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<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Compression therapy for ulcers: The science and the art</title><author><name sortKey="Gogia, Shashi B" sort="Gogia, Shashi B" uniqKey="Gogia S" first="Shashi B." last="Gogia">Shashi B. Gogia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Sanwari Bai Surgical Centre, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gogia, Arun R" sort="Gogia, Arun R" uniqKey="Gogia A" first="Arun R." last="Gogia">Arun R. Gogia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Sanwari Bai Surgical Centre, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">23162227</idno><idno type="pmc">3495378</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3495378</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:3495378</idno><idno type="doi">10.4103/0970-0358.101296</idno><date when="2012">2012</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">003F31</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">003F31</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Compression therapy for ulcers: The science and the art</title><author><name sortKey="Gogia, Shashi B" sort="Gogia, Shashi B" uniqKey="Gogia S" first="Shashi B." last="Gogia">Shashi B. Gogia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Sanwari Bai Surgical Centre, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gogia, Arun R" sort="Gogia, Arun R" uniqKey="Gogia A" first="Arun R." last="Gogia">Arun R. Gogia</name><affiliation><nlm:aff id="aff1">Sanwari Bai Surgical Centre, New Delhi, India</nlm:aff></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India</title><idno type="ISSN">0970-0358</idno><idno type="eISSN">1998-376X</idno><imprint><date when="2012">2012</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec id="st1"><title>Introduction:</title><p>Chronic ulcers are characterized by being resistant to all forms of treatment. Recent improvement in compression techniques, notably use of multilayer bandaging has created a need for a re-look into it's use.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>The authors present two case reports of successful management of chronic ulcers using compression through bandaging where all other forms of treatment had failed. This is followed by a review of literature based on previous articles as well as more recent ones found through Pubmed.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>It is suggested that, at least in India, compression through proper multilayer bandaging, should be a choice far higher in the treatment ladder than so previously. However, if the technique is improper, it may be harmful so the option is to be exercised with care and only by those who have received adequate training. The need of a team approach, and alongside, wider introduction of more and better training facilities for therapists and nurses is underlined.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Briggs, M" uniqKey="Briggs M">M Briggs</name></author><author><name sortKey="Closs, Sj" uniqKey="Closs S">SJ Closs</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ryan, Tm" uniqKey="Ryan T">TM Ryan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Williams, Nh" uniqKey="Williams N">NH Williams</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bulstrode, Cj" uniqKey="Bulstrode C">CJ Bulstrode</name></author><author><name sortKey="O Onnel, P" uniqKey="O Onnel P">P O’Connel</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Blume, Pa" uniqKey="Blume P">PA Blume</name></author><author><name sortKey="Walters, J" uniqKey="Walters J">J 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<front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Indian J Plast Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Indian J Plast Surg</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">IJPS</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title>Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery : Official Publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0970-0358</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1998-376X</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd</publisher-name><publisher-loc>India</publisher-loc></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="pmid">23162227</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="pmc">3495378</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">IJPS-45-275</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4103/0970-0358.101296</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Original Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Compression therapy for ulcers: The science and the art</article-title></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gogia</surname><given-names>Shashi B.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1"></xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gogia</surname><given-names>Arun R.</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"></xref></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1">Sanwari Bai Surgical Centre, New Delhi, India</aff><author-notes><corresp id="cor1"><bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Dr. Shashi Bhushan Gogia, Sanwari Bai Surgical Centre, 28/31 Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi, India. E-mail: <email xlink:href="gogia7@gmail.com">gogia7@gmail.com</email></corresp></author-notes><pub-date pub-type="ppub"><season>May-Aug</season><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>45</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>275</fpage><lpage>282</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright: © Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0"><license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p></license></permissions><abstract><sec id="st1"><title>Introduction:</title><p>Chronic ulcers are characterized by being resistant to all forms of treatment. Recent improvement in compression techniques, notably use of multilayer bandaging has created a need for a re-look into it's use.