English, even older and poorly structured data, have been, in our opinion, a source of confusion and has led to false conclusions being drawn about the distribution range of this disease. This undoubtedly highlights the need to update knowledge by carrying out prospective studies (which seem to be underway), but these studies do not seem to be considered a matter of priority given the low levels of resources available and current health priorities.</p><p>This has drawn us to publish this article in a French-language journal, but together with an entire translation into English <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pntd.0001863-Carme4">[10]</xref>. Despite the bilingual nature of this publication, the international PubMed database identifies this article as being published in French, effectively ensuring that it will never be consulted, a classic “catch 22” situation! Indeed, this reference has never yet been cited by another author in a journal published in English. It may be that publication of an article in another language than English makes it more likely that it will not be cited, even if the authors of a subsequent article have access to the journal in which it was published and can understand the language used. Here, we begin to encroach on ethical problems and it is probably best not to delve too deeply. However, suffice it to say that the limited dissemination of publications in a language other than English may account for such equivocal attitudes.</p><p>The problem is not a rivalry between French and English, but the confrontation between English and all other languages of the world. Moreover, the problem is undoubtedly worse for works published in non–Western European languages such as Chinese, Russian, and Japanese, which are arguably even less accessible.</p><p>All things considered, this problem may seem a bit outdated, given that all “good authors” now publish exclusively in English. It certainly is outdated for most areas of medicine, where everything that is old is assigned to being nothing more than the history of medicine. But, surely, this should not be the case for NTDs, for which certain long-standing findings are every bit as important as what may be presented as new discoveries.</p><p>One possibility would be for certain journals, such as <italic>PLOS NTDs</italic>, to include a specific heading permitting the publication of older studies that initially appeared in a language other than English (and are therefore currently little known). The texts included in this heading would essentially be English versions of these articles previously published in other languages, respecting the entirety of the original text.</p><p>This would concern studies considered of importance because they highlight a point that remains unclear or describe an aspect considered innovative in a review but for which the originality of the article is due more to an incomplete reference list than to a true advance in knowledge. These articles should be judged in light of the knowledge and technical and methodological means available at the time at which they were initially published. Submission should be accompanied by a presentation of the problem, with details and explanatory comments, with submission at the initiative of the authors of the article in question or their students or sympathizers.</p></body><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="pntd.0001863-Zour1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Zouré</surname><given-names>HG</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wanji</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Noma</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Amazigo</surname><given-names>UV</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Diggle</surname><given-names>PJ</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2011</year>) <article-title>The geographic distribution of <italic>Loa loa</italic> in Africa: results of large-scale implementation of the Rapid Assessment Procedure for Loiasis (RAPLOA)</article-title>. <source>PLoS Negl Trop Dis</source><volume>5</volume>: <fpage>e1210</fpage><comment>doi:<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001210">10.1371/journal.pntd.0001210</ext-link></comment><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">21738809</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0001863-Gardon1"><label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Gardon</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Gardon-Wendel</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Demanga-Ngangue, Kamgno</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Chippaux</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>1997</year>) <article-title>Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection</article-title>. <source>Lancet</source><volume>350</volume>: <fpage>18</fpage>–<lpage>22</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">9217715</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0001863-Carme1"><label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Carme</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name> (<year>1994</year>) <article-title>[Screening of filarial endemic areas. Available means and simplified methodology]</article-title>. <source>Med Trop (Marseille)</source><volume>54</volume>: <fpage>161</fpage>–<lpage>165</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0001863-Carme2"><label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Carme</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name> (<year>1994</year>) <article-title>Detection and evaluation of endemic filariasis focus. Need for simple and cheap methods and non invasive evaluation index</article-title>. 8th International Congress of Parasitology; O29.4 (1240); 10–14 October 1994; Izmir, Turkey.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0001863-Wanji1"><label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other">Wanji S (2001) Rapid assessment procedures for loiasis: report of multi-centre study. Geneva: UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research & Training in Tropical Disease. TDR/IDE/RP/RAPL/01.1. 38 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0001863-Takougang1"><label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Takougang</surname><given-names>I</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Meremikwu</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Wandji</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Yenshu</surname><given-names>EV</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Aripko</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <etal>et al</etal> (<year>2002</year>) <article-title>Rapid assessment method for prevalence and intensity of Loa loa infection</article-title>. <source>Bull World Health Organ</source><volume>80</volume>: <fpage>852</fpage>–<lpage>858</lpage> Epub 3 Dec 2002.<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">12481206</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0001863-Kershaw1"><label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Kershaw</surname><given-names>WE</given-names></name> (<year>1950</year>) <article-title>Studies on the epidemiology of filariasis in West Africa, with special reference to the British Cameroons and the Niger delta. I: Methods of survey for infections with <italic>Loa loa</italic> and <italic>Acanthocheilonema perstans</italic></article-title>. <source>Ann Trop Med Parasit</source><volume>44</volume>: <fpage>361</fpage>–<lpage>378</lpage></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0001863-Noireau1"><label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Noireau</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Apembet</surname><given-names>JD</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Nzoulani</surname><given-names>A</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Carme</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name> (<year>1990</year>) <article-title>Clinical manifestations of loiasis in an endemic area in the Congo</article-title>. <source>Trop Med Parasitol</source><volume>41</volume>: <fpage>37</fpage>–<lpage>39</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2339244</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0001863-Carme3"><label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Carme</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Mamboueni</surname><given-names>JP</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Copin</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name>, <name><surname>Noireau</surname><given-names>F</given-names></name> (<year>1989</year>) <article-title>Clinical and biological study of <italic>Loa loa</italic> filariasis in Congolese</article-title>. <source>Am J Trop Med Hyg</source><volume>41</volume>: <fpage>331</fpage>–<lpage>337</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2679158</pub-id></mixed-citation></ref><ref id="pntd.0001863-Carme4"><label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="journal"><name><surname>Carme</surname><given-names>B</given-names></name> (<year>2010</year>) <article-title>Mapping of lymphatic filariasis: “to be (in English) or not to be”</article-title>. <source>Med Trop (Marseille)</source><volume>70</volume>: <fpage>425</fpage>–<lpage>427</lpage></mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></pmc></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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