</p></sec><sec id="st2"><title>Materials and Methods:</title><p>The authors present two case reports of successful management of chronic ulcers using compression through bandaging where all other forms of treatment had failed. This is followed by a review of literature based on previous articles as well as more recent ones found through Pubmed.</p></sec><sec id="st3"><title>Conclusion:</title><p>It is suggested that, at least in India, compression through proper multilayer bandaging, should be a choice far higher in the treatment ladder than so previously. However, if the technique is improper, it may be harmful so the option is to be exercised with care and only by those who have received adequate training. The need of a team approach, and alongside, wider introduction of more and better training facilities for therapists and nurses is underlined.</p></sec></abstract><kwd-group><title>KEY WORDS</title><kwd>Chronic ulcers</kwd><kwd>compression therapy</kwd><kwd>lymphoedema</kwd><kwd>multilayer bandaging</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body><sec id="sec1-1"><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The range of options for management of ulcers and wounds has widened considerably of late. However, most options, notably negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) concentrate on ulcers in the acute or intermediate phase. Obviously, better outcomes will mean fewer ulcers will end up in the chronic phase. However, once faced with a chronic ulcer, the choices beyond flap surgery seem restricted. Most patients, by this stage would have exhausted all available options. But we have come to understand that compression therapy, though not new, has not been possible or shown appropriate outcomes in most centres in India, due possibly, to lack of proper technique. We hereby present two cases of succesful outcomes in chronic ulcers following use of compression therapy. This became possible following the availability of a trained person. The rest of the article attempts to justify the need for trained personnel, for creating a workforce as well as the acceptance of a therapist in the team which manages ulcers. They can offload plastic surgeons to concentrate on doing what they do best, which is to operate.</p></sec><sec sec-type="materials|methods" id="sec1-2"><title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title><p>Two cases of chronic recalcitrant ulcers with history of over 12-year duration are discussed. Both were seen at the lymphoedema clinic run by the authors, one of whom is a surgeon. The other, although a non-medico, became a therapist following continuous exposure to patients and later undergoing certificate courses in India and the U.S. The lymphoedema team also includes nurses and specially trained assistants who take measurements and photographs, operate the compression pumps as well as do the bandaging. Although admission facilities exist, most of the care is on an ambulatory basis, lasting upto 2 hours a day. At the end of the treatment course, counseling for home care is given and stockings and customized pressure garments are provided. For the purpose of this review article, a search for the literature was done through books, previously referred articles, along with a Medline as well as Pubmed search</p></sec><sec id="sec1-3"><title>CASE I</title><p>SA, a 27 years old morbidly obese male with weight above 180 Kg had been showing at our clinic with recurrent lymphangitis since 1997. In 2000, during an attack of cellulitis of the leg, he developed a large gangrenous patch on the posterior and dependent side of the right calf. Following debridement, he persisted with a nonhealing ulcer which reached a size of 13 × 9 cms [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">Figure 1</xref>]. He later developed two secondary ulcers, one near the ankle which was 4 × 3 cm and one anteriorly which was 6 × 4 cm. These ulcers did not heal with antibiotics and various other forms of ancillary therapy. He did purchase a compression pump in 2001 which helped the associated oedema but the ulcer kept waxing and waning and never completely disappeared. Skin grafting was tried four times. [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">Figure 2</xref>]. In between he required three visits to the ICU for septicemia, with adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). He was put on a Bi PAP machine following the first attack. Surgery for morbid obesity was not an option as the risks were stated to be too high. The presence of the ulcers was declared to be adding to the risk.</p><fig id="F1" position="float"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p>Case 1 - Ulcer in the year 2001</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-45-275-g001"></graphic></fig><fig id="F2" position="float"><label>Figure 2</label><caption><p>Case 1 the ulcer was its smallest size a few weeks after SSG in 2006. However, the size increased again and he also developed secondary ulcers in two more places</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-45-275-g002"></graphic></fig><p>In early 2010, he was started on multilayer lymphoedema bandaging (MLLB) [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">Box 1</xref>] – this was done a few times at the clinic where the process was taught so that after learning and purchasing a set of bandages and related consumables he could continue the same at home. Benzathine penicillin injections (Pencom 12<sup>®</sup>) were continued every 3 weeks as before. When he came back to us around 3 months later, all the ulcers had miraculously healed [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">Figure 3</xref>]. During his last follow-up a year later, he was still ulcer free and continued using a compression pump as well as penicillin. Thus, in summary, MLLB resulted in healing of more than one large recalcitrant ulcer (s) in a morbidly obese individual.</p><fig id="F3" position="float"><label>Box 1</label><caption><p>Our technique of compression bandaging (MLLB)</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-45-275-g003"></graphic></fig><fig id="F4" position="float"><label>Figure 3</label><caption><p>Same patient seen 3 months after initiating multilayer bandaging</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-45-275-g004"></graphic></fig></sec><sec id="sec1-4"><title>CASE II</title><p>MJ, a 45-year-old male, a resident of Lucknow had suffered fractures of the right leg 12 years back following a road traffic accident. He had been given a plaster cast initially along with external fixators. After the cast was removed, he was found to have multiple ulcers in the leg. Since then, the ulcers have persisted with occasional attacks of cellulitis. Various treatment methods including four surgeries (split skin grafting) did not result in long-lasting wound closure.He was referred to our clinic and seen first time on 17<sup>th</sup> May 2012. After cleaning the leg, and a single shot of benzathine penicillin, he was given compression therapy using a multichambered pump. This was followed by multilayer bandaging after local application of commercially available micronized Silver in the form of cream as well as dressing. Foam packing ensured uniformity of the pressure across the pressure points like the malleoli. The bandaging process is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 4</xref>.</p><fig id="F5" position="float"><label>Figure 4</label><caption><p>Case 2 - Multilayer bandaging in progress, This was done by the patient himself to enable photographs after the ulcers had largely healed</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-45-275-g005"></graphic></fig><p>The dressing was opened every 3 -4 days and then reapplied after washing and following the same protocol as above. After the fourth session, he wanted to go back with a promise of applying the bandage and dressing himself and regular follow-up. When he came back on 7<sup>th</sup> of June 2012, all the original ulcers had healed completely. However, there was a small fresh superficial ulcer higher up at the shin, which he attributed to a small injury caused by a local graze. It was also noticed that his self application had the problem of using knots to tie the bandages which caused pressure points. We suspect an imperfect self-bandaging technique to be the possible cause for the abrasion in the shin.</p><p>A final course of pumping, followed by bandaging was done [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">Figure 4</xref>]. Only a very light dressing was required. His leg circumference measured at various points showed that the concomitant oedema also improved alongside [<xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref>]. A repeat follow-up visit after another month showed continued healing with only a mild scar breakdown at one place [Figures <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">6</xref>]. In summary, his ulcers healed completely in less than 3 weeks with the use of compression therapy and multilayer bandaging. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">Figure 5</xref> shows the leg date wise at various stages of healing. <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">Table 1</xref> shows how healing was parallel to decrease in limb oedema</p><fig id="F6" position="float"><label>Figure 5</label><caption><p>Case 2 Leg views datewise at various stages of healing. Bandaging was initiated on 17/05/2012. When he came for follow-up after 10 days of home care (3 weeks from day 1), a small superfical ulcer (photo no 5) was found on the shin which was attributed to a minor injury by the patient. However, one contribution could be using knots instead of tapes during self bandaging. Healing has been accompanied by a fall in the leg circumference.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-45-275-g006"></graphic></fig><fig id="F7" position="float"><label>Figure 6</label><caption><p>Case 2 At follow-up visit at 7 weeks</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-45-275-g007"></graphic></fig><table-wrap id="T1" position="float"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p>Case II- circumference of the foot and leg at various levels. The slight increase in circumference on the last visit, while done in the evening, do indicate the need for better maintenance at home Figure 8 shows the method of measurement</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-45-275-g008"></graphic></table-wrap></sec><sec sec-type="discussion" id="sec1-5"><title>DISCUSSION</title><p>Both the cases had chronic leg ulcers, but not due to the commonest cause correlated with leg ulcers viz venous disease which has been stated to be upto 70%[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>] of the causes of leg ulcers. However, in developing countries, additional factors like malnutrition and problems of access to proper medical care make the scenario more complicated.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] While compression bandaging for venous ulcers is textbook knowledge,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>] its use for other reasons, especially post traumatic ulcers alone is not so popular, especially with the proliferation of many newer therapies like NPWT[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>], hyperbaric oxygen,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref5">5</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref6">6</xref>] etc.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-6"><title>BACKGROUND AND HISTORY</title><p>In 1948, Joseph Conrad E, who happened to be a patient with venous oedema noticed that swimming resulted in improvement of his oedema.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref>] This he correlated with uniform pressure application in the entire limb rather than bundling of pressure and creation of a ring effect which had made conventional Ace stockings in use till then less popular.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>] Thus, the concept of a customized stocking was borne i.e., which would cater to the natural folds and curves of the limb. Later a pneumatic pump was invented by him which would could apply higher pressures than could be possible with a stocking. A system of timers allowed the circulation to be restored intermittently and the term IPC – short for Intermittent Pneumatic Compression- entered the medical lexicon. This method of treatment was popular in the U.S. for its effects on venous and lymphatic oedemas.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>] However, even before this, in the 1930s manual lymph drainage (MLD) came into prevalence in Europe.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref9">9</xref>] Incidentally Emil Vodder, to whom the concept of MLD is attributed could not complete his medical graduation due to a temporary illness. This loss to medicine resulted in the gain of a new field which came to be known as lymphoedema therapy and later generalized to therapy. Compression was added to the therapy protocols with a dramatic improvement in the results and the term CPT (Combined Decongestive Therapy - in variance the C may stand for, Complex, Complete or Comprehensive) was born. While therapists have been focusing on oedema reductions, most researchers agree that the main component of CPT that helps oedema reduction is bandaging.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref>]</p><p>At around the same time the Unna's boot came into being as a treatment for venous ulcers.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref12">12</xref>] This was a special gauze impregnated with zinc oxide as well as calamine. However, most agree the beneficial effects are, again, related to compression.</p><p>CDT is a set of four therapeutic measures consisting of two phases of management:[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref>]</p><p>Phase 1 is used for initiation of therapy and is called intensive therapy. This is best done in a hospital setting, although there do exist stand alone facilities for such care e.g., Foldi Clinic in Germany.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref>] The components of phase I are 1) MLD, 2) MLLB, 3) skin care and 4) remedial exercises</p><p>Phase 2 is for maintenance of reduction and is done at home. It consists of compression garments, skin care, regular exercise with the addition of MLD, simple lymph drainage (SLD) and nocturnal bandaging as appropriate.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-7"><title>PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR COMPRESSION THERAPY</title><p>Ulcers and oedema have a complex relationship, even if both may have a common cause e.g., in venous disorders. It is believed that oedema decreases the available tissue oxygen and nutrients.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>] This is related to a decreased difference of osmotic pressure and also the nutrients need to travel a greater average distance from the capillary wall. For ulcers, a wider circumference of the limb means an increase in the distance between the epithelial ends, thus adding to the ulcer size. Also],[ an open ulcer invites infection and inflammation leading to further oedema. Similarly],[ an increase in scarring and fibrosis impede venous and lymphatic return. The role of ulcer in causing venous oedema is well described.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>] Several studies have shown an impressive reduction in swelling as a result of compression.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref18">18</xref>] The following mechanisms may explain how compression reduces volume in a lymphoedematous limb:[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref19">19</xref>]</p><p><list list-type="bullet"><list-item><p>Reduction in capillary filtration</p></list-item><list-item><p>Shift of fluid into noncompressed parts of the body</p></list-item><list-item><p>Increase in lymphatic reabsorption and stimulation of lymphatic transport</p></list-item><list-item><p>Improvement in the venous pump in patients with venolymphatic dysfunction</p></list-item><list-item><p>Breakdown of fibrosclerotic tissue</p></list-item></list></p><p>Compression not only decreases oedema, but also assists the microcirculation. While its beneficial effect in lymphoedema patients is well described, results have also been described in venous diseases, notably those who have accompanying oedema.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref16">16</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>] The main technical factor to consider, is to ensure, that circulation is not impeded.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>] The lymphatic system is part of the body's immune-surveillance system and plays a vital role in the healing process.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>] It is to be expected that improvement in lymphatic circulation will decrease infection. It is believed that persistent Gram-positive infections notably, <italic>Streptococci</italic> and <italic>Staphylococci</italic> have a significant role to play in of the pathophysiology of lymphoedema.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref>] To control infection, besides long-term penicillin, ancillary preventive aspects of infection control like leg washing, treatment for dryness, taking care of fungal infections are important. Oedema reduction helps prevent infection too by shoring up the lymphatic circulation as well as removing a static body fluid which could be a potent culture medium. Better lymphatic circulation also implies access to the body's natural infection control mechanism i.e., the lymph nodes.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-8"><title>OUR EXPERIENCE</title><p>Compression therapy was initiated by us for lymphoedema patients.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref>] Till 2008, it was largely dependent on Pumps and Pressure garments. We were using single layer bandaging (SLB) with occasionally another layer as a stop gap adjunct to pump therapy, i.e till further decrease in swelling by pumping stopped. Once the maximum reduction was achieved, the limb was considered ready for a properly fitting stocking. [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">Figure 7</xref>] As described above for CDT, by this time the patient could be considered to be in the maintenance phase. Despite overall fair results,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">23</xref>] our patients showed less preference for our SLB protocol, viz a viz pressure garments, although many were not happy with the pressure garments too, opting for use of pumps alone. While use of garments were limited by cost, inappropriate sizing and inability to hold it in place once it went above the knee, bandaging was difficult to maintain and, if left to the patient to tie on his/her own, uncomfortable. Even though training was imparted, there would inevitably be folding, slippage and an occasional ring effect resulting in pain. These problems were more around the knee. To circumvent this, we almost stopped prescribing above knee garments and suggested bandaging as a combination, if required. MLLB usage was introduced in late 2009, but more as a component of CDT. Alongside better patient satisfaction and compliance to a wider range of treatment protocols being offered, there has been concomitant improvement in ulcer healing rates. Out of the 109 patients managed with our new protocol, we have treated 9 patients in which the presence of an ulcer has been recorded. All the ulcers have healed but only the two patients currently being described, had chronic ulcers, and due to the long history of undergoing various therapies previously, have been felt to be worth reporting. There were some more patients who had pinhole sinuses from which lymph would ooze out. Such oozing also stopped with the initial treatment course. Occasional recurrences have occurred but managed easily with repeat courses.</p><fig id="F8" position="float"><label>Figure 7</label><caption><p>Protocol followed before introduction of MLLB[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref>]. Legends: Vpl – Compression therapy on an ambulatory basis VPL - Compression therapy on 24/7 basis after admission LVA -Lympho-nodo venous shunt surgery In between compression sessions, we would be using SLB. Introduction of MLLB has made the protocol similar to VPL, but on an ambulatory basis.</p></caption><graphic xlink:href="IJPS-45-275-g009"></graphic></fig><p>The main shift in our treatment protocol has been in introduction to MLLB alongside use of gradient pumps. Although we did have fair results[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref8">8</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref22">22</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">23</xref>] earlier, these have improved further. Intolerance of the garment was reported from areas of high humidity previously but it has decreased with proper multilayer bandaging and also use of better quality stockings Case I was being managed by us throughout his clinical course – even the initial ulcer occurrence took place during a lymphangitis attack while under our care. Hence, we are very certain that a change to multilayer compression bandaging brought about the cure.</p><p>For case II, however, such a conclusion i.e., bandaging was the only factor resulting in a cure is difficult to draw. While the patient had been under treatment for 12 long years including that from a plastic surgeon, the exact protocols followed are not fully known. Since we gave him penicillin, administered micronized silver locally and also gave him machine-based compression in addition to bandaging, any of these may have been the key factor which resulted in a cure. Nevertheless, since he had not received multilayer bandaging before and also based on the discussions in the rest of this article, we are inclined to attribute bandaging to be the key reason. We plan to continue penicillin and compression through bandaging or stocking for a long time.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-9"><title>COMPARISON OF VARIOUS FORMS OF COMPRESSION</title><p>O’Meara <italic>et al</italic>.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">24</xref>] did a Cochrane Review of 47 trials of various kinds of compression therapy for ulcers and found, in general, that there were no clear differences between treatment groups. Smaller subsets, however, showed a) Venous ulcers heal more rapidly with compression than without (based on 7 trials). b) Single-component compression was less effective than multicomponent compression (6 trials). c) Among multilayer bandaging trials, outcomes were better when an elastic component was included. (8 trials total - 2 used two layers, 3 used three layers and another 3 used four layers). d) Four-layer bandage comparison with paste bandage was uncertain (5 trials). e) Cost-effectiveness analysis was rigorous enough for reporting in only one which suggested that four-layer bandage was more cost-effective than multicomponent compression comprising a short-stretch bandage.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref25">25</xref>] Many trials reported adverse events and leading to withdrawals. One trial indicated that there was less pain with use of stockings as apposed to bandaging. Adding a compression stocking on to the bandage layer improved results further[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref20">20</xref>] For venous leg ulcers, at least, it has been found that a) compression is better than no compression, and b) multilayered high compression is more effective than single-layer compression.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref26">26</xref>] High-pressure hosiery helped in preventing ulcer recurrence.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref27">27</xref>]</p><p>Indian reports do mention the role of compression in venous ulcers.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref28">28</xref>] However, the method of compression is largely through compression garments.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref29">29</xref>] It is largely agreed that both bandaging as well as pumps, are agents of compression with a difference in degree.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref>] Even while bandaging is an essential component of compression, the role of pumps in improving healing of venous ulcers in the absence of oedema has been deemed as controversial although studies do show it adds to the effectiveness of bandage-based compression.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref30">30</xref>] Where bandaging scores over pumps is that it becomes effective even in a mobile patient. However, there is much user variation, and technique does matter. It may even be harmful in the absence of adequate skill.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref>] For pumps, on the other hand, the patient has to be immobilized during the treatment session. Also, its effect may be short lasting. Overall, it is our belief that, especially for patients with higher grades of oedema as well as fibrosis, pumps can be of immense help in initiating treatment, even more so than MLD.</p><p>Proponents of MLD find pump usage for lymphoedema itself to be controversial. Foldi and Clodius,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref21">21</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref31">31</xref>] among others, have been vehemently against the use of pumps. On the other hand, benefits have been found even in single chambered systems.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref7">7</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref23">23</xref>] Our view is that, as in bandaging, wherein there are many variations leading to varied results,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref24">24</xref>] there are many variations of pumps too. Definitely, there are pumps which can cause harm. More than this would be beyond the scope of the current article.</p><p>Most of the proponents of pumps agree that gradient compression using multiple chambers is more beneficial as compared to a single chambered pump.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref13">13</xref>] Furthermore, they also discuss the need for care for the abdominal component of the lymphatic flow. As a consequence, some pumps catering to such a demand have appeared in the market.</p></sec><sec id="sec1-10"><title>THE BANDAGING TEAM</title><p>The role of a team in providing ulcer care has been emphasized.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref15">15</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref32">32</xref>] Dressings are low-brow components of clinical care, often relegated to the nurse, compounder or dresser. As discussed above, bandage therapy started separately, not for ulcers, but rather for the management of oedema. Even with the Unna boot,[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref10">10</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref11">11</xref>] that compression was the main contributor to ulcer healing was understood much later. So a merger of these components of ulcer care requires the creation of a trained team, which need sto be working under the surgeon incharge. MLLB is a very specific technique which has to be learned. This was supposed to be the domain of the Therapist - although most articles on this, from the NHS, UK at least, appear in Nursing Journals.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref17">17</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref33">33</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref34">34</xref>] In India, however, and especially in the outpatient setting, the use of teams to treat simple problems is lacking. Also the term, ‘Therapist’, at least for oedema care is virtually unknown in India</p><p>Probably, specialized clinics catering to minor limb problems are the way out. While such clinics[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref14">14</xref>] exist in the developed world, such a project titled “<italic>Legs To Stand On</italic>” has been initiated[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref35">35</xref>] with WHO support.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>] A similar effort, in India, is being planned by us.</p></sec><sec sec-type="conclusion" id="sec1-11"><title>CONCLUSIONS</title><p>Compression, especially via multilayer bandaging is effective in managing even recalcitrant and chronic ulcers. However, more has to be invested in orientation and training of healthcare personnel before it can become routine and first line.[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref38">38</xref>]</p></sec></body><back><ack><title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title><p>The authors wish to thank Dr. Ankur Bhatnagar, Prof of Plastic Surgery at SGPGI, Lucknow, for referring case no II to us and sharing all his previous clinical details to enable us to present the case.</p></ack><fn-group><fn fn-type="supported-by"><p><bold>Source of Support:</bold> Nil</p></fn><fn fn-type="conflict"><p><bold>Conflict of Interest:</bold> Some of the material (Compression pumps only, not the others) mentioned as part of the treatment provided in the case reports are sold through a company owned by one author ( ARG).</p></fn></fn-group><ref-list><title>REFERENCES</title><ref id="ref1"><label>1</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Briggs</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Closs</surname><given-names>SJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>The prevalence of leg ulceration: A review of the literature</article-title><source>Eur Wound Management Assoc J</source><year>2003</year><volume>3</volume><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>20</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><label>2</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Ryan</surname><given-names>TM</given-names></name></person-group><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Macdonald</surname><given-names>JM</given-names></name><name><surname>Geyer</surname><given-names>MJ</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Wound healing in the developing world</article-title><source>Wound and Lymphoedema Management</source><year>2010</year><publisher-name>World Health Organization</publisher-name><fpage>3</fpage><lpage>7</lpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><label>3</label><element-citation publication-type="book"><person-group person-group-type="editor"><name><surname>Williams</surname><given-names>NH</given-names></name><name><surname>Bulstrode</surname><given-names>CJ</given-names></name><name><surname>O’Connel</surname><given-names>P</given-names></name></person-group><source>Bailey and Love's Short Practice of Surgery</source><year>2008</year><edition>25th ed</edition><publisher-name>Publisher Hodder Arnold</publisher-name><fpage>935</fpage></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><label>4</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Blume</surname><given-names>PA</given-names></name><name><surname>Walters</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Payne</surname><given-names>W</given-names></name><name><surname>Ayala</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><name><surname>Lantis</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Comparison of negative pressure wound therapy using vacuum-assisted closure with advanced moist wound therapy in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A multicenter randomized controlled trial</article-title><source>Diabetes Care</source><year>2008</year><volume>31</volume><fpage>631</fpage><lpage>6</lpage><pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">18162494</pub-id></element-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><label>5</label><element-citation publication-type="journal"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>O’Meara</surname><given-names>S</given-names></name><name><surname>Cullum</surname><given-names>N</given-names></name><name><surname>Majid</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><name><surname>Sheldon</surname><given-names>T</given-names></name></person-group><article-title>Systematic reviews of wound care management: (3) antimicrobial agents for chronic wounds; 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